Spatial Para Allocation of a Small Watershed Protection Forest System

With the interpreted IKONOS4 satellite images collected in 2005,a 1:10 000 forest map,the data collected in ClassⅡforest survey in 2007,and surface runoff data obtained in the permanent runoff monitoring station,six site factors of slope gradient, slope position,soil thickness,soil thickness of A layer,soil type and soil water content were selected to establish a matter element model suitable to 297 forest sub-compartments.Further,the AHP was applied to modify the spatial structure and form the spatial para allocation of the protection forest system. The results showed that:1) the area allocation of different vegetation types was irrational,the area of a mixed coniferous and broad-leafed forest was 124.39 ha,accounting for 14.97%of the forested land,the mixed forest was consisted of two coniferous species accounted for 27.37%of the total forest land,and the pure forest was consisted of one coniferous species accounted for 42.48%.2) After optimization,the area allocation of different vegetation types in the protection forest system ranked as:the mixed coniferous and broad-leafed forest(31.12%)>shrub land(15.5%)>the economic tree crops(12.28%)>the mixed forest consisting of two coniferous species(11.46%)>the pure broad-leafed forest(11.41%)>the pure coniferous forest(9.51%)>grass land(8.70%). Besides,the annual surface runoff could reduce 43 171 mm or 62.15%,annual soil erosion could decrease 465.97 t or 79.66%.3) The following suggestions for spatial para allocation of the small watershed protection forest system were proposed: (1) Reducing pure cypress or pine forest,and increasing alder-cypress,oak-cypress or pine-cypress mixed forest.As for the current cypress and pine pure forests,alder or oak could be introduced to develop a mixed forest.(2) The canopy closure of pure cypress forest and alder-cypress forests should be maintained within 0.60-0.75,and the canopy closure of oak-cypress,pine-cypress or oak-pine forests should be controlled within 0.60-0.80. (3) For improvement of current pure     

The forest vegetation and its differentiation under disturbance in a temperate mountain, China

Composition and structure of the main forest types, as well as the species changes under disturbance, were described as the representation of the forest vegetation in the north slope of Changbai mountain, northeast China. There were 3 forest zones from 600 m to 2,000 m asl, (1) broad-leaved-conifer mixed forest zone, 600–1,100 m asl, dominated byPinus koraiensis, Tilia amurensis, Acer mono, Ulmus japonica, (2) coniferous forest zone, 1,100–1,700 m asl, dominated byPicea jezoensis var.komarovii, P. koraiensis, Abies nephrolepis, and (3)Betula ermanii forest zone, 1,700–2,000 m asl, dominated byBetula ermanii, except for the east slope which was occupied byLarix olgensis. The evergreen component increased with elevation up to the upper limit of the coniferous forest zone (1,700 m), but disappeared in theB. ermanii zone. Species richness was significantly related to elevation. Towards higher elevation, the lapse rate of species-number was 1.6 species per 100 m, and it was only one species near the timberline. Species richness was reduced sharply under intensive disturbance, such as clear cutting, windfalletc. The species diversity was very low in the early stage of succession, and high in the later.     

鄂西北主要森林类型碳密度特征

将鄂西北山区典型森林生态系统划分为13种森林类型,在系统调查样地乔木层、灌木层、枯落物层及土壤层碳含量的基础上,对不同森林类型碳密度进行了估算。结果表明:鄂西北森林生态系统平均碳密度为175.812t·C·hm-2,各层碳密度的大小顺序为土壤层(110.130t·C·hm-2)乔木层(48.278t·C·hm-2)灌木层(15.187t·C·hm-2)枯落物层(2.217t·C·hm-2),各层分别占整个生态系统碳储量的62.64%,27.46%,8.64%和1.26%。天然林不同林龄碳密度排序为近成过熟林中龄林幼龄林,人工林不同森林类型碳密度排序为针阔混交林针叶林阔叶林。     

