食品与饲料加工过程中转基因作物的检测技术进展

1引言转基因作物是指利用重组DNA技术将外源基因整合于受体植物基因组,改变其遗传组成后产生的植物及其后代,也称为遗传修饰生物体(Geneticallymodified organisms,GMOs)。自1983年首例转基因植物——转基因烟草问世以来,全球转基因作物的种植面积和销售收入均以倍数增长。全球转基因作物的种植面积2005年达到9000万公顷,其中大部分种植在美国、加拿大和阿根廷。从转基因作物种类来看,转基因大豆占60%左右,其次是转基因玉米和棉花。我国大豆年产量仅次于美国、巴西和阿根廷,居世界第四,2003年大豆产量约1620万吨。但是,国产大豆仍远不能…     

农业部:我国未批准转基因粮食作物种植

<正>我国进口和种植了哪些转基因作物?我国对于转基因生物安全管理情况如何?"迄今为止,我国批准商业化种植的转基因作物仅有棉花和番木瓜,批准进口用作加工原料的有大豆玉米、棉花、油菜和甜菜5种作物。"农业部农业转基因生物安全管理办公室有关负责人说,除批准了转基因棉花的种植外进口的转基因大豆、转基因玉米、转基因油菜等仅限用于加工原料。我国法律规定,进口用做加工原料的农业转基因生物,     

基因食品将成气候

据悉，世界转基因农作物栽培面积已达１０００万公顷，被种植最多的转基因作物有蔬菜、棉花、玉米和油菜等。美国、加拿大、以色列和中国转基因作物已开始广为种植。种植转基因作物最多的国家为美国，仅以美国种植的转基因玉米作物为例，１９９６年仅１６万公顷，１９９７年即达１２０万公顷，１９９８年则达６８０万公顷。加拿大种植的转基因油菜占其油菜种植总面积的２０％；１９９６年法国已开始种植转基因玉米。目前欧盟委员会已允许进口和销售以转基因技术生产的大豆和玉米为原料加工的基因食品。在美国用转基因玉米为原料加工的食品，…     

转基因作物安全性及外源基因加工降解研究进展

转基因作物的种植面积已累计达到约十亿公顷,转基因作物市场价值累计数百亿美元。国内外对转基因作物及产品采取积极研发和严格审批的态度。转基因作物的安全风险或潜在安全风险主要包括对环境生态危害、对人体和动物体以及食品安全的影响。转基因作物外源基因可通过特定饲料加工手段降解。研究结果表明,挤压膨化对转抗草甘膦基因大豆外源基因的降解效果而言,温度是主要影响因素,其次为剪切作用,二者的复合作用是正向加强的。     

饲料中转基因成分的检测分析方法

<正>转基因饲料(genetically modified feed,GMF)是指通过基因重组技术获得的基因改良生物加工而成的饲料(SN/T1201-2003)。目前,转基因农作物的商业化种植面积正在逐年增加,品种日益丰富,鉴于转基因作物潜在的风险性,世界各国纷纷制定相应的政策要求对用于饲料的转基因作物进行风险性评估,并且要求在饲料中的转基因成分不能超过一定数量,如欧盟要求饲料中的转基因成分不能超过     

国内外转基因饲料标准法规研究

近年来,转基因农作物及其副产品以其独有的优势在世界粮食和饲料资源中扮演了越来越重要的角色。目前世界上转基因作物的种类主要有玉米、大豆、棉花和油菜,约占全部转基因作物的86%。国外对转基因作物对饲料安全影响的研究有很多,主要是转基因作物的安全性和营养性的评估,重点关注其安全性。在转基因作物食用安全问题上,目     

饲料安全性问题(9)转基因饲料的安全性问题

随着全球农业生物技术产业的迅速发展,转基因作物种植面积日益迅速扩大。这些转基因作物与人类的食物和动物的饲料密切相关。近年来,转基因作物及其产品作为饲料原料的安全性问题越来越引起人们的关注。转基因饲料安全与转基因食品安全二者紧密相关,前者也是后者的重要环节,因此本文将转基因饲料安全问题与转基因食品安全问题一同加以阐述。     

我国从未批准转基因粮食作物在国内种植

<正>近日,有媒体对湖北省部分地区非法销售转基因稻种作了报道,引起社会强烈关注。对此,农业部农业转基因生物安全管理办公室有关负责人声称:"迄今为止,我国批准商业化种植的转基因作物仅有棉花和番木瓜,批准进口用作加工原料的有大豆、玉米、棉花、油     

