中稻田三种飞虱的捕食性天敌优势种及农药对天敌的影响

对两优0923非防治的中稻田白背飞虱、灰飞虱和褐飞虱与其天敌间的关系,采用灰色关联度法、生态位分析方法,对盆拍法调查的3种飞虱与其捕食性天敌在数量、时间和空间三方面关系进行分析,对每一种天敌对应的关联度、生态位重叠指数和相似性比例等参数标准化后的密切指数相加,按照密切指数值之和大小排序,评判3种飞虱捕食性天敌优势种.并用同样方法分析常规防治田农药对飞虱捕食性天敌的影响,以期为合理施药,科学保护和利用天敌优势种提供科学依据,其结果是,非防治田白背飞虱前三位天敌是条纹蝇虎、草间小黑蛛和锥腹肖蛸;灰飞虱的是八斑球腹蛛、茶色新园蛛和锥腹肖蛸;褐飞虱的是纵条蝇狮、四点亮腹蛛和黑肩绿盲蝽.防治田白背飞虱前三位天敌是条纹蝇虎、草间小黑蛛和锥腹肖蛸;灰飞虱的是拟水狼蛛、四点亮腹蛛和草间小黑蛛;褐飞虱的是黑肩绿盲蝽、拟水狼蛛和四点亮腹蛛.盆拍法的防治田和非防治田之间3种飞虱前三位的相同天敌,白背飞虱完全相同,灰飞虱没有相同天敌,褐飞虱的是黑肩绿盲蝽和四点亮腹蛛.飞虱与天敌在时间和数量关系上,扫网法的防治田和非防治田之间3种飞虱前三位的相同天敌,白背飞虱的是锥腹肖蛸和四点亮腹蛛,灰飞虱完全相同,褐飞虱的是纵条蝇狮和条纹影虎.两种稻田的差异主要是农药杀伤了飞虱,使飞虱数量减少,并对天敌有一定杀伤力,进而影响到天敌的发生规律.非防治田的盆拍法和扫网法之间,3种飞虱前三位相同的天敌,白背飞虱的是锥腹肖蛸,灰飞虱的也是锥腹肖蛸,褐飞虱的是纵条蝇狮.防治田两调查方法结果之间,白背飞虱的是锥腹肖蛸,灰飞虱和褐飞虱前3位天敌中没有相同天敌,其差异主要是两法调查稻株的部位不同所致.     

Transgenic cry1Ab/vip3H+epsps Rice with Insect and Herbicide Resistance Acted No Adverse Impacts on the Population Growth of a Non-Target Herbivore,the White-Backed Planthopper,Under Laboratory and Field Conditions

Numerous Bt rice lines expressing Cry protein derived from Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) have been developed since 1989. However, the potential risks posed by Bt rice on non-target organisms still remain debate. The white-backed planthopper (WBPH), Sogatella furcifera (Horváth), is one of the most economically important insect pests of rice in Asian countries and also one of the main non-target herbivores of transgenic rice. In the current study, impacts of transgenic cry1Ab/vip3H+epsps rice (G6H1) with both insect and herbicide resistance on WBPH were evaluated to ascertain whether this transgenic rice line had potential risks for this sap-sucking pest under laboratory and field conditions. The laboratory results showed that no significant difference in egg developmental duration, nymphal survival rate and female fecundity was found for WBPH between G6H1 and its non-transgenic isoline (XS110). However, the development duration of nymphs was significantly shorter and female longevity significantly longer when WBPH fed on G6H1 by comparison with those on its control. To verify the results found in laboratory, a 3-yr field trial was conducted to monitor WBPH population using both the vacuum-suction machine and beat plate methods. Although the seasonal density of WBPH nymphs and total density of nymphs and adults were not significantly affected by transgenic rice regardless of the sampling methods, the seasonal density of WBPH adults in transgenic rice plots was slightly lower than that in the control when using the vacuum-suction machine. Based on these results both from laboratory and field, it is clear that our tested transgenic rice line will not lead higher population of WBPH. However, long-term field experiments to monitor the population dynamics of WPBH at large scale need to be conducted to confirm the present conclusions in future.     

