喀斯特山区石灰性水稻土部分发生特征研究

通过对贵州喀斯特山区不同生态环境下的石灰性水稻土及其起源土壤中碳酸钙、有机质和各形态铁氧化物等含量的测定,探讨了土壤剖面上碳酸钙、有机质及各种形态铁的分异特征,表明石灰性水稻土发育过程中,土壤剖面上碳酸钙、有机质、各形态铁含量的分异状况主要受水耕熟化过程的影响,碳酸钙含量还受母质遗传作用的影响,可以用有机质、各形态铁的A/C或C/A值来反映水稻土剖面的分异程度,这对进一步探讨喀斯特山区石灰性水稻土的分类具有重要意义.     

中国南方土壤中白色土层的特征及其成因分析

为了解具有“漂白层”土壤的分布规律、准确识别“漂白层”,为土壤调查制图提供依据,从中国南方地区的浙江、福建和贵州等省采集了25个含白色土层的土壤剖面,分析这一地区土壤中白色土层的特征及其与地形、成土母质等的关系。结果表明,中国南方地区白色土层在质地、游离氧化铁和有机质含量等性状上有较大的变化。根据土壤颜色与游离氧化铁的剖面分布特征,可把研究的25个剖面中白色土层分为受母质影响的白色土层、受复合成土过程作用的白色土层和离铁作用形成的白色土层等3类。受母质影响的白色土层并非离铁作用的结果,其成因与母质中游离氧化铁含量较低或叠加母质有关;受复合成土过程作用的白色土层,其颜色与游离氧化铁存在不一致现象,白色土层是前期离铁作用的结果,而后期氧化铁在结构面上的淀积掩盖了漂白层的离铁特征;离铁作用形成的白色土层是真正用于土壤类别鉴定的“漂白层”,其游离氧化铁含量明显低于其上覆或下伏土壤,以河谷平原、丘陵山地缓坡及山丘凹垅中的分布最为集中,其微地形表现为地表倾斜、低凹,易接受附近高处的水流,但地表一般不会积水,具有土内侧向排水的特点。为了区别于受母质影响的白色土层,建议在“漂白层”的鉴定标准中增加游离氧化铁含量与其上覆或下伏土壤的比较,建议标准为“漂白层的游离氧化铁含量为其上覆或下伏土壤的75%以下”。     

Molecular rulers for scaling down nanostructures

A method of constructing <30-nanometer structures in close proximity with precise spacings is presented that uses the step-by-step application of organic molecules and metal ions as size-controlled resists on predetermined patterns, such as those formed by electron-beam lithography. The organic molecules serve as a ruler for scaling down a larger "parent" structure. After metal deposition and lift-off of the organic multilayer resist, an isolated smaller structure remains on the surface. This approach is used to form thin parallel wires (15 to 70 nanometers in width and 1 micrometer long) of controlled thickness and spacing. The structures obtained were imaged with field emission scanning electron microscopy. A variety of nanostructures could be scaled down, including structures with hollow patterns.     

Supernova olivine from cometary dust

An interplanetary dust particle contains a submicrometer crystalline silicate aggregate of probable supernova origin. The grain has a pronounced enrichment in 18O/16O (13 times the solar value) and depletions in 17O/16O (one-third solar) and 29Si/28Si (<0.8 times solar), indicative of formation from a type II supernova. The aggregate contains olivine (forsterite 83) grains <100 nanometers in size, with microstructures that are consistent with minimal thermal alteration. This unusually iron-rich olivine grain could have formed by equilibrium condensation from cooling supernova ejecta if several different nucleosynthetic zones mixed in the proper proportions. The supernova grain is also partially encased in nitrogen-15-rich organic matter that likely formed in a presolar cold molecular cloud.     

水稻杂种一代及其亲本分蘖期根系基因的差异表达

以汕优６３组合为材料,运用ｍＲＮＡ差异显示技术研究了亲本与杂种一代分蘖期根系基因的差异表达。结果表明,与苗期相比,分蘖期根系基因的表达在质和量上都有显著的改变。质的改变有：Ｆ１特异表达的基因,Ｆ１特异表达的基因,Ｆ１减弱表达的基因,Ｆ１表现沉默（含父强母弱和父弱母强）和Ｆ１增强表达;量的改变有：Ｆ１弱势表达,Ｆ１强势表达２种类型。目前已回收了部分差异的ｃＤＮＡ条带,其中差异条带ＲＴ１的Ｎｏｒｔｈｅ     

