污泥土地利用研究V. 高铜污泥

本文采用田间小区试验方法研究了高铜污泥处理对辣椒生长、Vc含量和重金属含量的影响。结果表明,污泥施用量在3.75和7.5 t/hm2时,辣椒各个生长指标都有所增加,有些指标甚至优于施用化肥处理。污泥施用对辣椒果实Vc含量没有明显降低的趋势。污泥施用未显著地增加辣椒植株和果实对铜、锌、镉和镍的吸收。     

污泥土地利用研究：Ⅳ、无锡污泥与香港碱化污泥的肥效比较

本通过盆栽试验研究了污泥施用对青菜和番茄生长的影响，试验表明，污泥施用可显促进青菜和番茄的生长，但和长在酸酸性红壤和太源水稻土上两种蔬菜对污泥施用的响应不同，香港碱性污泥产品对青菜在酸性红壤上的增产效果优于无锡污染；无锡污泥随施用量增加产量有所增加：太湖水稻土上无锡污泥的肥效优于香港碱性污泥产品。污泥施用不仅对当茬蔬菜增产明显，对后茬蔬菜也有增产效应。     

污泥土地利用研究IV. 无锡污泥与香港碱化污泥的肥效比较

本文通过盆栽试验研究了污泥施用对青菜和番茄生长的影响。试验表明,污泥施用可显著促进青菜和番茄的生长,但生长在酸性红壤和太湖水稻土上两种蔬菜对污泥施用的响应不同。香港碱性污泥产品对青菜在酸性红壤上的增产效果优于无锡污泥;无锡污泥随施用量增加产量有所增加;太湖水稻土上无锡污泥的肥效优于香港碱性污泥产品。污泥施用不仅对当茬蔬菜增产明显,对后茬蔬菜也有增产效应。     

污泥土地利用研究：Ⅲ、富锌污泥

西通过温室盆栽试验方法研究不同富锌污泥施用方法对水稻生长及其重金属含量的影响，结果表明，污泥施用主要通过增加水稻分蘖来促进水稻生长从而提高产量。污泥的施用显提高了水稻茎叶和籽粒中锌的含量。     

污泥土地利用研究III. 富锌污泥

本文通过温室盆栽试验方法研究了不同富锌污泥施用方法对水稻生长及其重金属含量的影响。结果表明,污泥施用主要通过增加水稻分蘖来促进水稻生长从而提高产量。污泥的施用显著地提高了水稻茎叶和籽粒中锌的含量。     

污泥肥对油菜品质性状及其重金属累积特征的影响

该文研究了污泥肥对油菜产量、品质及重金属累积的影响规律。结果表明:在适宜范围内(50～80g污泥肥/盆)污泥肥施用可以明显提高盆栽油菜的产量,当污泥肥用量达到100g/盆时,污泥肥对盆栽油菜产量的促进作用会明显降低。污泥肥比化肥更能促进油菜对N、P、K营养元素的吸收,提高盆栽油菜可溶性糖、还原型Vc等相关品质指标。污泥肥施用后的油菜硝酸盐含量随污泥肥用量的增加而减少。油菜的硝酸盐和重金属含量均在相关蔬菜食用安全标准范围内。     

茎部注射硒肥对金桔的生长及果实品质的影响

探讨了茎部施用亚硒酸钠对金桔生长和果实品质的影响,通过茎部施用不同浓度的硒肥来考察对金桔叶的相对生长率、新梢的相对生长率、叶绿素含量、产量、总酸度、总糖含量、Vc含量以及硒在果实中的积累影响。结果表明茎部施肥对植株的生长有明显地促进作用,果实中糖酸比增大,叶绿素含量和Vc含量增加,硒在果实中有一定的富集;且施用硒肥浓度不同对金桔的影响也不同;茎部施用亚硒酸钠效果优于根部施用亚硒酸钠。并通过灰色关联分析法分析,综合评判结果也与之相一致。     

