口蹄疫病毒VP2基因的真核表达及其产物抗原性的检测

利用PCR技术，扩增出口蹄疫病毒（FMDV）VP2基因，并克隆到杆状病毒转移载体pBlueBacHis2A上。用重组质粒pB-VP2与重组病毒同时转染sf9昆虫细胞，获得了重组病毒。经过蚀斑筛选纯化后，感染sf9细胞，表达VP2融合蛋白，分子质量为33ku左右。以牛抗O型FMDV血清为第一抗体，通过Western-blotting和Dot-ELISA鉴定，说明VP2基因在真核表达系统中获得正确表达，且可以与牛抗。型FMDV血清发生特异性反应。     

RNA干扰技术抑制口蹄疫病毒复制研究进展

RNA干扰(RNAi)技术作为一种特异性地抑制哺乳类细胞外源性或内源性基因表达的方法,近年来在口蹄疫病毒(FMDV)防治研究中迅速发展起来。文章综述了利用RNAi技术抑制口蹄疫病毒复制的各种策略,包括化学合成或病毒载体转染构建抑制FMDV复制的小干扰RNA(siRNA)、构建多个FMDV功能区的SiRNA、交叉抑制不同血清型FMDV的siRNA的设计和双功能载体来双向防控FMDV的SiR-NA设计。RNAi干扰技术的发展,为设计防治口蹄疫新型疫苗奠定了基础。     

TPL2促进口蹄疫病毒在BHK-21细胞复制

为研究肿瘤进行性位点2(TPL2)在仓鼠肾细胞(BHK-21)中对口蹄疫病毒(FMDV)复制的影响,使用FMDV感染BHK-21细胞,通过qRT-PCR技术检测FMDV感染对内源性TPL2转录水平的影响;根据GenBank公布的TPL2基因序列(NM007746.2)设计构建TPL2的真核表达质粒以及设计并合成宿主TPL2的RNAi序列,利用脂质体方法转染BHK-21细胞,通过qRT-PCR和Western blotting技术分析TPL2在BHK-21细胞过表达和干扰对FMDV复制的影响。结果表明,FMDV感染BHK-21细胞后,TPL2转录水平显著上调;过表达TPL2能够促进FMDV在BHK-21细胞中复制,而下调表达内源性TPL2后FMDV的复制受到抑制,表明TPL2促进FMDV在BHK-21细胞中进行复制,本结果进一步拓展了我们对FMDV与天然免疫机制之间关系的认识,同时为TPL2的相关研究积累了科学资料。     

猪口蹄疫病毒MFIA xTAG检测方法的建立

为了提高猪口蹄疫病毒诊断准确性,针对口蹄疫病毒的3D基因建立了FMDV的xTAG检测方法。根据3D基因序列设计特异引物,上游引物5’端加TAG序列,下游引物5’端加生物素,进行PCR扩增,扩增产物与荧光编码微球和SA-PE杂交,在Luminex 200检测仪上读数。用所建立的MFIA xTAG检测方法进行特异性、灵敏度、重复性及病料样品的检测。结果表明,该方法的特异性强;检测的敏感性可达1×10~2 copies/μL;批内、批间的变异系数都在3%以下;检测结果与SYBR Green I荧光PCR方法100%相符。表明建立的液相基因芯片方法特异性好、灵敏度高、重复性好,可用于猪口蹄疫病毒的检测。     

6株猪O型口蹄疫病毒VP1基因的克隆与序列分析

根据口蹄疫病毒（FMDV）VP1基因的序列，设计并合成了2对用于扩增VP1基因的引物。从组织中提取总RNA，首先用P1、P2引物对6株猪。型口蹄疫病毒进行RT—PCR扩增，获得1000bp的片段；再用P3、P4引物进行巢式PCR扩增，结果获得850bp的片段。将850bp的片段克隆到pMD18—-T载体中，通过PCR鉴定，将阳性重组质粒进行测序并分析。结果发现6株FMDV的核苷酸同源性为80．2％～99．4％，其推导的氨基酸序列同源性为86．9％～99．5％；构建遗传发生树，发现6株FMDV属于两个不同的基因型，其中的Shunde00、Sihui01、Shenzhen99、Fushan01株属一个基因型（与Hongkong93、广东86分离株属同一基因型）；Guangzhou99、Shenzhen00株属另一个基因型（与UKG-12—2001株、JPN2000株属同一基因型）。通过对口蹄疫病毒VP1基因的测序与分析，了解其变异情况，为科学地防控FMD提供分子水平的依据。     

