日粮中多不饱和脂肪酸对动物免疫功能影响的研究

随着人民生活水平的提高，人们对安全、绿色食品的需求量越来越多。而磺胺类和抗生素类药物在动物生产中的应用非常广泛，随之带来的就是因药物残留引起一系列的食品安全问题。在日粮中添加多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA）可以提高动物的免疫功能，从而减少动物患病的可能及动物生产过程中用药的机会。因此，多不饱和脂肪酸的应用可以为安全食品的提供做出贡献。本文对PuFA对动物免疫功能的影响作一综述。     

Incorporation of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids into pork fatty tissues.

The incorporation and elimination rate of dietary PUFA in pork fat was investigated in this study. Experiment 1 examined the incorporation of dietary PUFA into backfat (BF) and into the triglyceride (TG) and phospholipid (PL) fractions of the i.m. fat of the loin. Experiment 2 examined the elimination of PUFA from BF due to withdrawal of PUFA from the diet. In Exp. 1, Piétrain x Seghers Hybrid pigs (70 barrows and 70 gilts averaging 11 wk of age and 30 kg initially) were assigned to five dietary treatments in a 2 x 5 factorial arrangement during a 16-wk feeding period. Pigs received a diet containing about 2.5% tallow (T) for 8, 10, 12, 14, or 16 wk, followed by a diet containing about 15% full-fat soybeans (FFS) for 8, 6, 4, 2, or 0 wk, respectively. Additionally, BF biopsies were taken every 2 wk from eight pigs on the 8-wk FFS dietary treatment, starting from the time pigs were switched to the FFS diet. Linoleic acid [18:2(n-6)], linolenic acid [18:3(n-3)], eicosadienoic acid [20:2(n-6)], arachidonic acid [20:4(n-6)], and PUFA contents in BF increased (P < .01) with time on the FFS diet, but contents of these fatty acids were similar for pigs fed FFS for 6 or 8 wk. The PUFA content of the biopsies rose throughout the FFS treatment; the greatest increase in PUFA occurred during the first 2 wk of feeding FFS. The PUFA content of the TG and PL fractions in i.m. fat of the longissimus muscle tended to increase with time on the FFS diet. The increase was significant (P < .01) in the TG fraction for 18:3(n-3) and in the PL fraction for 20:4(n-6) and 22:6(n-3). In Exp. 2, 11-wk-old pigs (10 barrows and 10 gilts) were fed a FFS-based diet from 11 to 19 wk of age, followed by the T-diet for an additional 8 wk. During the latter period, biopsies were taken every 2 wk. The elimination of PUFA from BF was greatest during the first 2 wk after the dietary change. The PUFA reached the lowest level at the age of 25 wk. These experiments show that the PUFA: saturated fatty acid ratio of BF can be increased from .34, corresponding with a T-based diet, to .55, by feeding a FFS diet for 6 wk before slaughter.     

日粮多不饱和脂肪酸对畜禽肉品质的影响

近年来,因为多不饱和脂肪酸(Polyunsaturated fatty acids,PUFA)独特的生物学功能,富含PUFA的畜禽产品的开发与利用成为热点,同时PUFA对畜禽肉品质的影响也备受关注。日粮中添加PUFA能够增加肉品中PUFA的含量,提高营养价值,但PUFA的强氧化性对其他肉品指标会产生影响。本文叙述PUFA对畜禽肉产品脂肪沉积、嫩度、系水力、风味和贮存性状等方面的影响,旨在为畜禽日粮的配制和人类膳食提供指导。     

日粮多不饱和脂肪酸对猪繁殖性能的影响

本文主要从多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)的来源、合成途径、作用机理及使用效果等方面阐述了多不饱和脂肪酸影响猪繁殖性能的研究进展。     