添加玉米秸秆对黑钙土重组有机碳含量及有机无机复合的影响

为了科学评价土壤的固碳性能和潜力,以黄土和红土母质及其发育的黑钙土为供试土壤,在田间调查的基础上,分别采集耕层和母质层土壤样品,研究添加有机物料后土壤重组有机碳含量、有机无机复合状况的变化。针对东北玉米主产区黑钙土秸秆还田技术推广中亟待阐明的科学问题,通过室内恒温培养试验模拟了一个作物生长期内,黑钙土母质和耕层土壤添加不同比例的玉米秸秆后,重组有机碳含量和有机无机复合状况的变化。结果表明:随秸秆添加量的增加,供试耕层土壤和母质中的重组有机碳含量、原土有机碳复合量均呈同步增加趋势,但原土有机碳复合度呈逐步下降趋势。在耕层土壤中,原土有机碳含量越低的土壤,其重组有机碳增量和原土有机碳复合量增率越大,说明原土有机碳含量低的土壤具有更大的固碳潜力。母质层土壤重组有机碳增量、原土有机碳复合量增率和追加复合量均大于耕层土壤,说明母质的固碳潜力远大于耕层土壤,且红土母质的固碳潜力更强。     

New perspectives on ancient Mars

Mars was most active during its first billion years. The core, mantle, and crust formed within approximately 50 million years of solar system formation. A magnetic dynamo in a convecting fluid core magnetized the crust, and the global field shielded a more massive early atmosphere against solar wind stripping. The Tharsis province became a focus for volcanism, deformation, and outgassing of water and carbon dioxide in quantities possibly sufficient to induce episodes of climate warming. Surficial and near-surface water contributed to regionally extensive erosion, sediment transport, and chemical alteration. Deep hydrothermal circulation accelerated crustal cooling, preserved variations in crustal thickness, and modified patterns of crustal magnetization.     

主成分分析法在球虫病鸡血液生化研究中的应用

用主成分分析法对球虫感染后血液生化指标的变化特点进行了剖析。分析结果表明,艾美球虫感染主要影响鸡血清蛋白和血脂水平,血清指标的变化与虫株寄主部位和毒力有关,感染后对血清生化指标影响最大的虫种是Ｅｉｍｅｒｉａ．ａｃｅｒｖｕｌｉｎａ原代株,其次是Ｅ．ｔｅｎｅｌｌａ原代株,Ｅ．ｍａｘｉｍａ早熟株影响最小;Ｅ．ｔｅｎｅｌｌａ和Ｅ．ｍａｘｉｍａ早熟株的感染主要影响血脂成分的变化,而Ｅ．ｔｅｎｅｌｌａ和Ｅ．ａｃｅｒｖｕｌｉｎａ原代株的感染对血脂和血清蛋白的影响程度相同。     

Two years at Meridiani Planum: results from the Opportunity Rover

The Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity has spent more than 2 years exploring Meridiani Planum, traveling approximately 8 kilometers and detecting features that reveal ancient environmental conditions. These include well-developed festoon (trough) cross-lamination formed in flowing liquid water, strata with smaller and more abundant hematite-rich concretions than those seen previously, possible relict "hopper crystals" that might reflect the formation of halite, thick weathering rinds on rock surfaces, resistant fracture fills, and networks of polygonal fractures likely caused by dehydration of sulfate salts. Chemical variations with depth show that the siliciclastic fraction of outcrop rock has undergone substantial chemical alteration from a precursor basaltic composition. Observations from microscopic to orbital scales indicate that ancient Meridiani once had abundant acidic groundwater, arid and oxidizing surface conditions, and occasional liquid flow on the surface.     

转几丁质酶基因水稻抗纹枯病性及农艺性状遗传特性

[目的]揭示转基因水稻的纹枯病抗性及其非目标变异性状的遗传特性,为合理利用转基因水稻进行抗病育种提供理论指导.[方法]以海转A为父本、竹籼B为母本杂交,通过对杂交F1和F2代的抗病性状进行分析,揭示海转A的纹枯病抗性和部分非目标变异性状的遗传特性.[结果]转基因海转A除抗纹枯病性较非转基因亲本竹籼B有显著提高外,还存在穗粒数和千粒重两个非目标性状的变异,穗粒数较竹籼B增加44.2%,而千粒重降低12.1%.海转A的抗纹枯病性表现为存在主效基因的多基因数量遗传特性,而穗粒数和千粒重表现为典型的数量性状遗传;此外转基因海转A的抗病性、穗粒数和千粒重3个性状的变异系数均显著大于竹籼B,说明其稳定性较低.[结论]外源抗病基因的导入提高了水稻的抗病性,这种影响以主效基因的形式表达;而外源基因导入引起非目标性状的变异,但没有改变其原有的典型数量性状遗传特征.     