猪RIG-I真核表达载体的构建及其抗口蹄疫病毒作用研究

为研究模式识别受体分子RIG-I是否具有抑制口蹄疫病毒(FMDV)复制的作用,本研究从猪的PK15细胞中提取RNA,通过分段扩增与融合PCR的方法,扩增猪的RIG-I的完整CDS序列,进一步构建猪RIG-I的真核表达质粒。通过Western blotting和间接免疫荧光试验对构建的真核表达质粒进行表达验证,证明其成功表达,同时证明猪RIG-I蛋白定位于细胞的细胞质中。感染试验发现FMDV能够诱导细胞内RIG-I的转录上调,这表明两者间存在着重要联系。过表达试验证实RIG-I具有抑制FMDV复制的作用,而下调表达RIG-I可以促进FMDV的复制,这表明RIG-I在机体抗口蹄疫病毒感染过程中发挥着重要作用。本研究的开展,为进一步探索RIG-I抗口蹄疫病毒的分子机制提供了理论支持;为口蹄疫病毒感染过程中,天然免疫系统抗病毒机制研究奠定了基础。     

口蹄疫病毒WFL株基因组全长cDNA的克隆及序列分析

根据口蹄疫病毒基因组的结构特点以及GenBank上公布的全序列，用DNAMAN分别设计了涵盖整个基因组序列的3对引物，从接种口蹄疫病毒WFL株的细胞培养液中提取了病毒基因组RNA，采用RT-PCR方法和RACE法分别扩增了3条基因片段，并将扩增片段分别与T载体连接，在体外分别进行了5-半分子和3’半分子的构建。最后将5’半分子和3’半分子连接成基因组全长cDNA分子。经PCR鉴定、酶切鉴定及全长cDNA测序，证实成功构建了口蹄疫病毒wFL株基因组全长eDNA分子。序列分析结果表明，供试口蹄疫病毒基因组全长为8155nt，5＇UTR长1059nt；具有一个大的读码框，其核苷酸长度为6969nt。包括201aa的前导蛋白基因和2122aa的聚合蛋白基因；3＇UTR长127nt，包括34nt的polv（A）。     

O型口蹄疫病毒3D基因荧光定量PCR方法的建立及应用

为建立快速检测抗FMDV转基因猪中O型口蹄疫病毒(foot-and-mouth disease virus,FMDV)的荧光定量PCR方法,本试验选择FMDV结构蛋白基因 3D的核苷酸序列设计特异性引物,经过RNA抽提、反转录成cDNA、PCR扩增,扩增出了大小为180 bp的基因片段.将回收的目的片段与pMD18-T克隆载体连接,转化大肠杆菌DH5α感受态细胞.提取的质粒经PCR、酶切和测序鉴定,证实为FMDV的阳性重组质粒.将验证正确的重组质粒10倍梯度稀释后作模板,进行荧光定量PCR试验,建立FMDV 3D基因的标准曲线及其回归方程,并确定扩增的最佳退火温度.试验结果显示标准曲线的回归方程为Y=-3.727X+32.04,回归系数R²=0.980,熔解曲线为单一峰.建立的荧光定量PCR方法的灵敏度为1.2×10¹ 拷贝/μL,只与FMDV反应.结果表明,建立的荧光定量PCR方法具有特异性强、灵敏度高等特点,为检测FMDV在动物组织细胞中的含量提供了技术方法.     

慢病毒介导siRNA抑制O型口蹄疫病毒ON株病毒复制

探究RNA干扰(RNA interference,RNAi)技术对口蹄疫病毒复制的抑制作用,本研究选取O型口蹄疫病毒ON株,以ON株口蹄疫病毒3C、3D、VP1蛋白基因作为靶基因。对每一个靶基因设计并合成两对小片段发夹RNA(short hairpin RNA,shRNA)引物,分别命名为VP1-1、VP1-2、3C-1、3C-2、3D-1、3D-2,依据RNAi的原理构建6个shRNA的重组表达质粒,转染BHK21细胞后并接种ON口蹄疫病毒,通过对TCID50的测定和使用实时荧光定量PCR的检测筛选出能高效抑制ON口蹄疫病毒复制的重组质粒;将能够高效抑制ON口蹄疫病毒复制的重组质粒进行慢病毒的制备并筛选稳定的BHK21细胞系,通过对TCID50的测定和使用实时荧光定量PCR的检测慢病毒干扰载体对ON口蹄疫病毒复制的抑制作用。结果显示,构建的6个shRNA重组表达质粒抑制率均在71.5%~93.2%,其中PLKO.1-VP1-2和PLKO.1-3D-1的抑制效果最为明显,分别为93.2%和90.8%;慢病毒干扰载体PLKO.1-VP1-2和PLKO.1-3D-1的抑制效率在88.3%~95.49%。对研究结果表明,在细胞的水平上挑选出有效抑制ON口蹄疫病毒复制的基因干扰片段,并成功制备慢病毒干扰载体,为后续抗口蹄疫病毒的转基因羊生产培育奠定了实验基础。     