不同n-3/n-6多不饱和脂肪酸对产蛋鸡免疫功能的影响

选用 16 8只 30周龄海兰褐蛋鸡 ,研究不同 n- 3/ n- 6多不饱和脂肪酸 (PUFA)对产蛋鸡免疫功能的影响。 n- 3/ n- 6比值分别为 1∶ 1,1∶ 4 ,1∶ 8,1∶ 16 ,1∶ 32 ,维生素 E添加水平为 30 mg/ kg和 30 0 mg/ kg。在试验开始后的第 5周和第 7周给每个处理组中的 6只鸡注射牛血清白蛋白 (BSA) ,并分别于注射后第 10天翅静脉采血 ,测定 BSA抗体效价。测定第 5周及第 10周时外周全血淋巴细胞增殖速度和蛋黄 Ig Y水平。在第 9周给每个处理中 4只鸡注射脂多糖 (L PS) ,并于注射后 6 h,12 h,2 4 h后采血测定血浆中抗体 Ig G水平。试验结果表明 ,随着日粮中 n- 3/ n- 6比值的下降 ,BSA抗体效价显著下降 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,全血淋巴细胞增殖速度在第 5周时有上升的趋势 ,但差异不显著 ,而在第 10周时显著上升 (P<0 .0 5 )。蛋黄中抗体 Ig Y水平有随 n- 3/ n- 6比值下降而下降的趋势。注射 L PS后各时间点血浆 Ig G浓度随着 n- 3/ n- 6比值下降而下降。当日粮中 n- 3/ n- 6比值在 1∶ 1～ 1∶ 8之间时 ,产蛋鸡具有较好的免疫功能     

Effect of dietary mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids on the fatty acid composition of pigs' adipose tissues.

In two experiments with growing-finishing pigs six different dietary fats were added to a conventional diet (control--C) to study the effects of dietary monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on the fatty acid composition of backfat and kidney fat at similar amounts of double bonds in feed (Exp. 1:7% pork fat--PF, 4.95% olive oil--OO, 3.17% soybean oil--SO) or a constant amount of 5% of processed fats (Exp. 2: partially hydrogenated fat--SAT, fractionated pork fats: olein--OLE, stearin--STE). Compared with the control, PUFA were only slightly increased in backfat of pigs fed PF, OLE, STE or OO, although dietary PUFA intake was up to 70% higher. With SO PUFA were significantly increased in adipose tissues, predominantly at the expense of MUFA. Consequently, a non-linear relationship was found between PUFA intake and proportion in backfat. MUFA were incorporated at the expense of SFA, therefore, adipose tissues of OO fed animals were lowest in SFA. Despite comparable amounts of double bonds in feed (Exp. 1), the degree of unsaturation measured as fat score (sum of double bonds) was in the order SO > OO > PF > C. In contrast, the proportion of SFA was C > PF = SO > OO. Regarding the decisive role of SFA for fat consistency it may be concluded that MUFA should also be considered in feeding recommendations for pigs. Furthermore, in case of a high dietary supply of MUFA, a simple index of double bonds might not be sufficiently conclusive to judge pig fat quality.     

Different sources of dietary n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and their effects on antibody responses in chickens

1. Effects of linoleic and linolenic acid provided via different oil sources on total antibody (Ab) titres, Ab isotypes after primary and secondary immunisation, and cutaneous hypersensitivity (CH) responses to bovine serum albumin (BSA) and maleyl-BSA, respectively, were studied in pullets fed on one of 4 diets. The diets were the basal control diet enriched with either sunflower oil or safflower oil as sources of linoleic acid, and linseed oil as a source of linolenic acid, tested against a control diet supplemented with animal fat. 2. Total Ab and immunoglobulin (Ig) isotype responses to BSA were affected by diet after primary, and diet x immunisation effects after secondary immunisation. Higher total Ab and IgG titres to BSA were found especially after primary immunisation in birds given the sunflower oil enriched diet, whereas birds given sunflower oil mounted significantly lower IgM titres to BSA after primary and secondary immunisation. The antibody responses to maleyl-BSA were affected by diet after primary, and immunisation x diet interactions after secondary immunisation. Sunflower oil enhanced total and IgG Ab titres to maleyl-BSA after primary immunisation, but decreased IgM titres to maleyl-BSA after primary and secondary immunisation. Cutaneous hypersensitivity responses to BSA and maleyl-BSA were not affected by the diet. 3. It is concluded that modulation of the magnitude and isotype of Ab responses of poultry to T cell-dependent antigens is affected not only by type of essential fatty acids, but also by their source. In the present study the n-6 source, sunflower oil, showed strong enhancement of primary Ab responses, directed to both Th2 and Th1 antigens. On the other hand, the different effects of safflower oil imply that constituents other than n-6 acids within dietary plant oils may affect immune responsiveness. 4. The relationship between magnitude and isotype of Ab responsiveness, type of antigen, and essential fatty acids is discussed.     

