AN OBSERVATION STUDY ON BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERS AND MATING BEHAVIOR OF DAHURIAN CASEBEARER(COLEOPHORA DAHURICA FLKV.)ADULTS

Through rearing tests and observations under laboratory conditions,biologicalcharacters and mating behavior of Dahurian casebearer(Coleophora dahurica Flkv.)adultswere studied in this paper.Results discovered that the time of emergense of male adultswas 24h to 36h earlier than that of female adults.The peak of sex pheromone secretion ofthe female adults appeared of 24h to 42h after the emergence.The reaction of male adultson the sex pheromone was most sensitive during 30h to 48h after emerged,so the earlieremergence of the male adults was favorable to mating.The phenomenon of repeatedmating did not exist in female adults,but the male adults could mate for several times,with maximum of 4 times.There was a definite behavioral reaction during the matingperiod of male and female adults,and the certain period of feeding and mating times couldaffect the adults longervity to a certain degree.     

Pre-exposure to sex pheromone did not affect mating behavior in the sweetpotato weevil <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cylas formicarius</Emphasis>

In sterile insect technique (SIT) programs, the released sterile males are important for their effectiveness. The use of sex pheromones to collect males is economical; however, pre-exposure to sex pheromones may affect male mating behavior, and would thus reduce the effectiveness of the SIT programs. Males exposed to sex pheromone may become attractive to other males due to pheromone adsorption on their body impregnation, prevent mating and reduce the dispersal of sterile males. We examined the effect of pre-exposure to sex pheromone on the mating behavior of male sweetpotato weevil Cylas formicarius. Pre-exposure to high-dose sex pheromone for 24 h did not affect the male mating behavior of C. formicarius, and the exposed males did not attract other males. These results suggest that male C. formicarius that were collected from a mass-rearing facility using sex pheromone can be effectively used in SIT programs.     

金斑蝶成虫行为学特征

[目的]为摸清金斑蝶成虫的行为特征,[方法]在田间的网室内跟踪观察其飞行、取食、求偶、交配和产卵行为。[结果]表明:金斑蝶成虫羽化主要集中在8:00—10:00,成虫羽化当天基本处于停歇状态;羽化第2天起至交配前,雌雄成虫的日平均飞行次数及日平均飞行时间均逐渐增加,雄成虫的日飞行高峰在13:00—15:00,雌成虫的日飞行高峰期在9:00—11:00和15:00—17:00,雌雄成虫的日平均飞行次数、平均飞行时间和日飞行规律的差异均不显著(p0.05);飞行次数与飞行时间均呈显著正相关(雌蝶:r=0.978,p0.05;雄蝶:r=0.957,p0.05)。金斑蝶雌雄成虫羽化次日开始取食,自羽化第2天起,雌雄成虫的日平均取食次数及日平均取食时间均逐渐增加,雄虫的日取食活动高峰期在9:00—11:00,雌虫日访花高峰期在11:00—13:00和15:00—17:00,雌雄成虫的日平均取食次数、平均取食时间和日取食规律的差异均不显著(p0.05);取食次数与取食时间均呈不显著正相关(雌蝶:r=0.949,p0.05;雄蝶:r=0.853,p0.05)。最早交配时间发生在羽化第4天,雌雄成虫均可多次交配,交配主要发生在14:00—16:00。产卵时间主要在11:00—13:00,雌成虫的产卵方式为散产,主要产卵于寄主植物叶片背面。[结论]金斑蝶成虫期可分为运动器官成熟阶段、补充营养和促进生殖器官发育阶段、求偶和交配阶段、产卵等4个阶段,各阶段内行为有交叉。     