小流域防护林体系的空间对位配置

利用2005年度的IKONOS4卫片(通过解译获得官司河小流域土地利用现状数据)、1:1万森林资源分布图、2007年度森林资源二类调查小班资料,结合样地调查数据以及四川省林业科学研究院森林生态效益定位站(四川绵阳新桥)径流场的有关数据,选取坡度、土层厚、土A层厚、土壤含水率、坡位、土壤类型6个立地特征因子,建立该流域的297个小班物元模型,对其进行适宜性评价,再用层次分析法对其进行优化,从而获得该流域防护林体系空间对位配置。结果表明:1)本区针阔(桤柏/栎柏)混交林面积为124.39hm2,仅占整个有林地面积的14.97%,而针针混交林(松柏)的面积却占27.37%,针叶纯林(马尾松/柏木)的面积更是占42.48%。2)经优化后本区防护林体系分配按面积大小排序为针阔混交林(31.12%)>灌木林(15.5%)>经济林(12.28%)>针针混交林(11.46%)>阔叶纯林(11.41%)>针叶纯林(9.51%)>草地(8.70%)。优化后,年径流总量将减少43171mm,减少62.15%;年土壤侵蚀总量减少465.97t,减少79.66%。3)该流域的防护林体系空间对位配置结果为:①少发展柏木、马尾松纯林,多发展桤柏、栎柏、松栎等针阔混交林。对现有的柏木、马尾松纯林,引进桤木、栎类等树种形成针阔混交林。②柏木纯林和桤柏混交林的郁闭度控制在0.60～0.75,栎柏混交林、松柏混交林、松栎柏混交林则应控制在0.60～0.80。③对现有针叶纯林、针针混交林,采用开窗补阔和密度调节2种方式进行改造。开窗补阔对密度过大的林分进行带状砍伐,砍伐后补植栎类、桤木、香樟、天竺桂等阔叶树种。④在树种的搭配上,根据不同立地条件及树种的适宜性,选择不同的混交比。在中性或微酸性紫色土上,多发展以柏木为主的混交林;在黄壤和酸性紫色土上,则可发展柏木、马尾松与其他阔叶树种的混交林;在灰白砂土上配置以马尾松为主的针阔混交林。阔叶林的比例不少于20%～30%,立地条件好的则可以达到40%左右,以充分发挥防护林的生态效益和增加经济效益。     

管涔山森林植被与土壤类型的垂直分布规律

管涔山林区是山西省八大林区之一,位于吕梁山北端,山高坡陡,海拔高差及气候条件变化幅度大,植被和土壤垂直分布比较明显。为使该林区在森林经营管理中更加合理、科学,同时亦为专家研究提供依据,该文对管涔山东、西坡植被与土壤类型的垂直分布,以及经营措施作了较详细的阐述。指出亚高山草甸带下发育着亚高山草甸土,针叶林带下发育着棕壤土,针阔混交林带下发育着淋溶褐土,灌草丛及农垦带下发育着褐土性土和栗褐土。     

赛罕乌拉4种林分林下植被及枯落物的水源涵养功能研究

文章以赛罕乌拉4种典型林分为对象,对其林下植被及枯落物层的水源涵养功能进行了初步研究。结果表明:①林分结构越复杂,林下植被物种多样性越大,其截留降雨的能力也越大。②4种林分枯落物的蓄积量范围在12.44～31.60t/hm2,针叶林枯落物的蓄积量明显高于阔叶林。③枯落物持水率大小顺序为山杨林>白桦林>山杨白桦林>落叶松林,山杨林分枯落物的最大吸水率(511%)为落叶松林分(280%)的1.8倍。④枯落物最大持水量的大小为阔叶混交林>针叶林>阔叶林。枯落物最大拦蓄量大小表现为:针叶林>阔叶混交林>阔叶林。落叶松林的有效拦蓄量最高(为6.56mm),白桦林分有效拦蓄量最小(为3.38mm)。     

太白山林木真菌病害的垂直分布

我们对秦岭主峰太白山的林木真菌病害的分布规律进行了多年的探讨,结果表明,太白山林木真菌病害可划分为四个垂直分布带。即低山、低中山阔叶林叶点霉病和白粉病分布带;中山、高中山阔叶林锈病和立木腐朽分布带;中高山针叶林散斑病分布带;高山灌丛漆斑病分布带。     

Forest structure classes in central Finnish Lapland

Structure classes and changes in the vegetation attributable to the altitude of the terrain were studied in the Hammastunturi virgin coniferous forest area. The area is located in Finnish Lapland, approximately 250–350 km to the north of the Arctic Circle (68°15'N; 68°45'N). The following forest classes were formed on the basis of the ground vegetation and stand coverage: (1) Pine stands, with birch admixture (n=14), (2) Vaccinium‐vitis‐idaea‐type pine stands (n = 24), (3) Vaccinium myrtillus‐type pine stands (n = 17), (4) mixed stands, dominated by pine (n = 8), (5) mixed stands, dominated by spruce (n=18), (6) paludified spruce stands (n = 3) and (7) vigorously growing spruce stands (n = 6). The forest structure classes were depicted using DCA ordinates. The differences were more distinct than those between the normal forest type classifications of the same sample plots. The basal area and volume of pine decreased with increasing altitude, while the proportion of spruce on those sample plots where it was present increased. Birch was present at an equal frequency at all altitudes. The floral composition and between‐species abundance changed along with increasing altitude. The change in floral frequencies could not be designated to a specific altitude zone.     