Challenges in enriching milk fat with polyunsaturated fatty acids

Milk fatty acid composition is determined by several factors including diet. The milk fatty acid profile of dairy cows is low in polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially those of the n-3 series. Efforts to change and influence fatty acid profile with longer chain polyunsaturated fatty acids have proven challenging. Several barriers prevent easy transfer of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids to milk fat including rumen biohydrogenation and fatty acid esterification. The potential for cellular uptake and differences in fatty acid incorporation into milk fat might also have an effect, though this has received less research effort. Given physiological impediments to enriching milk fat with polyunsaturated fatty acids, manipulating the genome of the cow might provide a greater increase than diet alone, but this too may be challenged by the physiology of the cow.     

Challenges in enriching milk fat with polyunsaturated fatty acids

Milk fatty acid composition is determined by several factors including diet. The milk fatty acid profile of dairy cows is low in polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially those of the n-3 series. Efforts to change and influence fatty acid profile with longer chain polyunsaturated fatty acids have proven challenging. Several barriers prevent easy transfer of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids to milk fat including rumen biohydrogenation and fatty acid esterification. The potential for cellular uptake and differences in fatty acid incorporation into milk fat might also have an effect, though this has received less research effort. Given physiological impediments to enriching milk fat with polyunsaturated fatty acids, manipulating the genome of the cow might provide a greater increase than diet alone, but this too may be challenged by the physiology of the cow.     

The influence of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids feeding on composition of fatty acids in fatty tissues and eggs of laying hens

The paper deals with supplementation of hen diet with oils with increased content of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and occurrence of fatty acids (FA) in fatty tissues and eggs of laying hens after the respective supplementation. The experiment was carried out on 30 laying hens of ISA BROWN hybrid, divided to three groups (A, B, C). For the period of three weeks the group A was administered flax-seed oil, group B served as a control and group C was fed base rations supplemented with fish oil. In addition to that the diet of groups A and C was supplemented with vitamin E as an antioxidant. Administration of the oils as a source of omega-3 PUFA increased their concentration in both the fatty tissues and egg-yolk which resulted in the change of the ratio of omega-6 and omega-3 PUFA. No influence of flax-seed and fish oil on concentration of alpha-tocopherol in egg-yolk was observed.     

多不饱和脂肪酸在母猪营养中的研究进展

本文综述了多不饱和脂肪酸的营养特性、生理功能及其在母猪日粮中的转运,最后探讨了ω-3脂肪酸、ω-6脂肪酸对母猪生产性能的影响。由于妊娠和泌乳期间母猪的营养和生理状态会直接影响到胎儿和新生仔猪的生长性能和健康,为了提高母猪生产性能、改善胎儿生长发育和仔猪存活率及生长性能,营养学家不仅要重视必需脂肪酸的充分供给,也要重新考虑母猪营养中必需脂肪酸及其衍生物比例的平衡问题。     

A reduced cost strategy for enriching chicken meat with omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids using dietary flaxseed oil

1. This study aimed to determine the minimal duration required for feeding male broilers (Cobb 500) with a flaxseed oil diet while still retaining long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 LCPUFA) accumulation in the meat at a desirable level.

2. Three groups of broilers (60 each) were fed on a 3% flaxseed oil (high α-linolenic acid (ALA)) diet for either 6, 4 or 2 weeks prior to slaughter. During the remaining time they were maintained on a 3% macadamia oil (low ALA) diet. A fourth group (control, n = 60) was fed on a commercial diet for 6 weeks.

3. No significant difference was observed in growth performance of broilers between groups. The amounts of total n-3 and n-3 LCPUFA in breast and thigh meat were not different between broilers fed the flaxseed oil diet for 4 and 6 weeks, but they were lower (P < 0.001) in those fed the flaxseed diet for only 2 weeks.

