Postulation of Seedling Resistance Genes in 20 Wheat Cultivars to Yellow Rust （ Puccinia striiformis f. sp. triticl）

The gene postulation, cluster analysis and pedigree analysis of 20 wheat cultivars to 28 physiological races of yellow rust （Puccinia striiformis） were conducted under greenhouse conditions, The spectrum of their resistance were compared each other. None of the 20 cultivars were resistant to all the test pathogens. The cultivars containing resistance genes Yr5 and Yr24 were not find and genes Yr8, Yrl9 and Yr27 could not be postulated from cultivars tested due to the susceptibility to all isolates used. A total of 6 probale seedling yellow rust resistance genes or gene combinations （Yrl, Yr2, Yr2 ＋ YrHVII, Yr3 ＋ unknown, Yr3 ＋ Yr4, YrAlba） were postulated in the wheat cultivars （Atou, Flanders, Maris Huntsman, Bouquet, Holdfast, Elite Lepeuple, and Vilmorin 27）. The gene combination Yr2＋YrHVII with the highest frequency （35%） was present in 7 cultivars. The Yr genes present in some wheat cultivars could not be postulated because of non-matching virulence combinations with any of known genes. Cluster result showed that Yr2 and Yr3 are the most important genes in the cultivars. The 13 cultivars are believed to have the pedigree of Noe, which was selected from South Russian wheat. These results will be useful for wheat breeding and provide information about genetic control of wheat yellow rust.     

Assessment of the Genetic Relationship and Diversity of Mango and Its Relatives by cplSSR Marker

Chloroplast inter-simple sequence repeat markers in mango were developed and used to analyze the genetic relationship and diversity of mango and its relatives. Thirty-six mango cultivars （Mangifera indica L.） and its relative species collected from the fruit germplasm collection in the Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China, were examined by ISSR-PCR with chloroplast DNA （cpDNA）. Eight better primers for chloroplast DNA that provided reproducible, polymorphic DNA amplification patterns were screened from 50 ISSR primers and used for UPGMA analysis. According to the band patterns with 8 primers for chloroplast DNA, all cultivars tested were distinguished from each other and these showed ample genetic diversity; the average percentage of polymorphism was 77.2%. The 36 samples could be clustered into four groups by UPGMA analysis at the coefficient 0.74. The results indicated that the cplSSR marker was a new powerful tool for the identification of mango cultivars or its relative species, and their genetic relationship analysis and diversity evaluation.     

Genetic Relationship Analysis of Ramie Accessions by RAPD Markers

Genetic relationship of 12 ramie varieties with different drought resistance was analysed by using RAPDI Twenty-five 10- mer random primers were used to amplify the total DNA of these varieties. The results ahowed that the amplified products of 12 ramie varieties could be obtained with 12 primers. The length of amplified products was 0.6- 5.15 kb. Ninety bands were identified in total, of which 11 bands were common in all 12 varieties and 79 bands were polymorphic. The polymorphic bands were 87.78% of the total amplified bands. According to the result of cluster analysis, 12 ramie varieties could be divided into two classes and three groups. It was found that high drought resistant varieties were clustered into different groups or subgroups in the same class, which shows near relationship among them.     

Genetic Relation Analysis on Ramie [Boehmeria nivea （L.） Gaud.] Inbred Lines by SRAP Markers

The objective of this article is to reveal the variations of ramie inbred lines in DNA level and discuss their molecular background to provide a theoretical basis for ramie cross breeding. In the present study, the genetic relationships among 33 inbred line accessions and two wild types that originated from China and Brazil were estimated using sequence-related amplified polymorphism （SRAP） markers. The results showed that 33 out of 81 primer combinations turned out to be polymorphic and 332 polymorphism bands were obtained. On the basis of the appearance of the markers, the genetic relationships were analyzed using unweighted pair-group method of arithmetic average cluster analysis （UPGMA）, and the genetic Jaccard similarity coefficients were calculated. The inbred-lines originating from China and Brazil formed a cluster suggesting a possibility that the Brazilian cultivars could have developed from cultivars introduced from China. Within ramie inbred-lines, the groupings also indicated that the greatest genetic relationship among cultivars was correlated to the region of origin of cultivars. The results provided the evidence that SRAP was an efficient approach, suitable for taxonomic analysis of ramie inbred lines, To the authors＇ knowledge, this is the first application of SRAP marker on the systematics of ramie inbred lines.     