Bacterial diversity and community composition changes in paddy soils that have different parent materials and fertility levels

Parent materials and the fertility levels of paddy soils are highly variable in subtropical China. Bacterial diversity and community composition play pivotal roles in soil ecosystem processes and functions. However, the effects of parent material and fertility on bacterial diversity and community composition in paddy soils are unclear. The key soil factors driving the changes in bacterial diversity, community composition, and the specific bacterial species in soils that are derived from different parent materials and have differing fertility levels are unknown. Soil samples were collected from paddy fields in two areas with different parent materials(quaternary red clay or tertiary sandstone) and two levels of fertility(high or low). The variations in bacterial diversity indices and communities were evaluated by 454 pyrosequencing which targeted the V4–V5 region of the 16 S r RNA gene. The effects of parent material and fertility on bacterial diversity and community composition were clarified by a two-way ANOVA and a two-way PERMANOVA. A principal coordinate analysis(PCo A), a redundancy analysis(RDA), and multivariate regression trees(MRT) were used to assess changes in the studied variables and identify the factors affecting bacterial community composition. Co-occurrence network analysis was performed to find correlations between bacterial genera and specific soil properties, and a statistical analysis of metagenomic profiles(STAMP) was used to determine bacterial genus abundance differences between the soil samples. The contributions made by parent material and soil fertility to changes in the bacterial diversity indices were comparable, but soil fertility accounted for a larger part of the shift in bacterial community composition than the parent material. Soil properties, especially soil texture, were strongly associated with bacterial diversity. The RDA showed that soil organic carbon(SOC) was the primary factor influencing bacterial community composition. A key threshold for SOC(25.5 g kg~(–1)) separated low fertility soils from high fertility soils. The network analysis implied that bacterial interactions tended towards cooperation and that copiotrophic bacteria became dominant when the soil environment improved. The STAMP revealed that copiotrophic bacteria, such as Massilia and Rhodanobacter, were more abundant in the high fertility soils, while oligotrophic bacteria, such as Anaerolinea, were dominant in low fertility soils. The results showed that soil texture played a role in bacterial diversity, but nutrients, especially SOC, shaped bacterial community composition in paddy soils with different parent materials and fertility levels.     

利用PTN系统快速解析转基因水稻种子可溶性蛋白非预期变异的来源

【目的】建立转基因（genetically modified,GM)水稻安全性评价的亲本对照-转基因株系-非转基因对照（parent control-transgenic plant-nontransgenic control,PTN)系统。通过实质等同性比对分析,追溯GM水稻种子蛋白质非预期变异的技术根源,为GM水稻的安全性评价提供技术支持。【方法】根据GM水稻植株培育的技术原理,收集转基因株系（transgenic line,T）、亲本品种（parent variety,P）及其他遗传学背景相关的非转基因组培再生株系（non-transgenic regeneration line from tissue culture,NR）和非转基因遗传分离阴性后代株系（non-transgenic segregated negative offspring line,NS）等对照样本。以转2mG2-epsps抗草甘膦GM水稻株系T13和T23及各自的PTN系统对照样本（P、NR和NS）为试验材料,以种子蛋白质含量和组分的非预期变异为研究对象,根据PTN样本间的多重比较结果解析并追溯GM水稻非预期变异的技术根源。水稻种子可溶性蛋白的提取采用分级提取法,依次用蒸馏水、5% NaCl、70%乙醇和0.1 mol·L-1 NaOH提取稻米清蛋白、球蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白。蛋白含量测定应用Bradford法,蛋白组分分析采用SDS-PAGE电泳法。【结果】GM水稻株系T13和T23种子总可溶性蛋白含量分别比亲本显著降低3.29%和6.84%,主要受谷蛋白变异影响,但GM水稻变异的最大幅度小于天然水稻亲本P1和P2品种间差异,说明GM水稻种子可溶性蛋白含量变异在安全范围之内。与各自亲本相比,GM水稻株系种子清蛋白和醇溶蛋白组分差异不显著,球蛋白和谷蛋白个别组分存在显著或极显著变异,主要表现为含量的增减。T13株系的56 kD和24 kD球蛋白含量比亲本P1显著增加,T23的65 kD球蛋白含量比亲本P2极显著降低。GM株系T13和T23的谷蛋白组分变异趋势相似,与相应亲本相比,主要表现为19-23 kD和33-38 kD谷蛋白含量显著增加,100 kD和9 kD谷蛋白含量显著减少。突出的变异是GM水稻新增加了41 kD和56 kD谷蛋白组分,但这些变异新组分也同样存在于NR和NS对照样本中。GM水稻株系T13和T23的可溶性蛋白非预期变异的特征与相应的NR对照样本基本一致。NS23对照株系的清蛋白含量和球蛋白组分存在不同于T23和NR23的独特非预期变异。【结论】GM水稻种子总可溶性蛋白质变异主要受谷蛋白含量变异影响,变异幅度小于天然水稻品种间差异。GM水稻种子的清蛋白、醇溶蛋白组分未发生显著变异,球蛋白和谷蛋白个别组分发生了显著变异。GM水稻种子蛋白质非预期变异主要来源于组织培养无性系变异,转基因插入突变的影响较小。     