靶向IRES序列的siRNA对口蹄疫病毒体外增殖抑制效果

为探讨靶向核糖体进入位点(IRES)区域的siRNA在真核细胞中对FMDV复制的抑制作用,对FMDV WFL株的IRES序列进行了保守性分析和二级结构预测,选择了靶向IRES保守的功能核心区的病毒复制原点附近的2个干扰靶位,设计并构建了shRNA真核表达质粒,转染到IBRS-2细胞后感染FMDV,通过双抗夹心ELISA和real-timeRT-PCR检测FMDV复制情况,结果表明,针对IRES区域的RNAi能够在一定程度上抑制FMDV的复制。     

An investigation into causes of resistance of a cloned line of BHK cells to a strain of foot-and-mouth disease virus

The reduced ability of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) strain Asia 1 Iran 1/73 to replicate in the cloned BHK cell line AA7 was not due to lack of virus attachment at the cell surface. Instead, the main restriction in the viral growth cycle occurred during synthesis and processing of viral macromolecules, and/or during the earliest stages of their assembly. Reduced efficiency of penetration and uncoating of virus attached to the cells may also have contributed to inhibition of virus replication. Viral components or subviral particles did not accumulate and defective interfering particles were not detected. The reduced number of infective virions produced was released from infected cells at the normal rate. No interferon production could be demonstrated.     

Host cell modulation of foot-and-mouth disease virus procapsid synthesis

BHK21 (clone 13S) cells of high (BHK-SH) and low (BHK-SL) passage number were infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) subtypes A24, A25 and C3. While the amount of virus specific RNA produced in BHK-SH cells was 25% of that in BHK-SL cells and the virion production was 27% (C3) to 53% (A24) lower, the synthesis of viral proteins was comparable, associated with an accumulation of procapsids in BHK-SH cells. The results suggest that changes in viral infection pattern with increasing BHK21 cell passage number should be considered in FMDV vaccine production.     

亚洲1型口蹄疫病毒L蛋白缺失株的构建及其生物学定性

为确定口蹄疫病毒(FMDV)L蛋白缺失对其生物学特性的影响,本研究在已建立的Asia1型FMDV反向遗传操作平台基础上,利用融合PCR方法缺失L蛋白基因编码区,构建了缺失L蛋白的重组Asia1型FMDV(rFMDV-ΔL)。拯救病毒的一步生长曲线结果表明,rFMDV-ΔL与亲本病毒相比在BHK-21细胞中的复制水平下降10倍,乳鼠毒力试验表明rFMDV-ΔL的毒力比亲本毒株下降6倍。另外,rFMDV-ΔL在BHK-21细胞上产生病变的速度明显变慢,形成蚀斑的时间延长,致乳鼠死亡所需时间也比亲本毒株明显延长。本研究是关于亚洲1型FMDVL蛋白结构与功能研究的首次报道,为亚洲1型FMDVL蛋白结构与功能的研究奠定了基础。     

光生物素标记的口蹄疫病毒cDNA探针的制备及其对口蹄疫病毒RNA检测的试验研究

本文首次报道了利用pF1034质粒制备FMDV O型特异性探针,并通过PCR反应扩增FMDO_1K株病毒基因组的第2962位与3071位之间共110bp序列,制备了能检测O型、A型和亚洲I型FMDV RNA的群(组)特异性探针。用硝酸纤维素膜斑点杂交试验表明,二者均能检测出10pg水平的O_9K毒株的纯RNA;但前者只与O型FMDV RNA杂交,与A型及亚洲I型FMDV RNA无交叉杂交现象;而后者则能与O型、A型和亚洲I型的FMDV RNA发生杂交反应。对照试验显示:此两种探针与SVDV ssRNA、BTV dsRNA、EHDV dsRNA、DHV ssRNA、PRV DNA、乳鼠组织细胞RNA、BHK_(21)克隆13细胞RNA及DNA等均不出现交叉杂交现象,但与IBR DNA有假阳性杂交反应。     