不同植被类型蛾类及植物相似性分析

对紫金山不同植被类型植物种类及蛾类群落结构、时空动态进行了调查,运用jaccard相似性分析方法对不同植被类型植物种类、蛾类种的相似性进行了分析,并在植物及蛾类的相似性之间进行了分析探讨。结果表明：紫金山植物种类丰富,植物分布特别是草本植物分布对环境有较强的依赖性。蛾类种亦丰富,有蛾类28科494种,各植被类型植物种类与蛾类种、数量呈正相关,生态环境及植物群落的差异是导致紫金山蛾类群落结构差别的主要因素;紫金山蛾类多食性种较多。紫金山针阔混交林和阔叶林、针阔混交林和针叶林亲缘关系较近,验证了紫金山针阔混交林是由针叶林衰退的基础上自然演替或是人工干预发展而成的,最后将演替成含有常绿成份的落叶阔叶林,各植被类型处于演替的不同阶段,竹林受人为干扰最大。     

Vegetation inventory of a temperate biosphere reserve in China by image fusion of landsat TM and SPOT HRV

Vegetation cover types on Changbai Mountain, a natural biosphere reserve (2,000 km²) in northeast China, were derived by using multisensor satellite imagery fused with Landsat TM and SPOT HRV-XS. DEM data were used for improving classification accuracy. Cover types were classified into 20 groups. Bands 4 and 5 of Landsat TM image acquired on July 18, 1997, and band 1 of SPOT HRV-XS image acquired on Oct. 19, 1992, were fused to a false color image, and maximum likelihood supervised classification was performed. Data fusion showed high accuracy of identification, compared to individual images. The overall accuracy of classification of individual images by SPOT HRV-XS reached 56%, and TM 66%, while the fused data set provided accuracy of about 78%, which was raised to 81% after recoding by using DEM. There were five vegetation zones on the mountain, from the base to the peak: hardwood forest zone, mixed forest zone, conifer forest zone, birch forest zone, and tundra zone. Spruce-fir dominated conifer forest was the most prevalent (nearly 50%) vegetation type, followed by Korean pine and mixed forest (17%) and larch forest (5%). HRV image taken in leaf-off season is useful for discriminating forest from non-forest, and evergreen forest from hardwood forest, while the summer image (TM) provides detailed information on the difference in similar vegetation types, like hardwood forest with different compositions.     

黄山森林生态系统土壤动物群落结构特征及其多样性

黄山是我国中亚热带北缘的植物宝库和天然植物园,仅自然分布的植物种类就有1 450余种,是我国南北植物区系交替过渡地带,具有独特的自然地理环境,生物资源丰富,于1990年12月被联合国世界遗产委员会列为"世界文化和自然遗产"单位.然而,对黄山森林土壤动物群落的研究报道尚属少见.     

不同生态适应型北美红杉的种植环境及造林地选择

北美红杉造林地选择，根据其不同种源和无性系对不同生态环境的适应能力、生长发育的相似群体归类，并按不同的类型选择相应的造林地：中亚热带至北亚热带相关的常绿阔叶林、常绿落叶阔叶混交林和暖性针叶林植被类型林地，适宜作为温暖湿润生态适应型北美红杉的造林地；中亚热带至北亚热带相关的落叶阔叶林、针阔叶混交林以及中性湿生灌丛植被类型的林地，适宜作为温暖半湿润生态适应型北美红杉的造林地；北亚热带至暖温带相关的针阔叶混交林、针叶林以及以杜鹃、野山茶、苔草等为代表的灌丛植被类型的林地，适宜作为温凉干燥生态适应型北美红杉的造林地；耐低温类型的北美红杉，已能在云南高海拔地带的暗针叶林地区生存，并有一定生长量，值得继续研究，可选择相应的云杉、冷杉，铁杉、高山栎类、桦木、花楸、槭等针阔叶林地作为高寒山地低温环境型北美红杉造林地。云南省有大面积低产林分和宜林荒山，生产潜力较大，其中有适宜不同生态适应型北美红杉造林的环境。利用这一有利条件，发展北美红杉造林，改造这些低产林分和在适宜的荒山造林，将充分利用土地资源，大大提升这些低产林和宜林荒山的经济效益和生态效益。     