Automated Counting of Rice Planthoppers in Paddy Fields Based on Image Processing

A quantitative survey of rice planthoppers in paddy fields is important to assess the population density and make forecasting decisions. Manual rice planthopper survey methods in paddy fields are time-consuming, fatiguing and tedious. This paper describes a handheld device for easily capturing planthopper images on rice stems and an automatic method for counting rice planthoppers based on image processing. The handheld device consists of a digital camera with WiFi, a smartphone and an extrendable pole. The surveyor can use the smartphone to control the camera, which is fixed on the front of the pole by WiFi, and to photograph planthoppers on rice stems. For the counting of planthoppers on rice stems, we adopt three layers of detection that involve the following：（a） the first layer of detection is an AdaBoost classifier based on Haar features;（b） the second layer of detection is a support vector machine（SVM） classifier based on histogram of oriented gradient（HOG） features;（c） the third layer of detection is the threshold judgment of the three features. We use this method to detect and count whiteback planthoppers（Sogatella furcifera） on rice plant images and achieve an 85.2% detection rate and a 9.6% false detection rate. The method is easy, rapid and accurate for the assessment of the population density of rice planthoppers in paddy fields.     

Development of Insect-Resistant Hybrid Rice by Introgressing the Bt Gene from Bt Rice Huahui 1 into 11-32A/B,a Widely Used Cytogenic Male Sterile System

Huahui 1 is an elite transgenic male sterile restorer line of wild rice abortive-type that expresses a Bacillus thuringiensis （Bt） δ-endotoxin and provides effective and economic control oflepidopteran insects. To exploit Huahui 1 to develop a new Bt rice, the insertion site of the Bt gene was determined by thermal asymmetric interlaced PCR （TAIL-PCR）. Bt was located in the promoter region ofLOC. Os10g10360, approximately 5.35 Mb from the telomere of the short arm of chromosome 10. For the first time, a Bt cytoplasmic male sterile （CMS） system was developed by introgressing Bt from Huahui 1. The recipient CMS system used consisted of Indonesia paddy rice-type II-32B （maintainer line） and II-32A （male sterile line）. Marker-assisted selection was used to increase selection efficiency in the backcrossing program. In BC5F1, the Bt plant 85015-8 was selected for further analyses, as it had the highest SSR marker homozygosity. In addition, the linkage drag of the foreign Bt gene in 85015-8 was minimized to 8.01-11.46 Mb. The foreign Bt gene was then delivered from 85015-8 into II-32A. The resultant Bt II-32A and Bt II-32B lines were both resistant to lepidopteran in field trials, and agronomic traits were not disturbed. The maintainability of II-32B, and the male sterility and general combining ability of II-32A, were not affected by the Bt introgression. This study demonstrates a simple and fast approach to develop Bt hybrid rice.     

田边杂草中捕食性生物与稻田飞虱及其捕食性天敌的相关分析

1984～1985年在福建闽侯对田边杂草中捕食性生物与稻田飞虱及其捕食性天敌的相关性进行了初步的研究。得知山边、沟边、田埂等田边杂草中捕食性天敌的资源十分丰富,有蜘蛛类、步甲类、隐翅虫类、蚂蚁类等,这些类群中的多数种类与稻田捕食性天敌的种类相同,均能捕食飞虱。山边和沟边杂草中益害比为6.61～11.62∶1,田埂杂草中益害比为0.83∶1。蜘蛛是田边杂草中常见的捕食性生物,也是稻田捕食性天敌的优势类群,两者具有明显的相关,对稻田飞虱的自然控制作用显著。此外,田边杂草中的另一些捕食性生物,它们在控制水稻害虫总体上,也都起到不同程度的辅助作用。保护利用田边杂草中的害虫天敌资源,对于维护以水稻为中心的农田生态系统,保持自然平衡,具有重要意义。     

Construction of an engineering strain expressing cry7Ab7 gene cloned from Bacillus thuringiensis