玉米在饲料工业中的应用趋势分析

玉米是世界上分布最广的作物之一 ,在世界的粮食生产中一直占有很重要的地位 ,从栽培面积和总产量看 ,玉米仅次于小麦和水稻 ,居世界第三位 ;在我国 ,玉米是仅次于小麦的主要粮食作物 ,其种植面积和产量居秋粮作物之首。在我国现有的 95 4 6万公顷耕地中 ,玉米的种植面积占2 4 5 0万公顷 ,达到 2 5 7%;1 999年粮食总产量为5 0 893万吨 ,其中玉米的产量就达到 1 2 80 9万吨 ,占总产量的 2 5 2 %。玉米生产的专业化程度也在不断提高 ,玉米的生产越来越集中于东北三省和华北等省区。1　玉米是饲料的主要能量原料玉米是重要的传统食品 ,玉米籽…     

《中国草原发展报告(2011)》之牧草生产

<正>【牧草种植】2011年,全国保留种草面积1951.1万公顷,与2006年相比减少13.1%。其中,人工种草1216.3万公顷,改良种草649.3万公顷,飞播种草85.5万公顷(图1),与2006年相比,分别减少6%、20.7%和35.5%。2011年当年新增人工种草605.8万公顷,比2006年增加4.1%。其中,一年生牧草种植面积465.3万公顷,与2006年相比增加10.7%;多年生牧草种植140.47万公顷,与2006年相比减少13.2%。     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1984

In late December 1984, 1853 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1984 and 35% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 97,794 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1417 dogs (1.45% of those tested) were found with heartworm. Another 34 dogs were amicrofilaremic, but were diagnosed as having heartworm disease, to give the total number diagnosed in 1984 as 1451 (1.48%). Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland but most (1310) of the cases were in Ontario. In Quebec, 126 cases were reported mostly from west of Montreal.

Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 27% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 72% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1983

In late December 1983, 2 800 veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of heartworm disease in Canada in 1983 and 26% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 59 504 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 771 dogs (1.30% of those tested) were found with Dirofilaria immitis. Heartworm disease was diagnosed in all provinces except New Brunswick and Newfoundland but most (733) of the cases were in Ontario.

Heartworm disease was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 31% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 64% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continues to be the focus of the infection and most of the dogs there had not left the province previously.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1991

In late November 1991, 1883 clinics in Canada were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs in 1991 and there was a 60.0% response. There were 344,031 dogs tested for heart-worm (HW), 627 were found infected and the prevalence of HW infection was 0.18%. There were 417 dogs with HW in Ontario, 116 in Manitoba, 38 in Quebec, 53 in British Columbia, three in Alberta, and one in Nova Scotia. In British Columbia, all of the infected dogs but one were from the Okanagan valley which, as from 1991, is a new focus of infection in Canada. Most dogs with HW had not been on preventive medication in 1990, and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 0.59%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Companion dogs, over three years of age and maintained primarily outdoors in rural areas, were most frequently infected. One cat was diagnosed with D. immitis and 33 dogs had Dipetalonema reconditium.     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1985

In late December 1985, 1485 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1985 and 44% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 137,300 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1210 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 36 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number diagnosed in 1985 as 1247 (0.91%).

Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Saskatchewan but most (1126) of the cases were in Ontario. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. From Quebec, 91 cases were reported mostly from and around Montreal. From Manitoba, 19 cases were reported from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 28% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 78% had a history of not having left Canada.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1988

In late November 1988, 1581 small and mixed animal clinics and institutional veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1988, and 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 181,577 dogs were blood-tested for heartworm disease and 367 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 60 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1988 as 441 (0.24%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1989

In late November 1989, 1732 clinics and institutional veterinarians were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis, and 51.7% responded. Of 247,716 dogs tested, 394 had D. immitis microfilariae and 51 were amicrofilaremic for a total of 445 cases and heartworm prevalence of 0.17%. Most (408) of these dogs had no preventive medication and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 1.01%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Thirty-seven dogs with heartworm had preventive medication. Heartworm was most frequent in companion dogs over three years of age maintained outdoors in rural areas. About 75% of the cases had never left Canada, 26% had clinical signs and 125 were not treated.

Heartworm was reported from British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, but 383 cases were in Ontario. South-western Ontario was the primary focus of infection. There were 33 cases in Quebec and 24 in Manitoba, mainly found in and around Metropolitan Montreal and Winnipeg respectively.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1987

In late November 1987, 1246 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1987, and 50% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 165,428 dogs were blood tested for heartworm disease and 511 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 78 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1987 as 589 (0.35%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1986

In late December 1986, 1224 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1986; 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 150,989 dogs were blood-tested for microfilariae and 869 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 65 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease and one was found with heartworm at necropsy to give the total number diagnosed in 1986 as 935 (0.62%).

Heartworm was reported from Manitoba, New Brunswick, Ontario and Quebec, but most (810) of the cases were from Ontario. South-western Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. There were 103 cases reported from Quebec, mostly from and around Montreal, and 21 cases from Manitoba, from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 33% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 81% had a history of not having left Canada.