大豆有效营养面积研究进展

2001～2004年,运用作物有效营养面积理论,对北方垄作区大豆垄幅的合理性问题进行了试验研究。研究表明大豆主产区黑龙江省中部、南部地区大豆有效营养面积为2210～4500 cm2,有效株行距为47.0～67.1 cm。其中中部地区的有效营养面积在2210～4025 cm2,即有效株行距为47.0～63.0 cm,南部地区的有效营养面积在3838～4500 cm2,即有效株行距为61.9～67.1 cm。南部地区品种有效营养面积较大,中部地区品种有效营养面积较小。据此阐明目前生产上广泛采用67～70 cm的垄作,已超过了大豆的有效株行距,造成了土壤资源等的浪费。尤其是中、北部垄作区采用55 cm左右的垄距种植大豆,将会更有利于大豆群体产量的提高。该理论为目前黑龙江省北部地区栽培面积逐渐增大的大豆窄行垄栽培提供了有力的理论根据。     

株行距配置对夏大豆光利用特性、干物质积累和产量的影响

以夏大豆鲁豆4号为材料,在同一密度（3.09×105株hm-2）下设5种株行距配置方式,即行距×株距分别为A：18 cm×18 cm,B：27 cm×12 cm,C：36 cm×9 cm,D：54 cm×6 cm,E：81 cm×4 cm,研究株行距配置对夏大豆光利用特性、干物质积累和产量的影响,为合理配置株行距、提高产量提供理论依据。结果表明,大豆在生育期间干物质变化因株行距不同而产生差异,A处理在播种后0~70 d处于中等水平,第80 d达到最高,D处理始终处于相对较低的水平,E处理在播种后第80 d时比A处理低20%;不同层次干物质积累重心随行距加大有上移趋势。A和B处理叶面积指数（LAI）高峰值持续约20 d,C、D、E处理在播种后60 d有不同程度的下降,生育期间A、B和C处理的LAI平均值比D、E处理平均值高17.7%。随行距变小透射率降低、光截获率、株粒数和百粒重上升而产量增加。说明夏大豆在雨灌农业条件下,均匀分布可提高群体产量。     

黑龙江省中部地区大豆主栽品种有效株行距解析

运用作物有效营养面积理论,对大豆主产区黑龙江省中部垄作主栽大豆品种的有效株行距进行了试验研究与理论解析.研究表明黑龙江省中部地区的大豆有效株行距为47.0～63.0 cm.据此阐明目前生产上广泛采用67～70 cm的垄作,已超过了大豆的有效株行距,造成了土壤资源的浪费.采用55 cm左右的垄距种植大豆,将会更有利于大豆群体产量的提高.该理论为目前黑龙江省北部地区栽培面积逐渐增大的大豆窄行垄栽培提供了有力的理论根据.     

株行距配置对夏大豆光合特性及产量的影响

在5.5×105株·hm-2种植密度下,共设计5种株行距配置,即行距×株距分别为:30 cm×6 cm(A)、(15+30)cm×8 cm(B)、60 cm×3 cm(C)、(15+15+60)cm×6 cm(D)、40 cm×4.5 cm(E),研究不同株行距配置对夏大豆光合特性和产量的影响,为北疆麦后复播大豆高产,筛选出合理的株行距配置提供理论依据。结果表明:等行距模式夏大豆的叶绿素含量(SPAD值)、叶面积指数(LAI)、光合速率(Pn)等指标均随着行距的增大株距的减小而减小,即表现为A处理E处理C处理,其中A处理SPAD值、LAI、Pn测定期平均值分别比C处理的高8.89%、19.20%、2.72%;同株距条件下,D处理的SPAD值、LAI、Pn测定期平均值分别比A处理高2.72%、18.73%、7.09%。株距最宽的宽窄行B处理测定期SPAD值、LAI、Pn的平均值均比D处理的要高,而且各处理中B处理的产量最高为1 628.94 kg·hm-2,较A、C、D、E处理分别增加43.62%、75.69%、25.03%、51.21%,且均达极显著差异水平(P0.01)。说明适当缩行增株构建的株行距配置是提高夏大豆产量的重要措施之一。     

大豆有效营养面积研究

提出作物有效营养面积新概念,并用回归理论对此进行试验研究。通过试验,建立大豆植株个体营养面积与产量关系的模型,优化解析出大豆单株有效营养面积为2209.9cm2,即有效株行距为47.0cm。大豆最佳营养面积为546.9cm2,即最佳株行距为23.4cm。据此阐明目前生产上广泛采用67～70cm的垄作,已超过大豆的有效株行距,造成了土壤资源等的浪费。垄作区采用45～50cm的垄距,平作区采用23×23cm的株行距种植,将会更有利于大豆群体产量的提高。     