The genotype of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) strain GW6 isolated in China was identified, and a novel cry7Ab gene was found based on the results of PCRs using 40 pairs of cry universal primers. The cry7Ab gene was cloned by PCR and named as cry7Ab7 by the Bt Delta Endotoxin Nomenclature Committee (GenBank Accession No. FJ940776). The construction of a novel three-dimensional structure of Cry7Ab7 protein via homology modeling methods indicated that the Cry7Ab7 protein was different from other Cry7Ab proteins within the domain structures. The cry7Ab7 gene was inserted into the BamHI/SalI sites of E. coli expression vector pET21b and the Bt-E. coli shuttle vector pSXY422b to construct the recombinant plasmids pET21b-7Ab7 and pSXY422b-7Ab7, which were then transformed into E. coli BL21 and Bt HD73cry in order to obtain the E. coli transformant EC7Ab7 and the engineering strain Bt HD7AB, respectively. The bioassay results showed that Cry7Ab7 protein inclusion bodies in EC7Ab7 and the crystal proteins in HD7AB were highly toxic to the second-instar larvae of Henosepilachna vigintioctomaculata with the LC₅₀ values of 1.167 μg·μL^?1 and 0.779 μg·μL^?1, respectively. Our results clearly indicated that cry7Ab7 gene can offer important benefits to research on Coccinellidae insect pest control.     

Transgenic japonica rice expressing the cry1C gene is resistant to striped stem borers in Northeast China

Rice production and quality are seriously affected by the lepidopteran pest, striped stem borer (SSB), in Northeast China. In this study, a synthetic cry1C gene encoding Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) δ-endotoxin, which is toxic to lepidopteran pest, was transformed into a japonica rice variety (Jigeng 88) in Northeast China by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Through molecular detection and the Basta resistance germination assay, a total of 16 single-copy homozygous transgenic lines were obtained from 126 independent transformants expressing cry1C. Finally, four cry1C-transgenic lines (JL16, JL23, JL41, and JL42) were selected by evaluation of the Cry1C protein level, insect-resistance and agronomic traits. The cry1C-transgenic lines had higher resistance to SSB and higher yield compared with non-transgenic (NT) control plants. T-DNA flanking sequence analysis of the transgenic line JL42 showed that the cry1C gene was inserted into the intergenic region of chromosome 11, indicating that its insertion may not interfere with the genes near insertion site. In summary, this study developed four cry1C-transgenic japonica rice lines with high insect resistance and high yield. They can be used as insect-resistant germplasm materials to overcome the problem of rice yield reduction caused by SSB and reduce the use of pesticides in Northeast China.     

Rice Grain Damage by Combination and Sequence Infestations by the Rice Leaffolder,Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenee (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), and the White-Backed Rice Planthopper,Sogatella furcifera Horváth (Hemiptera: Delphacidae)

The rice leaffolder (RLF), Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenée (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), and the white-backed rice planthopper (WBPH), Sogatella furcifera Horváth (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), are major insect pests in China and several other Asian countries. These two pests commonly occur simultaneously or in a temporal sequence. Thus, the investigation of the effect of complex infestations or temporal sequence infestations by these pests on rice yield has a practical significance for the control of these pests. The present study comprised experiments with the following four different variables in potted rice at the tillering stage: single pest species infestation, complex infestation, complete combination infestation and temporal sequence infestation (C. medinalis infestation prior to S. furcifera and S. furcifera infestation prior to C. medinalis). The results showed that the four infestations resulted in a significant decrease in 1000-grain weight (1000GW) and rate of yield loss (RYL) but an increase in blighted grain rate (BGR), with a significant positive correlation with the infestation density. However, the influences of the complex infestation, complete combination infestation or sequence infestation on the 1000GW, BGR and RYL were greater than those of the single pest species infestations but did not have addition effects, i.e., the effects of the complex infestation and combination infestation or sequence infestation on the 1000GW, BGR and RYL were less than the additive effects of the two single pest species infestations at the same densities. In the condition of the same total infestation pressure, no significant differences in the 1000GW, BGR and RYL were found between C. medinalis infestation prior to S. furcifera and S. furcifera infestation prior to C. medinalis as well as between the sequence infestation and the complex infestation.     

