招远市耕地土壤养分现状调查与评价

本研究利用2020年招远市农田测土配方项目土壤调查数据,分析了耕层土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾等养分含量现状,并根据全国第二次土壤调查标准进行土壤养分含量评价,以为招远市耕地土壤科学合理施肥提供数据支持.结果 表明,当前招远市土壤pH值平均为5.2,调查乡镇中70％的土壤pH值为4.7～5.5,呈强酸性,严重影响...     

河北省果园土壤质量现状及演变分析

对河北省1 200个果园土壤质量的现状及变化原因进行了调查,结果表明:果园土壤有机质含量偏低,处于低等与缺乏水平的样本比例占71%;土壤磷积累较多,46%的样本果园处于丰富水平,丰富水平磷的含量是果园土壤磷环境临界值(50 mg/kg)的2.2～7.7倍,存在较大的环境风险;土壤钾相对不足,处于低等及缺乏的样本占58%以上;果园的土壤微量元素铁、铜含量丰富,锌、硼含量中等,锰、钼含量处于低水平,土壤有效铜含量超过丰富水平的样本占70%～90%,处于丰富水平样本的含量是丰富水平标准(1 mg/kg)的2～5倍,各种果园土壤铜最高含量是毒害临界值(15 mg/kg)的1～2倍;近20%被调查果园的土壤表现出酸化现象.调查结果表明,果园有机养分投入不足,氮磷肥的过量施用,钾肥投入相对不足,含铜杀菌剂的过量、频繁使用等是造成河北省果园土壤质量变化的主要原因.果园土壤培肥、氮磷面源污染、铜过量积累以及酸化问题是今后果园土壤质量研究的重要方面.     

运用典型相关分析对农田栽参和林下参土壤养分和酶活性的研究

为了解农田栽参和林下参土壤中起主要作用的养分和关键土壤酶以及二者关系,准确评价两种生产模式下人参土壤肥力状况,对不同年生农田栽参和林下参的土壤养分和土壤酶进行典型相关分析。结果表明:两种主要生产模式下起主要作用的综合养分指标和综合酶活性指标不同,并确定两种土壤中微量元素和酶活性之间的作用机制。农田栽参土壤第一典型相关变量中以有机质、全N、全P、速效P和有效K含量,微量元素Zn与磷酸酶、蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性显著相关,二者累计贡献率达74.2%,其中磷酸酶影响土壤中P的形态,蔗糖酶影响有机质转化及速效NPK的有效性,过氧化氢酶能够加速土壤有机质分解转化,土壤中Zn的含量对上述酶活性有一定的促进作用;土壤中Cu影响过氧化氢酶活性;在林下参土壤第一典型相关变量中有机质、全P、速效K及Fe含量与磷酸酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性高低关系最大,累计贡献率达58.0%,Fe对4种酶活性呈抑制作用,与农田栽参不同的是,林下参中微量元素Mn和Cu的含量对蔗糖酶活性起促进作用;沿着根系向下生长方向,土壤养分和酶活性逐渐降低,垂直分层明显;将土壤酶作为人参土壤肥力评价指标,结合土壤养分指标可以准确评价人参土壤肥力并指导农田栽参土壤改良。     

长期施肥对灌淤土养分状况变化的影响

探明灌淤土耕地在常规施肥下土壤养分状况变化及其与施肥关系,为灌淤土培肥及养分资源管理提供理论依据.采取统计分析的方法,阐明灌淤土4个代表性监测点常规施肥20年(1987-2006)来土壤养分含量变化及其与施肥量的关系.灌淤土长期耕作施肥20年后,土壤养分状况变化较为明显.其中,土壤有机质和土壤氮磷养分含量均表现出上升趋势,土壤有机质含量平均累计增加6.16 g/kg,年均增加0.32 g/kg,土壤全氮含量累计增加0.083 g/kg,年均增加0.004 g/kg,土壤碱解氮、有效磷含量的年均增量分别为1.98,3.9 mg/kg;土壤速效钾含量呈现出下降趋势,平均累计减少63 mg/kg,年均减少3.3 mg/kg.灌淤土20年施肥监测结果表明,该土壤应采用有机、无机肥料相结合的施肥方式,合理调整化学肥料施肥比例,适当控制磷肥用量,增加氮素和钾素肥料用量,达到施肥平衡,提高耕地生产能力和培肥土壤的目的.     