Genetic Analysis on Plant Type of Northern Japonica Hybrid Rice

This study was designed to analyze the genetic relationship of the morphological traits of the northern japonica hybrid rice. The genetic relationship of the morphological traits of the 100 cultivars combined by the 10 sterile lines and the 10 restore lines was studied by using the principle component analysis and the SAS and QGA. The results showed that compared with the female parent, most of the morphological traits related closely to their father. The additive genetic effect and the dominant genetic effect appeared significantly, and the former was more significant than the latter. Genetic correlation analysis indicated that high plants or high plants with more leaves were in favor of improving the number and the weight of the spike and producing the hybrid vigor. The important factors influencing the plant type of the northern japonica hybrid rice were the plant height （PH）, the angle of the flag leaf （FLA）, flag leaf length （FLL）, and the weight of the shoots and leaves （SLW）, respectively. The morphological traits system of the northern japonica hybrid rice was very complex, and the restore line should be given more importance compared with the sterile line, and PH, FLA, FLL, and SLW should be considered first in the plant type breeding.     

Cultivar Selection and Test Site Evaluation of Cotton Regional Trials in Jiangsu Province Based on GGE Biplot

[Objective] This study was to evaluate the high yielding and stability of candidate cultivars, depict the adaptive planting region, analyze trial location discrimination ability and representativeness, as well as identify the ideal cultivar and trial location, with the aim to provide theory background for cultivar selection and reasonable scheme of test location in Jiangsu Province. [Method] The GGE biplot method was used to analyze the lint cotton yield of 12 experimental genotypes in the 6 test locations(three replicates in each) of the cotton regional trial in Jiangsu Province in 2013. [Result] The effects of genotype(G), environment(E), and genotype by environment interaction(G×E) on lint cotton yield were all highly significant(P0.01), which made it necessary to further explore the specific pattern of genotype by environment interaction. Jinmian118(G4) and SF3303(G5) were the best ideal genotypes screened by the "ideal cultivar" and "ideal location" view of GGE biplot, and the ordination of test sites based on the ideal index were in the order of Dafeng(DF), Yanliang(YL), Liuhe(LH), Dongtai(DT), Yancheng(YC), and Nantong(NT), among which NT was relatively weak in representing of the whole target cotton planting region in Jiangsu Province. The "similarity among locations" view of GGE biplot clustered all trial locations into one group, showing that the test sites in the cotton planting region in Jiangsu Province were in the same mega-environment.The "which-won-where" view of GGE biplot indicated that cotton cultivar Jinmian118(G4) was the most appropriate cultivar in the homogeneous cotton planting region in Jiangsu Province. [Conclusion] Among the candidate cultivars, Jinmian118 and SF3303 were identified as the most ideal cultivars in this set of conventional cotton regional trial in Jiangsu Province; the test site of Dafeng ranked the first out of all locations in terms of discrimination and representativeness, and all test locations were clustered into the same mega-environmet, which indicated the high efficiency of cultivar selection in the cotton regional trial in Jiangsu Province.     

Determination of Amylose Content and Its Relationship with RVA Profile Within Genetically Similar Cultivars of Rice （Oryza safiva L. ssp. japonica）

Anther culture pure lines with antisense Wx gene were generated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated co-transformation followed by anther culture in transgenic rice （Oryza sativa L. ssp. japonica）. The antisense Wx transgenic pure lines were used to analyze the differences and the relationship between RVA eigenvalues among the lines with different amylose contents. 77 pure lines of anther culture having antisense Wx gene were studied for the amylose content of its offspring cultivar, Wuyunjing 7. It was found that levels ofamylose content were similar to the control in 19 lines （16.0%）; 1-5% lower than control in 50 lines, of which, within 11.0-13.9% in 40 lines; and 3.1-4.0% in 8 lines. The effect of the amylose content on RVA eigenvalue was analyzed through the RVA profile graphic comparison and test of significance for RVA eigenvalues. The analysis of RVA profiles with different amylose contents indicated that there were two kinds of RVA profiles within genetically similar cultivars. The lines with 3.1-4.0% of amylose content were distinctly different from other lines and conventional glutinous rice. The comparison of the similarity curve of RVA profile of the lines with different amylose contents showed that the lines with lower amylose content had a distinguished RVA profile with the curve increasing gradually, but not exceeding the first apex. The test of significance for eigenvalues of the RVA profile in the lines with different amylose contents indicated that there were five eigenvalues remarkably different among the lines with 3.1-4.0% of amylose content compared with other two groups. Further, there were three eigenvalues remarkably different among the lines with 11.0-13.5% of amylose content compared with control group. An optimized mathematical model, which characterizes the relationships between the amylose content and RVA eigenvalue, has been established in this study. From this model, it was clearly indicated that the parameters PeT and SBV were more related to amylose content. It was concluded that the differences in amylose content not only affected the eigenvalues of RVA but also caused different RVA profiles within genetically similar cultivars. The introduction of antisense Wx gene could lead to reduce the amylose content and lay theoretical foundation for quality improvement in rice breeding programs.     