不同植被恢复模式地表径流与土壤贮水能力研究

于湖南省平江县选取针叶树种+一般阔叶树种混交林(M1)、针叶树种+珍贵阔叶树种混交林(M2)、珍贵阔叶树种(M3)等3种重建造林模式;于湖南省资兴市选取针叶树种+珍贵阔叶树种混交林(M6)、竹、乔混合经营(M7)、人工促进天然更新(M8)等3种恢复培育模式作为研究对象,定位观测研究不同模式径流产生特征与土壤持水能力。结果表明:造林模式M1、M2与M3的年地表径流量相差不大,其排序为CK1(73.07 mm)M3(66.47 mm)M2(62.51 mm)M1(61.74 mm)。培育模式M7、M6、M8的年径流量相差不大,排序为为M7(22.76 mm)M6(21.88 mm)M8(20.16 mm)。造林模式在30~40mm和≥50 mm降雨区间产流量较多,占全年径流的25.89%~30.42%。造林模式20~30 mm和≥50 mm降雨区间产流量较多,占全年径流的27.83%~35.09%。森林植被重建和恢复模式下产生径流量较对照小,说明森林植被重建和恢复有利于降低林地地表径流。     

先秦两汉时期中国北方天然林木分布探究

孢粉、考古及历史文献等资料显示,先秦两汉时期中国北方地区林木分布广泛,种类繁多。春秋以后北方多数地区气温有所波动,树种结构也相应地发生了变化。春秋至东汉时期,东北地区受气候变冷影响,乔木植被中针叶林比率有所增加,落叶阔叶林减少,同时森林分布范围缩小;黄淮海平原地区针、阔叶乔木随气候变化互有消长;黄土高原区未有森林生长,河谷及山地植被以阔叶树种占优的混交林为主。除气候因素外,人类活动也影响着天然植被的变化。受秦汉时期经济、政治、军事等活动的影响,除东北地区天然林木保存较好外,北方其余地区林木破坏较为严重。     

湘西不同植被类型土壤重金属分布及相关性研究

【目的】探讨湘西地区不同植被下土壤环境的状况,揭示土壤富集重金属元素的规律。【方法】以湖南湘西地区针叶林、针阔混交林、阔叶林和灌木林4种森林土壤不同层次(0~15 cm和15~30 cm)的Cd、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn为研究对象,采用单因素分析法和主成分分析法分析重金属分布及相关性。【结果】不同植被下土壤中5种重金属含量的变异系数为0.18%~0.69%,由大到小的排列顺序为Cu>Zn>Ni>Pb>Cd。主成分分析表明Cu和Cd在PC1中有较大的荷载值,在PC2中有中等的荷载值。各因素相关性分析结果显示,灌木林土壤容重与Zn之间存在显著的负相关性,针叶林土壤容重与Cu之间存在显著的正相关性;灌木林土壤有机质与Cd之间有显著的正相关性,针叶林土壤pH值与Ni和Zn之间有显著的正相关性;针阔混交林土壤pH值与Pb、Cu和Ni之间存在显著的正相关性,灌木林土壤重金属含量之间的相关性较显著。【结论】湘西地区不同植被类型土壤重金属含量的垂直分布规律存在差异,表现为针阔混交林的上层土壤中重金属含量均低于下层土壤,常绿阔叶林的上层土壤中重金属含量均高于下层土壤,而针叶林和灌木林土壤中重金属含量无差异性变化;湘西地区土壤容重、有机质、坡度、pH值、土层厚度对Cd含量的影响较大,海拔对Pb、Ni和Cu的影响较大,坡度对Ni的影响较大;湘西地区灌木林中重金属来源相同的可能性相较于其他3种植被类型更大。     

宽甸地区不同林型枯落物及土壤蓄水功能研究

对宽甸地区几种主要林分类型枯落物及其土壤蓄水功能进行了研究,结果表明:各类型林分枯落物现存量依次为人工纯林针阔混交林,枯落物持水率为针阔混交林人工纯林;林分的土壤渗透能力和蓄水能力均为混交林人工纯林。     

Spatial connectivity and distribution of landscape type in the natural secondary forests of eastern mountainous region,northeast China—a case study of Mao'ershan region in Heilongjiang Province

Mao'ershan region is representative in the natural secondary forested region of the eastern mountainous region, northeast China. The landscape nearest neighbor index and landscape connectivity index were calculated with ARC/INFO software for Mao'ershan region. The spatial distribution of the landscape of the region was analyzed. The results showed that the landscape connectivity index of non-woodland was significantly higher than that of woodland. The landscape connectivity index of natural forest was nearly equal to zero, which means its fragmentation degree is high. The nearest neighbor index of plantation was lower than that of natural forest and non-forestland. Among the man-made forests, the distance index of the coniferous mixed plantation is the lowest, and its pattern is nearly glomeration. The landscape pattern of natural forest presented nearly random distribution. Among non-forest land, the distance index of cut blank was the lowest, and its pattern was also nearly glomeration. Foundation item: This paper was supported by the Key Project of State Department of Science Technology (2002BA515B040). Biography: LI SHu-juan (1977), female. Lecture in Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, P. R. China. Responsible editor: Zhu Hong     

贵州麻江森林健康经营项目示范区森林植被类型初步分析

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