不同施肥模式下潮棕壤微量元素含量及其变化状况

了解下辽河平原地区不同施肥模式对于土壤微量元素含量及其变化的影响.利用下辽河平原18年的定位试验,对不同施肥处理下土壤中Fe、Mn、gn、Cu、Pb的含量及其变化进行研究.下辽河地区所测微量元素含量均略低于全国平均水平,长期采用常规施肥方式不会对土壤造成污染;除了Fe以外,试验前后所测元素的变化量在施肥处理与CK间均有显著差异,而各元素的变化量在养分循环处理与化肥处理间无显著差异;长期试验过程中,对照处理除了Zn以外均表现出下降的趋势,施肥处理除Cu以外均表现为增加的趋势;重茬玉米地中Cu含量比豆茬玉米地高.下辽河平原地区不同施肥模式下微量元素含量均低于国家限定标准,不会对土壤造成污染;不同施肥模式下微量元素变化不同,但养分循环再利用能够增加农田中微量元素的输入,对于维持农田生态系统的可持续发展有重要意义.     

青岛蓝莓园土壤pH值与主要养分分析

为探讨青岛蓝莓园土壤养分性状,并提出改良对策,从佳沃蓝莓青岛基地主产区蓝莓园采集土壤样品21 个,根据蓝莓对土壤pH、有机质的具体要求,结合国家第2 次土壤普查养分分级标准对蓝莓园土壤pH与主要养分现状进行评价。结果表明：蓝莓园土壤偏酸、有机质含量较低且不同基地间的差异较大,全氮和碱解氮含量中等,而有效磷含量高,速效钾含量中等以上。然后分析其根本原因主要是蓝莓园土壤基础差距、硫磺过量使用、有机物投入不足和改土不彻底及施肥管理不善。最后有针对性地提出增施有机肥和有机物覆盖,使用CaCO3,配方施肥等相应措施进行改良。     

蔬菜日光温室施肥与土壤养分状况研究

以咸阳市蔬菜日光温室为对象,调查、研究分析了施肥现状及不同种植年限日光温室有机质、全量和速效氮磷钾、盐分含量及pH变化情况。结果表明:蔬菜日光温室土壤普遍存在有机肥施用量不足、无机肥配合缺失和磷肥超量施用,施肥方法限于传统,施肥成本较高;土壤有机质、全氮、速效氮含量偏低,磷和钾相对富集,土壤养分失衡;硝态氮(NO3-)含量和土壤盐分增加明显,但土壤pH有所降低;盲目施肥是导致土壤养分失衡的根本原因,推广测土配方施肥新技术是解决日光温室蔬菜施肥和土壤养分问题的根本途径。     

一团土壤养分现状及棉田施肥对策

土壤养分是土壤肥力的主要因素之一,也是植物营养的物质基础。因此,了解土壤养分状况,对于协调土壤与植物在养分供求方面的矛盾具有重要意义。一团近年来通过对土壤中有机质、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾、盐份及微量元素进行长期动态监测,对一团土壤养分现状进行分析,提出棉田科学施肥的合理方案。     

秸秆还田及施肥对土壤养分的影响

秸秆还田是当今世界普遍重视的一项培肥地力的增产措施,对维持农田肥力,减少化肥使用,提高陆地土壤碳汇能力具有积极作用。合理施肥,能为作物生长创造养分贮量丰富、有效性高、贮供协调的土壤生态环境,同时能提高土壤肥力,增加作物产量,改善农产品质量。介绍了秸秆还田对土壤有机质等养分含量的影响和施肥对土壤养分的影响。     

泉州市耕地土壤定位监测结果初报

通过对泉州市1999—2003年的5处耕地连续定位监测分析。结果表明：土壤基础地力随着种植时间的推移,在连续不施肥后逐年有所下降。与监测前相比,各监测点施肥区耕层土壤有机质、全氮含量仅有微小增加,碱解氮含量变化虽然有波动,但总体上略有下降,而有效磷增幅较大并呈盈余积累丰富状态,速效钾均有显著降低并呈低指标含量状态。表现出土壤养分平衡状况是氮磷有盈余而钾亏缺严重。肥料投入结构不平衡,有机肥料在施肥中的份额逐年下降,化肥投入量逐年增加,氮磷钾养分比例不协调。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.