Study on Accumulation Rule of Carbohydrates in Soybean （Glycine max（L.） Merrill）

Three soybean cultivars, Hefeng25 （HF25）, Suinongl4 （SN14） and Longxuanl （LX1） were used as materials and the accumulation features of carbohydrates were studied in leaves and stems. The results showed that the soluble sugar content in leaves and stems appeared the same trend of higher-lower-higher in three varieties. The changes of sucrose content in leaves appeared the same rule with that of soluble sugar, that is higher-lower-higher, while presented a rising trend in stems. The content of starch in leaves varied as a change of double apexes. The content of starch in stems appeared a change of single apex. In the same stage, there were some differences among carbohydrates. The content of soluble sugar and sucrose in SN14 was higher, and the starch content was lower.     

Analysis of the Genetic Relationships in Chinese Ziziphus with SRAP Markers

The phylogenic and genetic relationships in germplasm resources of Chinese Ziziphus were studied at molecular levels, for providing new molecular evidences of classification, protection, and utilization of germplasm resources of Ziziphus. The sequence-related amplified polymorphism （SRAP） was assessed to analyse the genetic relationships among 14 species of Ziziphus, 11 cultivars of Z. jujuba Mill., and one outgroup. A total of 580 DNA bands were amplified by 19 selective primers, 570 of which （98.28%） were polymorphic. The average number of polymorphic DNA bands amplified by each primer was 30. The genetic similarities of 26 sample materials were between 0.22 and 0.99. UPGMA method cluster analysis showed that 26 sample materials were classified into six cluster groups with the genetic similarity of 0.28. The results showed that SRAP technique is efficient in studying genetic relationships among Ziziphus, Z. jujuba Mill. and Z. acidojujuba C. Y. Cheng et M. J. Liu which should be treated as one species, and further infraspecific classification of Z. jujuba Mill. should be classified into two subspecies; the scientific names of new taxa, Chinese jujube, and wild jujube were Ziziphus jujuba Mill. subsp, jujuba and Ziziphus jujuba Mill. subsp, spinosa （Bunge） J. Y. Peng, X. Y. Li et L. Li, respectively. Z. xiangchengensis Y. L.Chen et P. K. Chou, Z. montana W.W. Smith and Z. mairei Dode might be originated from same ancestry. Z xiangchengensis Y. L. Chen et P. K. Chou and Z. montana W.W. Smith should be treated as one species. The infrasubspecific taxon of Z. jujuba Mill. was not suitable to set up varieties.     

Classification and Genetic Diversity of Kentucky Bluegrasses by Using RAPD Markers

Total 69 random primers were screened out through RAPD （Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA） markers to analyze the genetic bands of 32 Kentucky bluegrass cultivars. A total of 197 bands were amplified from 46 primers of them, among which 195 bands were polymorphic. Each primer could amplify one to nine polymorphic bands with an average of 4.3 being amplified from an average of primer. Based on the similarity coefficient analysis of RAPD results, NTSYS software and cluster analysis by using average UPGMA method, the result showed that 18 of 32 cultivars were in group 1, three cultivars were in group 2, two cultivars were in group 3, eight cultivars were in group 4, and there was only one cultivar in group 5, which was C2.     

微型月季品种分类的花粉形态学

 【目的】明晰微型月季花粉形态特征与其品种分类关系。【方法】利用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜观察10个微型月季品种花粉形态特征,并根据花粉形状、瘤状纹饰密度、网眼密度和条纹密度等性状对不同微型月季品种进行聚类分析。【结果】（1）微型月季花粉具有3个萌发孔,极面观为三裂圆形;花粉外壁纹饰为瘤状雕纹、网眼、条纹的不同组合,不同品种外壁纹饰差异较大;根据极轴/赤道轴值（P/E值）,微型月季花粉可分为长球形和超长球形。（2）聚类结果表明,在相似系数为0.37时,可分为3组：第1组包括‘白柯斯特’、‘粉柯斯特’、‘紫微星’和‘罗曼蒂克’,特点是花粉外壁纹饰的条纹、网眼均密集;第2组包括‘金太阳’、‘小女孩’、‘矮仙女’、‘草裙舞女’和‘冬梅’,特点是花粉外壁纹饰的条纹密集,具瘤状雕纹,无网眼或较少;第3组为 ‘红云拉’,特点是花粉外壁纹饰的条纹和网眼较少。（3）结合不同微型月季品种外部形态指标的比较分析表明,孢粉学分类结果与形态学分类结果相似,但并不完全一致。【结论】不同微型月季品种花粉形状、萌发沟等特征近似,外壁纹饰差异较大,孢粉学分析结果可作为其品种分类依据,且分类结果总体支持形态学分类结果。     