余江县水稻土剖面酸缓冲性能与酸化速率

为探明不同母质发育的水稻土在剖面层次上的缓冲性能特征及酸化速率大小,以红砂岩和河流冲积物母质发育的水稻土为对象,测定不同层次（0~20、20~40、40~60、60~80 cm和80~100 cm）土壤的pH、有机质、全氮、阳离子交换量和酸碱缓冲容量,定量比较不同母质和不同土层酸碱缓冲容量的变化及差异。结果表明：以红砂岩和河流冲积物母质发育的水稻土酸碱缓冲容量在0~20 cm土层比80~100 cm土层分别显著升高10.14 mmol·kg^-1和4.18 mmol·kg^-1,且随着水稻土初始pH（不加酸碱的pH）的增加,其酸碱缓冲容量也呈增加趋势。在0~20 cm土层,红砂岩母质发育的水稻土酸碱缓冲容量比河流冲积物母质显著增加7.38mmol·kg^-1;在20~100 cm土层,2种母质发育的水稻土酸碱缓冲容量无显著差异。红砂岩母质发育水稻土表层酸化速率（0.78kmol H⁺·hm^-2·a^-1）大于河流冲积物母质（0.36 kmol H⁺·hm^-2·a^-1）。水稻土酸碱缓冲容量与pH呈极显著负相关（P<0.01）,与交换性盐基总量呈显著负相关（P<0.05）,与阳离子交换量、有机质、全氮和交换性酸呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）;水稻土pH与有机质、全氮和交换性酸呈极显著负相关,与交换性盐基总量呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）,与阳离子交换量无相关性。研究表明,酸碱缓冲曲线可以很好地反映不同母质发育的水稻土在不同土层上对加酸、加碱量的敏感程度;随着土层深度的增加,2种母质的酸碱缓冲容量呈下降趋势,其中在0~20 cm土层,红砂岩母质发育的水稻土酸碱缓冲容量和酸化速率最高,其酸碱缓冲容量主要与初始pH、有机质、全氮、阳离子交换量、交换性盐基总量和交换性酸有关,且2种母质发育水稻土均处于铝硅酸盐矿物分解和交换性盐基离子缓冲阶段。     

岩溶区土壤镉生物有效性影响因素研究

为研究岩溶区土壤镉生物有效性的影响机制,以广西碳酸盐岩区土壤垂直剖面、水稻子实与根系土协同样品为基础,讨论了土壤pH、有机质含量、黏土矿物含量、碳酸盐含量对土壤镉生物有效性的影响。结果表明,pH、有机质、黏土矿物主要对镉的吸附产生影响,其对镉生物有效性的影响程度由强到弱依次为pH、黏土矿物、有机质,碳酸盐的作用则主要体现为对土壤酸化的缓冲。总体而言,广西岩溶发育强烈,土壤中不断形成表生条件下稳定的新生黏土矿物,加之岩溶区土壤丰富的碳酸盐与有机质,都对该地区碳酸盐岩母质土壤中镉的固定较为有利,但防止土壤酸化是防控其土壤镉污染风险的首要措施。     

春小麦新品系8972-14选育报告

春小麦新品系8972-14是古浪县良种繁殖场以[(80-62-3/宁春4号)//小黑麦]为母本,[(印度矮生/辽春10号)//波兰小麦]为父本,采用6亲本复合杂交选育而成。2007—2008年在甘肃省西片水地春小麦区域试验中,2 a14点(次)平均折合产量8 248.5 kg/hm2,较对照品种宁春4号增产3.6%。籽粒含蛋白质(干基)152.4 g/kg、粗淀粉681.6 g/kg、赖氨酸5.13 g/kg、湿面筋282.6 g/kg、沉降值56.4 mL,属优质中筋小麦。适宜在甘肃省武威、张掖、酒泉、白银等地及生态条件相似的地区种植。     