种植转Bt基因棉花不同年限土壤PLFA指纹特征与差异

为研究连续种植转Bt基因棉花对土壤微生物群落结构的影响,从连续种植3年转基因棉花晋棉26和中棉所41大田,采集土壤样品,测定磷脂脂肪酸(Phospholipid fatty acid,PLFA)。结果表明,不同品种和种植年限对不同生育期土壤微生物影响不同,随着种植年限和棉花残茬进入土壤生态系统,转基因棉花土壤细菌占总量的百分数有降低趋势,革兰氏阳性和阴性细菌的比例低于非转基因品种;转基因棉花土壤真菌的比例逐渐增加。说明转基因棉花连续种植可能改变土壤微生物群落结构。     

贵州省灯诱稻飞虱种类和数量动态变化

对贵州省稻飞虱主要迁入、迁出地(盘县、锦屏、惠水、三都、道真)稻区的灯诱稻飞虱种类及其种群数量变化进行了分析。结果表明,稻区灯诱稻飞虱主要有白背飞虱(Sogatella furcifera)、褐飞虱(Nila-parvata lugens)、拟褐飞虱(N.bakeri)、伪褐飞虱(N.muiri)、灰飞虱(Laodelphgax striatellus)5种;灯下稻飞虱种群以白背飞虱所占比例最高,为47.86%,其次是褐飞虱,所占比例为43.90%,伪褐飞虱、拟褐飞虱及灰飞虱的数量都较少,分别占7.26%、0.43%和0.55%;在各地的比例也存在差异,伪褐飞虱以盘县较多,而拟褐飞虱较少;灰飞虱以道真最多,比例达到0.99%,比盘县、锦屏多1倍,是三都的20多倍;正确辨别灯下飞虱种类有助于提高稻飞虱预测预报的准确性。     

利用回交转育培育黄淮稻区抗虫转基因水稻新品系

利用黄淮稻区主栽品种圣稻13、圣稻15、镇稻88为受体亲本,选择以籼稻明恢63为背景的转基因抗虫材料TT51(cry1Ab/1Ac)、T2A-1(cry2A)、T1C-19(cry1C)和以粳稻中花11为背景的转基因抗虫材料RJ-5(cry1C)为供体,分别进行杂交和多代回交。每一世代后代单株,通过涂抹Basta抗性筛选,结合PCR鉴定跟踪抗虫目的基因以及田间抗虫性鉴定、农艺性状选择,培育出来源于TT51带有cry1Ab/1Ac基因的抗虫稳定株系3个,来源于T2A-1带有cry2A基因的稳定株系2个,来源于T1C-19带有cry1C基因的稳定株系3个,来源于RJ-5带有cry1C基因的抗虫稳定株系2个。这些株系于田间均表现出很好的抗虫性状和优质丰产性状,为黄淮稻区抗虫转基因水稻育种奠定了基础。     

Bt水稻对蜘蛛优势类群及其与猎物相关性的影响

以转cry1Ab/cry1Ac基因水稻汕优63（以下简称Bt水稻）为供试材料,亲本汕优63（非Bt水稻）为对照,在田间自然条件下研究了Bt水稻对稻田蜘蛛优势类群消长动态及其与猎物相关性的影响。结果表明,Bt和非Bt稻田中蜘蛛优势类群发生数量相对大小依次为：皿蛛〉狼蛛〉园蛛〉肖蛸。2种类型稻田中蜘蛛优势类群消长动态基本一致,早期狼蛛和肖蛸占优势,随后园蛛和皿蛛成为田间优势蜘蛛类群,但Bt水稻田各类优势蜘蛛数量都显著高于相应非Bt水稻田。2种类型稻田中蜘蛛优势类群与2类主要害虫稻飞虱和叶蝉消长动态相关性存在一定差异。其中,狼蛛与2类主要害虫消长动态相关性在非Bt水稻上达到显著或极显著水平;而在Bt水稻上相关性不显著;肖蛸与2类主要害虫消长动态相关性在2类型稻田中都不显著。     