丘陵旱地甘薯豫薯8号的生长分析

采用植物生长分析法，对丘陵旱地甘薯豫薯8号进行物质生产性能分析，结果表明：豫薯8号的叶面积系数（LAI），相对生长率（RGR）和净同化率（NAR）均显著高于徐薯18，在整个生长过程中，豫薯8号的NAR有两个高峰期，分别为栽后的50－70d和90－100d；第一个高峰期其NAR为6．24g/(m2./d)，比徐薯18提高20．2％，第二个高峰期NAR为6．56g/(m2.d)，比笔薯18提高13．5％，豫薯8号的叶面积比率（LAR）则略低于徐薯18，证明茅薯8号有良好的物质生产性能，可作为徐薯18的理想换代品种。     

黑龙江省三江平原大豆抗涝防旱土壤耕作技术探讨

以三江平原小三江腹地具有代表性的地区二道河农场为试验基点，通过对此地区土壤容重、耕作时期、耕作方法等技术指标的测定，该地区获得大豆高产稳产的适宜土壤容重为0．95－1．1g/cm^3；秋季耕翻可提高土壤耕层的水分含量，起到保墒的作用，产量增加；在耕作方法上以深松（深度30cm以上）耕作为主，通过垄作（55－70cm）栽培可提高土壤温度，解决了该地区早春低温对大豆生长的影响。     

小麦株型性状与产量性状及生物学产量关系的初步研究

【目的】研究小麦株型性状与产量性状及生物学产量的关系,探讨淮北地区高产小麦品种适宜的株型结构。【方法】以10个小麦品种（系）为试验材料,研究不同品种（系）的株型性状（株高、穗长、穗颈长、例二节长、倒三节长、倒四节长、基部节间长与冠层上三叶长、宽、面积、单茎上三叶面积、高效LAI）与产量相关性状（产量、有效穗数、穗粒数、千粒重、经济系数）及生物学产量之间的相关性。【结果】产量与旗叶宽、旗叶面积、倒二叶宽、穗长呈显著或极显著正相关;而株型性状中仅有高效LAI与生物学产量相关达到极显著水平。【结论】安徽淮北地区高产小麦适宜的株型及群体：在较高经济系数的前提下,穗数675万/hm2以上,株高80cm左右,穗长10cm以上,穗颈长30cm左右,基部节间长不超过50cm;叶片短、宽、挺,旗叶长17～21cm,旗叶宽1．4～1．6cm;倒二叶长19～25cm,倒二叶宽1.3～1．5cm;倒三叶长19—26cm,倒三叶宽1．3～1．6cm,高效LAI4．5～5．0;“控株-增穗-增叶”可能是安徽淮北地区小麦实现超高产的有效途径。     

三江平原小三江腹地大豆高产种植方式的理论分析

以三江平原小三江腹地二道河农场为试验基地，从对大豆播种时期，匀度，光分布，种植密度等几个方面的研究和分析，确定该地区的大豆获得较高产量的最佳种植方式，即：5月1日－25日播种，宽台种植（台宽1．435cm)，适宜60万株／hm^2密度种植的品种，或者50cm垄作亚有限结荚大豆品种，种植密度30－35万株／hm^2.     

大豆叶面积指数的高光谱估算模型研究

通过测试大豆4个生育阶段350～2500nm波段的冠层高光谱数据,用近红外波段760nm-850nm及红光波段650nm-670nm的2个范围内的波段反射率,组成了高光谱比值植被指数（RVI）和800nm和670nm2个波段反射率组成修改型二次土壤调节植被指数（MSAVI2）;基于RVI和MSAVI2植被指数,建立了大豆叶面积指数（LAI）的6种单变量线性与非线性函数模型,经检验均达到1％极显著水平。其中,以RVI所构建洲的幂函数、MSAVI2所构建LAI的指数函数、对数函数估测模型的相关系数相对较高;用MSAVI2所构建的LAI精度较高的对数函数模型反演大豆叶面积指数,实测LAI与估测LAI呈极显著线性相关（R=0．9098^＊＊,n=46）,模型方程的估算精度达84．9％,实测值与估算值的RMSE=0．2420,平均相对误差为0．1510。表明采用高光谱植被指数,能够实时、无损、动态、定量提取大豆叶面积指数,为设计理想的大豆群体和大豆遥感估产提供了科学的依据。     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.