芥菜花粉形态特征及分类初探

对芥菜(Brassica juncea Czern.et Coss.)17个变种的代表品种的花粉材料进行了扫描电镜观察.结果表明,芥菜花粉形状呈近球形、长球形或超长球形,随品种而异;花粉大小虽在变种间具有明显差异,但不能作为准确的变种分类依据;变种间在花粉的萌发器官和外壁纹饰方面有一定的差异,根据其特征可以对芥菜进行分类.其结果支持传统的芥菜种以下水平的分类.     

不同花柱类型连翘的花粉形态和生活力比较

为找出连翘(Forsythia suspensa)结实率低的原因,采用电镜扫描、TTC染色、离体培养等技术,对连翘花粉的大小、形态、外壁纹饰、生活力和发芽率进行了观察和测定。结果表明:连翘花粉均为长椭圆形,沟状萌发孔、三沟、长达两极,花粉外壁纹饰为典型的网状雕纹,其中短花柱型连翘花粉的极轴长平均为36.47μm,赤道轴长平均为29.09μm,长花柱型连翘的极轴长平均为37.55μm,赤道轴长平均为23.1μm。短花柱型花粉的生活力为82.5%,长花柱的为69.3%,差异达到极显著水平。2种花粉均在400 mg/L硼酸培养基上萌发率最高,且短花柱花粉萌发率明显高于长花柱花粉的萌发率。因此,连翘结实率低的原因可能与花粉的发芽率及花粉形态有关。     

欧李花粉微形态与矿质营养代谢及其相关性研究

以实生欧李群体为试材,采用扫描电镜观测方法,研究同一生境条件下欧李花粉超微形态结构以及花粉和成熟期果实中矿质元素含量变化及其相关关系,以期为欧李矿质营养代谢机制和钙高效基因型早期筛选提供理论参考.结果表明:欧李花粉形状为长球形或超长球形,极面观为三裂圆形,具三孔沟,按NPC系统分类属于N3P4C5型:花粉外壁纹饰呈穿孔纹饰、条纹-穿孔纹饰和条纹状纹饰三种类型;不同株系在花粉形状、大小、表面纹饰、极轴长(P)、赤道轴长(E)、P/E以及花粉和果实中矿质元素含量等生理形态指标变异较大.相关分析结果表明,花粉中Ca、Mg元素与花粉极轴和赤道轴呈显著或极显著正相关,花粉中K元素与赤道轴和P/E分别呈极显著负相关和显著正相关,花粉中Fe元素与赤道轴呈显著正相关;果实中Ca、K元素与极轴呈显著正相关;花粉和果实中Mn元素与P/E均呈显著负相关.     

寒地油豆角花粉电镜观察与聚类分析

油豆角(Phaseolus vulgaris L.var.chinensis Hort.)是我国北方的"名优特"蔬菜。通过扫描电镜法来观察油豆角孢粉的不同形态,并应用数量分类方法分析油豆角遗传背景差异,油豆角育种提供参考依据。对东北地区主栽油豆角的20个品种的花粉进行扫描电镜观察,并用SPSS软件对观测到的6个亚显微性状进行聚类分析。结果表明,20份花粉分为三角形和近球形两类。花粉赤道轴长在27.43～58.78μm之间,属于小型花粉。萌发孔膜有突起和凹陷两种,覆盖纹饰主要是网孔纹饰,有的孔内有颗粒状附属物。聚类分析把供试材料分为四组,其中玻璃脆豆(7号)与其他油豆角的亲缘关系最远。     