箭胡毛杨及其亲本酯酶和过氧化物酶的同工酶分析

用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术对箭胡毛杨及其亲本箭杆杨和胡杨酯酶(EST)同工酶和过氧化物酶(PER)同工酶进行了分析,明确了其酶谱的特征及分布,并采用排序分析的方法,对其亲缘关系进行比较分析.结果表明:箭胡毛杨杂种兼具父本与母本的特征,且与母本箭杆杨亲缘关系较近,与父本胡杨的亲缘关系较远,是国内第1个有胡杨血统的生产性杨树品种.     

中山市不同土地利用方式下土壤肥力特性的剖面分布特征

了解不同利用方式下土壤肥力状况,揭示影响土壤肥力的障碍因子,对区域土壤资源管理及合理施肥具有重要意义.调查了中山市不同土地利用类型(水田、菜地、林地)土壤,测定了不同发生层次土壤的颗粒组成、pH值、有机质、氮、磷、钾、阳离子交换量等特性,分析了土壤肥力特性的剖面特征,评价了耕层(表层)土壤肥力状况.结果表明:供试的水田、菜地土壤黏粒、粉粒含量高,林地土壤以砂粒、黏粒为主,土壤颗粒组成与成土母质类别密切相关.菜地、水田土壤耕层呈现酸化特征,具有含硫层的土壤酸性极强.林地土壤CEC最低,水田和菜地土壤CEC较高,人为管理和成土母质类型影响土壤CEC.土壤有机质、氮、磷含量随土层深度的增加而降低,菜地耕层土壤有效磷极为丰富,林地土壤碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量最低.土地利用方式深刻影响耕层(表层)土壤有机质、氮、磷的积累,钾含量主要受成土母质的影响.针对中山市土壤肥力特性,提出了合理管理土壤的建议.     

Calcic micas in the allende meteorite: evidence for hydration reactions in the early solar nebula

Two calcic micas, clintonite and margarite, have been identified in alteration products in a calcium- and aluminum-rich inclusion (CAI) in the Allende meteorite. Clintonite replaces grossular in alteration veins, and margarite occurs as lamellae in anorthite. Their occurrence suggests that, in addition to undergoing high-temperature alteration by a volatile and iron-rich vapor that produced the grossular and anorthite, some CAIs underwent alteration at moderate temperatures (相似文献   

不同母岩发育山核桃林地土壤性质及叶片营养元素分析

为了解不同母岩发育山核桃Carya cathayensis林地土壤性质及叶片营养的差异,于2008年7月采集和分析了板岩、花岗岩、千枚岩和砂页岩等4种母岩发育的土壤和山核桃植株叶片。结果表明,花岗岩发育的土壤酸碱度最低（pH 4.72）,有机质（43.11 g·kg^－1）和有效硫（38.73 mg·kg^－1）质量分数最高,交换性钙（5.22 mg·kg^－1）和有效锌（1.65 mg·kg^－1）质量分数最低;而有效磷（7.29 mg·kg^－1）,有效铁（31.24 mg·kg^－1）和有效锰（67.49 mg·kg^－1）质量分数则以千枚岩发育的土壤为最高;山核桃叶片中各营养元素质量分数的大小顺序表现为氮＞钙＞钾＞镁＞磷＞锰＞铁＞锌;花岗岩发育的土壤上的山核桃叶片氮、钙、镁、锌质量分数最高,磷、铁质量分数最低;不同母岩发育山核桃林地土壤pH值、有机质与多个大中微量元素有效养分之间存在显著或极显著相关关系。叶片氮、钾、钙、镁、铁与土壤多种养分质量分数之间存在一定的相关性。表5参22     

Osmium isotope heterogeneity in the constituent phases of mid-ocean ridge basalts

Radiogenic isotope variations in mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB) are commonly attributed to compositional variations in Earth's upper mantle. For the rheniumosmium isotope system, constituent MORB phases are shown to possess exceptionally high Re/Os (parent/daughter) ratios, consequently radiogenic 187Os is produced from the decay of 187Re over short periods of time. Thus, in the absence of precise age constraints, Os isotope variations cannot be unambiguously attributed to their source, although Re-Os isotope data for constituent minerals can yield crystallization ages, details of equilibration, and initial Os isotope values that relate directly to the mantle source.