枣粘虫性行为时辰节律的研究

本文利用腺体提取、瓶内收集、触角电位和田间试验等方法对枣粘虫产生和释放性信息素时辰节律进行了研究。其中瓶内收集性信息素的方法,在研究昆虫释放性信息素时辰节律方面报道很少,更重要的是,此法在我们的实验中取得了比较满意的效果。研究结果表明:(1)羽化后1—6天的提取物产生的触角电位无明显差异,说明性信息素在此期间的产生与日龄无关(2)腺体中性信息素的含量高峰在凌晨4点,而从体内往体外释放的高峰在早晨7点。(3)利用处女雌蛾不同时辰的诱蛾量的田间试验也进一步证明了枣粘虫产生和释放性信息素与交配行为在时辰节律上的同步性。     

杨扇舟蛾生殖生物学观测

田间采集老熟幼虫或蛹,在室内分时段观测杨扇舟蛾成虫羽化、交尾和产卵规律.结果表明:杨扇舟蛾在河北沧州地区1 a发生4代,个别5代.成虫主要在傍晚羽化,雄虫羽化高峰出现在15:00-18:00,雌虫在18:00-21:00,单体成虫羽化需13～28 min.雌虫自羽化至初次交尾时间为34.82～54.62 h,成虫交尾起始时间在04:00-05:00,交尾结束时间在19:01-20:00,整个交尾持续时间15.4～16.17 h.雌雄成虫均可进行2次交尾,交尾高峰期和羽化高峰期相差7～11 h.成虫羽化后多在第2和第3天交尾,7日龄以后雌虫不再释放性信息素与雄虫交尾.雌虫交尾后大多当晚或第2天晚上产卵,产卵时间主要集中在20:00-24:00,产卵方式为块产,个别单产.单个卵块平均卵量50～80粒,卵块单层平铺,总卵量220～420粒.雌虫可孤雌产卵,但卵不能孵化.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Lobesia botrana</Emphasis> males mainly fly at dusk: video camera-assisted pheromone traps and implications for mating disruption

Pheromone-mediated mating disruption (MD) is currently considered an effective strategy to control the European grapevine moth (EGVM), Lobesia botrana, with a successful interference on natural female calling during the male searching flight. However, little is known on the impact of the hour of the day on EGVM male flight. While various models forecasting the day of maximum presence of males per flight have been developed, field research on the male flight activity over 24 hours is scarce. Hence, we used video camera-assisted pheromone traps to allow a continuous monitoring of EGVM flights over daylight and night hours, quantifying captures of males. Experiments were carried out in three vineyards located in northern Spain over two years (2016 and 2017). Results showed that EGVM flight mainly occurred between 21:00 and 23:00 h (GMT+1, daylight saving time). Furthermore, male catches significantly differed over the study year, annual flight period and vineyard. Most of the dispensers used worldwide for EGVM MD continuously release the main sex pheromone component [(7E,9Z)-7,9-dodecadien-1-yl acetate], except for some automatic devices releasing puffs of sex pheromones at selected time intervals. The findings presented here can be useful to optimize the MD technique, identifying selected time intervals when the release of EGVM synthetic pheromones can be concentrated, boosting MD efficacy against this important pest, minimizing the release of synthetic sex pheromone molecules in the environment and reducing application costs.     

柳杉大痣小蜂的寄生及防治

综合比较几种寄生率考查方法，以剖粒法是为简便，也符合客观，可在生产上应用；据室内观察成虫的羽化始期为4月15日，最迟至4月24日，羽化高峰期为4月22～24日，低峰期为4月28日；成虫雌雄性比平均为1：1、31。本研究为防治提出了几种方法，其中较为经济方便的是除掉当年受害球果，消灭越冬虫源；在成虫羽化盛期的4月15日至5月初，在柳杉林内进行喷药，杀死成虫。     

For sex and more: attraction of the tephritid parasitoid Psyttalia concolor (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) to male sex pheromone of the olive fruit fly,Bactrocera oleae