榆林沙区黑沙蒿花粉二型性特征观察

以毛乌素沙地南缘榆林沙区的黑沙蒿为研究对象,采用扫描电镜（SEM）显微技术,对其花粉形态特征进行详细的观察描述。结果表明,黑沙蒿花粉粒属单粒小型花粉,具有蒿属植物花粉的共性特征,属于较为进化物种的花粉形态,同时其花粉粒二型性特征亦比较突出。长球形和圆球形2种形态不同的花粉粒,同时存在于同一花药中,长球形花粉粒极轴长(P)23.43（20.10～24.91）μm,赤道(E)轴长16.93（15.81～17.32）μm,P/E=1.38,极轴与赤道轴长度差异显著（P<0.05）,赤道面观椭圆形;圆球形花粉粒极轴与赤道轴近等长,极轴长17.56（16.11～18.43）μm,赤道轴长17.10（15.99～18.01）μm,P/E=1.03,极轴与赤道轴长度差异不显著（P>0.05）,赤道面观圆球形;经T检验,2种形态花粉粒的极轴与赤道轴长度比值P/E,差异达显著水平（P<0.05）。2种形态花粉萌发器官都具3孔沟,但长球形花粉的沟深而细长,边缘整齐光滑,内孔深陷,沟间稍窄,极区面积较小;圆球形花粉的沟较浅较短,沟缘粗糙,内孔外突,沟间较宽,极区面积较大;外壁表面纹饰都为退化小刺与颗粒状纹饰的组合,但刺的分布、基部大小及刺间颗粒的大小和排列等有所差异。样本中长球形花粉粒占比为64.1%,圆球形花粉粒占比为35.9%。     

苹果专用授粉品种和栽培品种花粉形态扫描电镜观察

利用扫描电镜研究了苹果专用授粉品种与栽培品种的花粉形态特征.结果表明,专用授粉品种和栽培品种的花粉粒相似,侧面观均为长椭圆形,极面观为三角形或近圆形;具3条拟孔沟,萌发沟以等间距环状分布,属于N3P4C5型花粉;花粉外壁属于纵向条状纹饰,外壁均具条嵴,多数品种嵴洼处散生明显的穿孔,但条嵴及穿孔的形态和分布差异明显,可据此来鉴别品种;花粉外壁纹饰可作为鉴别品种的依据,根据条嵴特征和花粉粒大小,推断信浓红和贺红可能是最原始的类型,红将军和美国八号可能是较原始的类型,而美红则可能是较进化的类型.     

荷包牡丹花粉电镜扫描观察

对观赏植物荷包牡丹的花粉形态进行扫描电镜观察，结果表明：花粉粒为宽椭圆形，具３个萌发沟，极面观三裂圆形，赤道面观宽椭圆形至卵圆形，外壁具粗网状纹饰。     

6个柚类品种花粉形态观察

[目的]观察、分析柚品种花粉形态特征,为柚类资源研究提供参考依据.[方法]利用JSM-6360A扫描电子显微镜观察沙田柚、桂柚1号、早熟沙田柚、蜜柚、酸柚和砧板柚6个柚类品种花粉的特征,500倍观察花粉粒群体,3000倍观察赤道面,3500倍观察极面,10000倍观察花粉粒表面纹饰.用CAD软件测量花粉粒极轴长（P）、赤道轴长（E）和穿孔直径.[结果]6个柚类品种花粉粒均属于中等花粉,花粉大小为（19.73～22.60） μm＆#215;（38.64～41.99） μm.赤道面观均为近长椭圆形或长方形,极面观为近圆形或正方形.6个柚类品种花粉均具有4条萌发沟,其中沙田柚和早熟沙田柚少数或个别花粉具有5条萌发沟,萌发沟以等距环状分布,花粉粒表面具网状纹饰.[结论]6个柚类品种花粉大小、萌发沟、花粉壁纹饰均存在一定差异,可作为鉴定桂柚1号、沙田柚和早熟沙田柚亲缘关系及种间关系的依据.     

耐冬山茶孢粉学研究

对耐冬山茶花粉形态进行比较研究,可以为探索山茶属植物的演化、系统分类以及耐冬山茶的品种分类提供孢粉学依据。通过用扫描电镜对耐冬山茶18个品种及3个南方山茶品种的花粉形态进行观察分析,结果如下:耐冬山茶花粉粒为腰鼓形或长球形,极面观为近三角形或三裂圆形,具三孔沟,从表面看内孔不显著。外壁两层,外层厚于内层。花粉粒表面纹饰大多为蠕虫状,亦有拟蠕虫状或拟网状。脊间或网纹间具穿孔和穴,有的脊上有较明显横向波状纹,穿孔和穴的形态及数量品种间有差异。花粉粒形态可以做为耐冬山茶品种分类的依据之一,耐冬山茶和南方山茶品种花粉形态存在较大的差异。