福建稻飞虱天敌总体的初步调查

1977年以来,我们在福建进行了稻飞虱天敌总体调查,共得天敌94种(不包括部分尚未定名的蜘蛛),其中天敌昆虫的福建分布新记录14种;国内稻飞虱天敌昆虫新记录27种。国内外文献尚记载有稻飞虱其他天敌66种,至此,已知亚太地区稻飞虱天敌共约160种,其中中国约计123种。本文对于稻飞虱各类群天敌的自然控制作用也有简要记述。     

Inheritance of an insecticidal gene (cry1Ab) in genetically modified cotton

The present study was conducted to evaluate inheritance pattern of insecticidal gene (Cry1Ab) in F₁ and F₂ generations derived from six combinations of crosses made between two transgenic lines (CEMB-3 and CEMB-11) and two non transgenic lines (MNH-93 and CIM-482). PCR, southern blot, western dot blot assay and lab biotoxicity assay were used to confirm the gene integration and expression of insecticidal gene in successive generations. The insecticidal gene was stably integrated in the genome of all F₁ plants showing the dominant nature of introduced gene (cry1Ab). Furthermore, heterosis, heterobeltiosis, heritability and genetic advance studies of Bt gene were also conducted. Heterosis and heterobeltiosis were estimated for five characters i.e. cotton yield per plant, no. of bolls per plant, boll weight, ginning out turn % age and laboratory bioassay results. The heterosis and heterobeltiosis ranged from??15.19 to 107.07% and 18.58 to 98.79%, respectively for yield per plant; from ?20.34 to 81.36% and ?20.34 to 81.36%, respectively for number of bolls per plant; from -6.96 to 21.38% and ?9.30 to 9.99%, respectively for boll weight; from 13.02 to 26.44% and ?0.52 to 26.17%, respectively for ginning outturn; and from ?8.11 to 36.23% and ?5.56 to 23.68%, respectively for mortality % age of Heliothis larvae in laboratory bioassays. The Broad Sense Heritability and Genetic Advance for insect resistance in Bt versus non-Bt crosses were calculated. Both of these were high in four out of six hybrids. Our data recorded showed that these transgenic lines are an excellent source of germplasm to be used in conventional breeding programme.     

葛藤节肢动物类群组分及主要种类数量动态

分析了葛藤节肢动物种类组成以及主要植食性昆虫种类豆突眼长蝽Chauliops fallax、筛豆龟蝽Megacopta crabraria记、龟蝽类Megacopta spp．和Aponsila spp．、叶甲类和叶蝉类的种群数量动态,调查共获得节肢动物15目87科212种,其中植食性节肢动物43科138种,非植食性节肢动物44科74种．主要植食性节肢动物种类的种群水平表现出上半年高于下半年的特点,叶蝉类和豆突眼长蝽的数量水平在5个种类中相对较高,是葛藤天敌调查研究的重点种类．     

两种转Bt基因水稻品系在浙江田间的靶标抗性及其非靶标影响

研究了浙江田间转cry1C基因水稻T1c\|19和转cry2A基因水稻T2A\|1对靶标害虫二化螟和稻纵卷叶螟的抗性及对主要非靶标生物的影响。结果表明,与非转基因亲本对照明恢63相比,这两种转Bt基因水稻在整个生育期对稻纵卷叶螟、二化螟都具有极强的抗性,稻纵卷叶螟卷叶率减少98%以上,二化螟枯心/白穗率减少87%以上;而对非靶标害虫稻飞虱以及稻田主要捕食性天敌蜘蛛和黑肩绿盲蝽数量均无显著性影响。     

不同氮素水平对晚稻拟环纹豹蛛及稻飞虱种群动态的影响

以一等优质晚稻湘晚籼17号为试验材料,设置三个不同的氮肥水平,研究节氮条件下晚稻倒伏对拟环纹豹蛛种群动态的影响,以期为优质晚稻的绿色生产提供科学依据。结果表明,各生育时期拟环纹豹蛛种群数量均随施氮量的增加而显著减少,稻飞虱种群数量均随施氮量的增加而显著增加;直立植株的拟环纹豹蛛、稻飞虱种群数量随着晚稻生育进程的推进表现出先增后降的趋势,拟环纹豹蛛种群数量在齐穗期达到最大,稻飞虱种群数量在乳熟期达到最大;乳熟期水稻植株发生倒伏后,拟环纹豹蛛逐渐由直立植株迁移到倒伏植株,而稻飞虱则由倒伏植株迁移到直立植株,施氮量越高,倒伏指数越大,迁移越明显,倒伏植株与直立植株间的种群增长率越大,各处理间差异达显著水平。     