The braconid parasitoid Psyttalia concolor foraging for larvae of Bactrocera oleae (Diptera: Tephritidae) uses olfactory cues from the larval microhabitat. However, it could rely on the sex pheromones of adults of its host, since B. oleae mating leks usually occur on olive plants and a high number of infested fruits can be easily located in their close proximity. We quantified the behavioural responses of P. concolor towards different doses of the two major sex pheromone components of B. oleae, the female-borne 1,7-dioxaspiro[5.5]undecane (DSU) and the male-borne (Z)-9-tricosene (ZT). Results showed that P. concolor females and males were attracted only to the highest amounts of ZT (10 B. oleae male equivalents), regardless of the mating status. Wasps remained longer on the surfaces treated with high ZT amounts over the control. P. concolor females could exploit the ZT produced by lekking olive fruit fly males as a foraging kairomone. This could allow them to rapidly track B. oleae-infested olive plants, thus raising their chances to locate host larvae during their lifespan. On the other hand, the perception of ZT by P. concolor males could raise their chances to locate receptive females emerging from parasitised B. oleae pupae or also ovipositing in olive fruits. This study increases the knowledge of the reproductive biology of P. concolor, highlighting a case of chemical espionage in which a sex pheromone component from adult stages of the host is exploited both as a foraging kairomone by female parasitoids and as a sexual kairomone by male wasps.     

4种引诱剂林间诱捕松墨天牛效果比较

[目的]明确APF-Ⅰ型诱剂样品(A)和F型诱剂样品(C)对松墨天牛的诱捕效果。[方法]以生产上使用的APF-Ⅰ持久增强型诱剂(B)和F1型诱剂(D)为对照,在林间进行了诱杀松墨天牛成虫试验。[结果]表明:诱剂A的平均诱虫量最高,分别为诱剂B、诱剂C和诱剂D的1.17倍、1.41倍和1.58倍,且显著高于诱剂C和诱剂D。在持效试验中,诱剂A平均诱虫量也高于其他3种诱剂。在161 d诱捕期内4种诱剂诱到的松墨天牛雌虫是雄虫的1.65 1.93倍,平均1.76倍。诱剂C也优于同类产品的诱剂D。[结论]诱剂A释放信息素均匀稳定,诱虫活性和持效作用强,最适合用于林间松墨天牛的测报及诱杀防治,因此建议在松材线虫病防治工作中优先选用。     

苹果不套袋栽培模式下梨小食心虫(鳞翅目:卷蛾科)发生动态及性迷向素的防治效果

【目的】明确苹果不套袋栽培模式下梨小食心虫的发生动态、危害情况及性迷向素的防治效果,为不套袋苹果园中梨小食心虫的精准防控提供试验依据。【方法】通过性信息素诱芯监测烟台等3个地区不套袋栽培苹果园中梨小食心虫的发生动态,调查梨小食心虫蛀果率,分别研究在越冬代、第1代和第2代成虫羽化前期施放梨小食心虫性迷向素对梨小食心虫的防治效果。【结果】烟台、威海、泰安3个地区梨小食心虫成虫田间始发期为 3月中下旬至4月上旬,发生末期均为10月上旬,共出现5个高峰,7—9月为群体数量高峰期;3个地区不套袋苹果园中性信息素诱芯对梨小食心虫的全年诱捕数量为每诱芯213~1 837头,显著低于套袋苹果园(每诱芯729~ 3 715头)( P <0.05),而不套袋苹果园的梨小食心虫蛀果率为3.38%~6.13%,显著高于套袋苹果园(0.13%~0.50%)( P <0.05)。在不套袋苹果园中,性迷向素在梨小食心虫越冬代、第1代和第2代成虫羽化前期施放对梨小食心虫雄成虫交配行为均具有显著干扰效果,迷向率为87.28%~99.80%,不同时期施放处理间差异显著( P <0.05)。第5 代幼虫危害盛期(09-11—10-08)的蛀果率调查发现,性迷向素在第1代和第2代成虫羽化前期施放对梨小食心虫蛀果防治效果分别为92.89%和95.53%,显著高于越冬代羽化前施放(81.77%)( P <0.05)。【结论】烟台、威海、泰安3个地区梨小食心虫的发生动态趋势、成虫发蛾高峰期和持续时间在套袋和不套袋苹果园中差异不明显,但梨小食心虫在不套袋果园中的危害重于套袋果园。在不套袋栽培苹果园中使用性迷向素结合常规化学防治对梨小食心虫的防效显著高于单独常规药剂防治,其中在梨小食心虫第1代和第2代成虫羽化前期施放性迷向素对梨小食心虫的防治效果最佳。     