FA旱地龙对温室辣椒节水效应及产量品质的影响

通过抗早节水剂FA早地龙在辣椒应用中的温室小区试验，分析抗早节水剂对土壤含水率、辣椒产量、辣椒品质的影响。试验设置5个处理区，早地龙喷施浓度分别为250和350倍液，早地龙随水浇灌量为30kg／hm^2和60kg／hm^2。结果表明：早地龙起到了蓄水保墒的作用，随着早地龙喷施浓度增加，土壤含水率提高0．38％～2．12％，土壤含水量变化幅度减小；施用早地龙的辣椒产量明显增加，产量增幅为5．0％～11．7％，同时叶面喷施FA早地龙能明显优化辣椒单果性状，平均单果质量增加7．6％～24．3％；辣椒的Vc和辣椒寨含量均随施用早地龙的浓度增大而增加，果实品质得到显著改善。早地龙对提高土壤含水率及辣椒的品质和产量起着积极作用。     

辣椒果实Vc含量的变化规律与遗传分析

为明确辣椒果实Vc含量的遗传规律,通过对不同辣椒和甜椒类型品种及其不同成熟期的果实Vc含量进行测定,并利用高Vc含量辣椒材料M5与低Vc含量甜椒材料Z243构建P1、P2、F1、B1、B2和F26个联合世代群体,应用植物数量性状主基因+多基因联合分离分析方法,进行辣椒红熟果实Vc含量遗传分析。结果显示,辣椒类型果实Vc含量显著高于甜椒类型,绝大多数类型的成熟果Vc含量明显高于嫩熟果,完熟果较成熟果Vc含量显著降低。辣椒红熟果实Vc含量由一对加性-显性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因控制(符合D-0遗传模型),d为18.4276,表明主基因加性效应明显,为正向效应,h为-13.3018,表明主基因显性呈负向部分显性,显性程度较高。F2的主基因遗传率和多基因遗传率分别为25.97%和17.13%,因此,遗传变异占表型变异的43.1%,环境变异占表型变异的56.9%,表明辣椒红熟果Vc含量受环境影响明显。本研究为以果实Vc含量为育种目标的辣椒品质育种提供了科学依据。     

海南有机肥替代氮肥对辣椒生长和品质的影响

过量施用氮肥会提高蔬菜中硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐含量,且易造成环境污染。以优化施肥配方为基础,设置对照(100%化肥),另外3个处理分别为20%、40%、60%有机肥替代化肥,4个处理的氮肥用量相同,研究有机肥部分替代氮肥对辣椒生长、品质和土壤性状影响。结果表明,不同处理的辣椒产量无显著差异。有机肥替代氮肥可显著提高辣椒果实中Vc含量,降低亚硝酸盐含量。40%和60%处理有机肥叶片、茎秆生物量以及株高、冠幅等指标在后期显著低于化肥和20%替代处理。有机肥替代氮肥显著提升了土壤pH值和有机质含量。可见,有机肥替代氮肥不会造成海南辣椒前期生长、产量、外观品质下降,且有助于酸性土壤改良,其合理的替代比例是20%。     

污泥土地利用研究：Ⅱ、连续化学提取法研究施污泥土壤重金属的有效性和环境风险

本文采用连续化学提取法研究了施用污泥土壤中重金属的形态分配及有效性。铜和在2种土壤上施用污泥前、后的形态分配都有所差异，铜在 湖相水稻土上可以氧化态为主：红壤性水稻土可氧化态和可还原态含量都较高。锌在河湖相水稻土以可还原态为主，在红壤性水稻土以醋酸溶解态为主，两种土壤上，铜和锌的3种不同形态含量与污泥施用量之间都有很好的相关性，连续提取对于研究重金属的形态分配比单独提取更有价值。     

Effects of sewage sludge disposal

The disposal of sewage sludge affects the environment as the sludge May, contain harmful components such as pathogenic organisms, organic compounds, heavy metals and excess phosphorus and nitrogen. Depending on the method of disposal, these effects can be immediate or time-delayed and non-linear. the effects of dumped or landfilled sewage sludge can be characterized through its leaching capability, which depends on the treatment before dumping. Treatment May, be simple dewatering or advanced incineration, wet oxidation or immobilization. Leach-ability is considered here.     