转Bt基因水稻生长期几种重要成分含量的变化研究

 对Bt水稻汕优63及其非转基因亲本汕优63不同生长期几种重要成分的含量进行了分析，以期为转Bt基因水稻的生态学和安全性评价提供基础代谢方面的依据。结果表明，在抽穗期，Bt水稻和非Bt水稻茎秆和叶片中大部分氨基酸的含量差异显著或极显著；在大部分生长期，Bt水稻和非Bt水稻氮、磷和硅的含量差异显著或极显著，但它们的变化趋势基本一致，氮和磷的含量在拔节期之后均呈下降趋势，而硅的含量则随水稻的生长发育呈上升趋势；在水稻生长前期，Bt水稻可溶性糖和还原糖的含量比非Bt水稻低，但在后期比非Bt水稻高，且差异均显著或极显著。     

丝黑穗病菌侵染对转Bt基因玉米抗病性相关指标的影响

为明确外源Bt基因的导入对玉米抗病性的影响,本研究以转Bt基因玉米株系和其受体亲本郑58为材料,比较了接种丝黑穗病菌(Sphacelotheca reiliana(Kühn)Clint.)后转Bt基因玉米防御酶系统、激素水平及次生代谢的变化情况,探讨了转Bt基因玉米对病害抗性的相关生理机制。研究结果表明:接种丝黑穗病菌后,转Bt基因玉米在吐丝期的发病率达到24%,单穗总粒重较对照下降18%,百粒重下降12%,而郑58发病率为15%,产量与对照无显著差异。转Bt基因玉米的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD),过氧化物酶(POD),过氧化氢酶(CAT)等防御酶活性比郑58玉米在抵御病害侵染时表现的较弱,丙二醛(MDA)含量显著增加,膜脂过氧化程度较为严重,这可能是造成转Bt基因玉米产量下降明显的原因之一。生育前期生长素(IAA)、赤霉素(GA)、玉米素核苷(ZR)含量明显下降,而脱落酸(ABA)含量明显升高使得转Bt基因玉米生长受限,同样造成产量的显著下降。此外,在各个生育时期体内的单宁和总酚的含量都低于其受体郑58玉米,生化防御机制受限也可能造成抗病性的降低,进而产量下降。     

Effects of Pesticide Applications on the Biochemical Properties of Transgenic cry 2A Rice and the Life History Parameters of Nilaparvata lugens Stål (Homptera: Delphacidae)

Effects of transgenic Bt rice on non-target pests following pesticide applications plays an important role in evaluating the ecological safety of transgenic rice. Changes of the life history parameters of laboratory population of Nilaparvata lugens feeding on transgenic Bt rice T2A-1 and its parental line cv. MH63 as the control, and the contents of oxalic acid and soluble sugar following three pesticides (triazophos, jinggangmycin and chlorantraniliprole) treatments were investigated in this paper. Results showed that the population parameters of N. lugens and the physiological and biochemical parameters of rice did not differ significantly between T2A-1 and MH63 without pesticide application. But, the emergence rate (ER), the nymphal number of next generation (NN), and the index of population trend (IP) on T2A-1 treated with 10 mg L^?1 of triazophos were significantly higher than those on MH63, respectively, while the hatchability (HB) on T2A-1 treated with the three pesticides were obviously lower than those on MH 63. Furthermore, the content of oxalic acid in MH63 treated with 20 mg L^?1 triazophos and, 40 and 80 mg L^?1 chlorantraniliprole was significantly higher than that in T2A-1, while the content of soluble sugar in T2A-1 treated with 400 mg L^?1 jinggangmycin was significantly higher than that in MH63. The results above indicated that triazophos in a low dose could cause a more favor of T2A-1 to population growth of N. lugens compared with MH 63.