Calling behaviour and male response towards sex pheromone of poplar moth <Emphasis Type="Italic">Condylorrhiza vestigialis</Emphasis> (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

The calling behaviour of virgin females Condylorrhiza vestigialis Guenée, 1854 (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) and the female pheromone gland extract activity were studied under laboratory conditions. Most of the females started calling from their first scotophase period after emergence. Maximum calling occurred between the seventh and tenth hours of the scotophase period. The length of the calling increased with age until the fourth scotophase, but the onset of calling time did not differ with age. The number of calling bouts increased significantly with age, but the mean duration of each calling bout (20.8 min) did not vary with age. Extracts of pheromone glands evaluated in a Y-tube olfactometer attracted significantly more males than control, 70 and 30%, respectively. Gas chromatographic–electroantennogram detection (GC–EAD) analysis of these extracts indicated the presence of a single EAD-active peak, the putative sex pheromone of the species. This pheromone compound may be suitable for monitoring populations densities of C. vestigialis, and for detection of the onset of the seasonal flight period. An efficient pheromone is of importance also with respect to current attempts to develop new control methods for this important pest of Populus spp. in Brazil.     

性信息素迷向干扰防控害虫的研究进展及应用前景

[目的]本文陈述国内外迷向技术的应用进展及影响迷向技术开展的生态因素,进而探讨不同缓释载体的剂型,旨在为利用昆虫性信息素迷向干扰害虫提供技术借鉴和参考。[方法]通过文献检索及个人研究方向,重点介绍国内外迷向干扰技术的应用情况及环境影响因素,探索常见缓释载体的类型(毛细管迷向丝、微胶囊、Puffer、SPLAT、蜡滴、空气纤维、静电纺丝/纳米纤维),指出不同缓释装置的优缺点。[结果]昆虫性信息素迷向干扰技术作为一种高效专一、环境友好的新型绿色防控害虫技术,已经成为害虫综合防控体系IPM(Integrated Pest Management)的重要组成部分,在全球范围内广泛应用于鳞翅目害虫的防治,鞘翅目、同翅目、半翅目、膜翅目等也有少量报道,尤以舞毒蛾、苹果蠹蛾、葡萄花翅小卷蛾的应用最为成功;明确了昆虫性信息素缓释载体及释放速率控制是有效实施性信息素迷向干扰技术的前提,揭示昆虫性信息素迷向干扰技术的应用机理,得出限制昆虫性信息素迷向干扰技术的经济及政策因素,旨在为我国更好的开展性信息素迷向干扰技术防控害虫提供参考。[结论]昆虫性信息素迷向干扰防控害虫的应用前景广泛,在农林业害虫的绿色防控中至关重要。     

Field trap test for bioassay of synthetic (1<Emphasis Type="Italic">S</Emphasis>,4<Emphasis Type="Italic">R</Emphasis>)-4-isopropyl-1-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-ol as an aggregation pheromone of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Platypus quercivorus</Emphasis> (Coleoptera: Platipodidae)

An ambrosia beetle, Platypus quercivorus, is a vector of Japanese oak wilt, which causes massive mortality of oak trees in Japan. Previous studies have identified (1S,4R)-4-isopropyl-1-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-ol ((−)-IMCH) as the major component of the aggregation pheromone of P. quercivorus. We tested the ability of synthetic (−)-IMCH to attract P. quercivorus adults. The synthetic compound attracted 14.4 times as many P. quercivorus, of both sexes, as control traps. Control and (−)-IMCH-baited traps both captured 3.32 times as many males as females, probably because of the nature of Lindgren funnel traps and of male-biased emergence sex ratio early in the season of adult flights. (−)-IMCH was proved to be a major component of the aggregation pheromone of P. quercivorus.     