Medically used radionuclides in sewage sludge

The concentration of medically used radionuclides has been studied in sludge from the sewage treatment plant serving the borough of Malmo. In this area all nuclear medicine procedures are carried out in one hospital and almost all patients live in the borough. Therefore, the input of medically used radionuclides into the sewage system can be estimated with good accuracy. Samples of digested sludge have been taken once or twice a week during half a year. Iodine-131 (physical half life (T) = R.05 d) was detected in all samples. The ¹³¹I-activity concentration due to medical use varied between (0.03±0.01) and (0.12±0.02) nCi kg^?1. The ratio between the total output of ¹³¹I via the sludge and an adherent input of the radionuclide into the sewage system was determined to (2.6 ± 0.6) × 10^?3, which is equivalent to a ratio of (2 ± 1) × 10^?2 for stable I. Occasionally measurable activities of ¹⁹⁸Au (T=2.7 d) and ²⁰¹T1(T=3.l d) have been found. The radioactivity concentration of medically used radionuclides in the sludge is low and constitutes no health problems for the persons involved. The sludge however has proved to be a very sensitive and suitable integrator of radioactive material released from a large urban area.     

Copper species in aqueous sewage sludge extract

The Cu in the saturation extract of dried Davis sewage sludge was mainly in a complexed form. A Cu²⁺ specific ion electrode was used to determine the extent of complexation. The adsorption coefficient for the complexed Cu on Yolo silt loam was 4 while for Cu added as CUSO₄ it was 90 L kg^?1 at relevant Cu concentrations in solution. Paper electrophoresis was used to define the Cu complexes according to their mobility in an electric field. Six fractions of positive, negative and neutral charge were isolated. The portion of Cu in the sludge which was water soluble increased significantly upon drying. The large percentage of complexed Cu and its relatively low adsorption on soil suggested that sewage sludge may, under certain conditions, be a source of Cu contamination of plant systems and, in extreme cases, of ground water.     

Monitoring biochemical activity during sewage sludge composting

A sewage sludge with the addition of two woody materials (1 : 2 ratio), tree-pruning chips and vine shoots, to provide structure were composted under controlled conditions of temperature (28°C) and humidity (70% ambient humidity). Hydrolytic enzyme activities [urease, phosphatase, N-benzoil l-argininamide (BBA) hydrolysing protease, casein-hydrolysing protease, ATP, hydrosoluble and hydrolysable polysaccharides] were determined during the aerobic incubation. Samples were taken and incubated under the same conditions in an accelerative bioreactor to test potential C mineralisation by measuring the CO₂ evolved. A rapid mineralisation phase (2–3 weeks) was followed by a slow maturation (4–14 weeks) period. The slow phase and the dynamics of substrate decomposition were better indicated by the hydrolytic enzyme activities that were measured. The structuring agents slightly retarded the compositing process with tree prunings having the strongest effect. Hydrolysable polysaccharides and Folin-reactive compounds (proteins, polyphenols) released by the structure-providing lignocellulose material appear to have controlled both the intensity and the length of the maturation phase.     

Evaluation of crystalline components in sewage sludge

Abstract

Crystalline minerals in anaerobically digested sewage sludges were determined by x‐ray diffraction analysis. Sludge samples were prepared for x‐ray analysis by either washing with H₂O to remove soluble salts or oxidizing organic matter with H₂O. A limited number of minerals are present as crystalline materials in sludge. Even though the sludges contained appreciable concentrations of Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb and Ni, no crystalline metal sulfides, phosphates, hydroxides, oxides or carbonates were found with the exception of a possible Cu, Zn carbonate hydroxide. All other crystalline components detected are common minerals such as quartz, feldspar, montmorillonite, chlorite, mica, dolomite and calcite.