Short-lived carriage of foot-and-mouth disease virus in human nasal cavities after exposure to infected animals

A quarantine period for potentially contaminated personnel can be used to reduce the risk of transfer of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) from infected to susceptible premises. This is set at 72 hours in the UK, on the basis of results from laboratory studies and field observations. Previous analysis of FMDV carriage within human nasal cavities has relied upon virus isolation by culture in susceptible cells. This study, involving 51 people, evaluated a PCR method, which detected viral genomic material within 35 nasal swabs taken from personnel after up to eight hours exposure to infected animals. Only one of 23 people who was PCR-positive immediately after exposure to FMDV-infected animals remained positive the following day, indicating a low risk of prolonged carriage of virus in the nasal cavities.     

表达增强绿色荧光蛋白重组水疱性口炎病毒印第安纳株的构建

通过负链RNA病毒反向遗传操作技术,成功救获了表达增强绿色荧光蛋白(Enhanced green fluorescent protein,EGFP)的重组印地安纳株水疱性口炎病毒(Vesicular stomatitis virus Indiana serotype)、救获的重组病毒保持了野生型VSV高滴度生长特性,细胞连续传代10次仍保持GFP的稳定表达及生物学特性不变。本研究为VSV作为新型重组活病毒载体疫苗和肿瘤治疗载体研制及基础病毒学相关研究提供了理想的技术平台。     

Transgenically mediated shRNAs targeting conserved regions of foot-and-mouth disease virus provide heritable resistance in porcine cell lines and suckling mice

Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is responsible for substantial economic losses in livestock breeding each year, and the development of new strategies is needed to overcome the limitations of existing vaccines and antiviral drugs. In this study, we evaluated the antiviral potential of transgenic porcine cells and suckling mice that simultaneously expressed two short-hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) targeting the conserved regions of the viral polymerase protein 3D and the non-structural protein 2B. First, two recombinant shRNA-expressing plasmids, PB-EN3D2B and PB-N3D2B, were constructed and the efficiency of the constructs for suppressing an artificial target was demonstrated in BHK-21 cells. We then integrated PB-EN3D2B into the genome of the porcine cell line IBRS-2 using the piggyBac transposon system, and stable monoclonal transgenic cell lines (MTCL) were selected. Of the 6 MTCL that were used in the antiviral assay, 3 exhibited significant resistance with suppressing ratios of more than 94% at 48 hours post-challenge (hpc) to both serotype O and serotype Asia 1 FMDV. MTCL IB-3D2B-6 displayed the strongest antiviral activity, which resulted in 100% inhibition of FMDV replication until 72 hpc. Moreover, the shRNA-expressing fragment of PB-N3D2B was integrated into the mouse genome by DNA microinjection to produce transgenic mice. When challenged with serotype O FMDV, the offspring of the transgenic mouse lines N3D2B-18 and N3D2B-81 exhibited higher survival rates of 19% to 27% relative to their non-transgenic littermates. The results suggest that these heritable shRNAs were able to suppress FMDV replication in the transgenic cell lines and suckling mice.     

Evolution of foot-and-mouth disease virus intra-sample sequence diversity during serial transmission in bovine hosts

RNA virus populations within samples are highly heterogeneous, containing a large number of minority sequence variants which can potentially be transmitted to other susceptible hosts. Consequently, consensus genome sequences provide an incomplete picture of the within- and between-host viral evolutionary dynamics during transmission. Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is an RNA virus that can spread from primary sites of replication, via the systemic circulation, to found distinct sites of local infection at epithelial surfaces. Viral evolution in these different tissues occurs independently, each of them potentially providing a source of virus to seed subsequent transmission events. This study employed the Illumina Genome Analyzer platform to sequence 18 FMDV samples collected from a chain of sequentially infected cattle. These data generated snap-shots of the evolving viral population structures within different animals and tissues. Analyses of the mutation spectra revealed polymorphisms at frequencies >0.5% at between 21 and 146 sites across the genome for these samples, while 13 sites acquired mutations in excess of consensus frequency (50%). Analysis of polymorphism frequency revealed that a number of minority variants were transmitted during host-to-host infection events, while the size of the intra-host founder populations appeared to be smaller. These data indicate that viral population complexity is influenced by small intra-host bottlenecks and relatively large inter-host bottlenecks. The dynamics of minority variants are consistent with the actions of genetic drift rather than strong selection. These results provide novel insights into the evolution of FMDV that can be applied to reconstruct both intra- and inter-host transmission routes.