Effect of cold storage and different diets on <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ephestia kuehniella</Emphasis> Zeller (Lep:Pyralidae)

Ephestia kuehniella adults were stored at 10°C for 1–10 weeks. Reproductive ability and number of living adults decreased depending on the length of the storage period. Long-term exposure to cold lengthened the life of the adults and 50% mortality was reached after 6 weeks. To obtain complete mortality and sterility 10 weeks of storage was needed. The larvae reared on corn flour diet developed to the adult stage more rapidly than that of the other treatments. The adults reared on oat flour produced significantly more eggs than the other diets. There was no difference among diets with regard to emergence rate, longevity or sex ration of E. kuehniella adults. Trichogramma evanescens did not differentiate among hosts from different food sources with respect to parasitization, adult emergence and sex ratio. The suitability of the eggs from cold-exposed adults with respect to parasitization was found to be the same as the control during the first 3 weeks.     

Monitoring of Webbing Clothes Moth,Tineola bisselliella (Hummel), by sex pheromone

Preliminary results of the using of the sex pheromone in the monitoring of Webbing Clothes Moth,Tineola bisselliella (Hummel), in a warehouse of a wool mattress manufacture and in some wool manufactures, are reported.The results of the experimentation suggest that traps (NoSurvivor trap and Uni-trap) baited by the synthetic pheromone allow to monitor the presence of adults and to check the effectiveness of insecticide treatments.The male ofT. bisselliella are meaningfully reactive in case of favourable temperatures also during winter period. The traps work at the best in presence of warm and stagnant air at a low degree of light, while they scarcely work or doesn't work at all in the opposite conditions. Satisfactory results have been obtained for temperatures ranging between 23 °C and 27 °C (which are favourable for the adult flying activity) placing the traps 2.5 up to 3 meters above the ground always keeping attention to be in the close proximity of the goods to protect and near the walls frequented by the adults. Low levels of light and air ventilation increase the trap performances.With 5 figures     

天牛信息素的研究进展

天牛是对林木健康生长最具破坏力的重要蛀干害虫之一,对天牛信息素的研究是探索基于化学生态学和行为特性的防治技术的重要方面。雌雄二性天牛受寄主植物挥发物,特别是幼虫危害诱导的寄主挥发物的吸引,聚集在取食地点附近。雌雄二性天牛都可释放性信息素吸引异性。雄性在触角接触雌性天牛后,对雌性产生的接触信息素产生反应,识别雌性后才试图和雌性进行交配,雌性天牛表皮蜡质层的烃类或雌雄二性表皮中相对含量比较多的物质成为特有的信号物质。雄性天牛产生聚集信息素吸引雌雄二性。随着对天牛信息素的深入研究,使用信息素复合技术将有利于提高天牛林间诱捕量,对监测天牛种群动态和无公害防治天牛具有极其重要的意义。     

Jahreszeitliche Entwicklung und Flugperioden vonAdoxophyes orana (F.v.R.) (Lep., Tortricidae) im Gebiet von Naoussa,Nordgriechenland

Data from a 3-yr study (1985–1987) suggest that seasonal emergence ofAdoxophyes orana as determined by sex pheromone traps and collected samples, is about the same during these years. Moth catches were noticed from early May to early June, late June to early August and early September to mid October. Some moths were also noticed in mid November in 1985 and 1987. Oviposition and hatching of larvae closely followed adult emergence. Overlapping was observed only between the late instar larvae of some generations and the earlier instar larvae of the following one.     

松小蠹成虫对其聚集信息化合物的触角电位反应

采用昆虫触角电位(EAG)记录方法,测定了松小蠢(Tomicuspiniperda)成虫对18种松小蠢和云南松挥发性聚集信息化合物样品的EAG反应,分析了松小蠢雌、雄成虫触角对几种高活性化合物剂量的反应。EAG测定表明,松小蠹雌、雄成虫对虫体挥发性单组分聚集信息化合物MBXS和MBXT,以及由虫体和云南松挥发物为主组成的复组分化合物α-PX+MBXT和α-Px+β-PX+MBXS有较强的触角电位反应,其剂量反应曲线呈现"S"型,并且反应阈值较低,其中主要成分为α-PX和MBXT的复组分化合物引起松小蠹成虫触角的EAG反应最大。初步确定了松小蠢成虫聚集信息素的候选化合物。     

Season-long mating disruption of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Grapholita molesta</Emphasis> (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) by one machine application of pheromone in wax drops (SPLAT-OFM)

A novel emulsified wax dispenser (SPLAT-OFM) of pheromone was evaluated in concert with a custom-built, tractor-mounted applicator, designed for fast application of dispensers for mating disruption of Oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck), in apple. The formulation consisted of microcrystalline wax emulsified in water. It was loaded with G. molesta pheromone (93:6:1 blend of (Z)-8-dodecen-1-yl-acetate:(E)-8-dodecen-1-yl-acetate:(Z)-8-dodecen-1-ol) at 10% by weight. The hydraulically driven applicator dispensed the wax formulation as discrete particles from a rotating double-orifice distributor positioned directly above the tree canopy. Wax-drop size averaged (±SEM) 0.38 ± 0.16 g and 4.3 ± 0.5 drops adhered per tree. Following a single mechanized application of SPLAT-OFM on 24 April at 8 ml per tree (1.6 kg/ha) to 0.8 ha blocks of apple, male G. molesta orientation to optimally attractive pheromone traps was disrupted by 98% relative to untreated control plots for the whole season. Furthermore, on 17 weekly deployments of tethered virgin females (1,016 females deployed and 732 recovered for dissection) throughout the season, no mating was detected in SPLAT-OFM-treated blocks, while mating in control blocks averaged 27%. During the first 17 days following deployment in sticky traps, SPLAT-OFM drops attracted ca. 1/46th of the number of male G. molesta attracted to optimized synthetic lures. However, following 17 days of field aging, SPLAT-OFM drops became equally attractive to optimized synthetic lures for the remainder of the season. The release rate of pheromone from wax drops 0–14 and 15–76 days following deployment averaged 21.4 and 5.3 μg/h, respectively. The trapping and release rate data were consistent with competitive attraction as the mechanism mediating disruption. Shoot injury following the first moth generation was sevenfold less in SPLAT-OFM treated blocks compared with controls and fruit injury at the end of the season in treated blocks was approximately half of that recorded in controls.     

Effects of gamma radiation on life stages of the Mediterranean flour moth, Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

We report the results of experiments conducted with Ephestia kuehniella Zeller to determine the effects of gamma radiation on life stages. Eggs, larvae, pupae and adults were irradiated with increasing doses of gamma radiation (seven dose levels between 50 and 400 Gy for eggs and larvae, six dose levels between 50 and 350 Gy for pupae and four dose levels between 250 and 550 Gy for adults). All the experiments were conducted in a growth chamber maintained at 27 ± 1°C, 65 ± 5% r.h., and alternating 14 h light:10 h dark cycles. The number of adults that developed from irradiated eggs and larvae was lower than the untreated control. Doses of 200 Gy and above prevented adult emergence from irradiated eggs. Although a dose of 200 Gy was enough to prevent adult emergence from young larvae, 250 Gy should be used to prevent adult emergence completely from last instar larvae. Delayed developmental periods were observed for the treated eggs and larvae. Fecundity and egg hatchability were decreased depending on the doses applied. Decreased fecundity and egg hatchability were more prevalent when both the male and female pupae were treated compared to the treatment of female pupae only. There was no significant decrease in the fecundity of irradiated adults except 550 Gy, and no eggs hatched at doses of 300 Gy and above.