4. These results suggest comparable levels of n-3 LCPUFA in the meat can be achieved by only feeding the flaxseed oil diet in the last 3–4 weeks of the growth period; this would result in a ≥ 9.4% reduction in the use of flaxseed oil compared to 6 weeks of feeding; thereby reducing the cost of the enrichment process.     

日粮不同水平ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸对蛋鸡脂质代谢和免疫功能的影响

试验共设4个组,对照组日粮含3%菜油,试验组分别为基础日粮含2%菜油＋1%鱼油、1%菜油＋2%鱼油和3%鱼油,研究不同水平ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸（ω-3PUFA）对蛋鸡机体脂质代谢、过氧化作用和免疫功能的影响。结果显示,与对照组相比,各试验组血清TC含量分别提高0.24%（P〉0.05）、1.86%（P〉0.05）和3.55%（P〈0.05）;2%和3%鱼油添加组TG含量分别降低12.52%（P〉0.05）和51.18%（P〈0.05）;各试验组HDL-C含量分别提高55.70%、70.89%和36.71%（P〉0.05）;LDL-C含量分别降低20.02%、21.79%和9.07%（P〉0.05）;各试验组血清MDA含量和SOD活力均较对照组有所降低（P〉0.05）;肝脏MDA含量升高（P〉0.05）;1%、2%鱼油添加组肝脏SOD活力分别提高27.36%和31.24%（P〉0.05）。ω-3PUFA降低了腹脂HSL活性（P〉0.05）,腹脂率以3%鱼油添加组为最高,较对照组提高52.96%（P〈0.05）。血清IgGI、gAI、gM、C3、C4以3%鱼油添加组为最高,分别比对照组提高19.70%（P〈0.05）、40.56%（P〉0.05）、35.66%（P〉0.05）、30.32%（P〉0.05）和30.34%（P〉0.05）。研究表明,ω-3PUFA可以影响机体脂类代谢,提高机体免疫功能,但同时伴随脂质过氧化物合成增加。综合各项指标,日粮中以2%鱼油添加量为宜。     

The effect of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on infection with the nematodes Ostertagia ostertagi and Cooperia oncophora in calves

Diet-induced changes in the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content of immune cells influences the immune phenotype that develops following infection. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of manipulating dietary PUFA supply on tissue fatty acids composition and immunity to a mixed infection with an abomasal and an intestinal nematode parasite in calves. Calves (n=24) were allocated into two treatment groups and fed 25 g/day of either fish oil (n-3 group) or a binary mixture of palm/rapeseed oil (normal group) as a supplement in milk replacer. Within each treatment group eight calves were infected with 2000 L3 Ostertagia ostertagi and Cooperia oncophora, three times per week for 8 weeks, the remaining calves were pair-fed uninfected controls. Faecal egg counts (FEC) were carried out twice weekly. At slaughter, the whole gut was removed intact for worm counts and tissue samples were taken for fatty acid analysis. Samples of abomasum, duodenum and mid-gut were also collected for immunohistological analysis. FEC were not significantly influenced by oil supplement but tended to remain higher in the palm/rapeseed oil-fed group (normal infected). The number of intestinal immature worms was significantly (p<0.05) higher in the n-3 group. Mucosal mast cell (MMC) and eosinophil numbers were significantly increased (p<0.05) by infection and were significantly lower (p<0.05) in the intestinal tissue of the fish oil supplemented and infected group (n-3 infected group). These results suggest that feeding an n-3 PUFA-rich supplement (fish oil) can influence cellular mediators of immunity to nematode infection. This is the first report of the establishment of patency and the subsequent development of immunity to a mixed infection with O. ostertagi and C. oncophora in calves undergoing early rumen development. The trend in the FEC, MMC and eosinophil numbers in the n-3 group suggests that decreasing the dietary n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio may be a worthwhile immunonutritional strategy for potentiating the immune response to nematode parasite infection in the calf.     

多不饱和脂肪酸对肉鸡肠道内环境的影响

选用1日龄AA肉仔鸡960只,随机分为4个处理组,每个处理4个重复,研究在日粮中添加不同水平多不饱和脂肪酸(0、150、2503、50 mg/kg PUFA)对肉鸡肠道内环境的影响。试验期为35 d:1~7日龄为预试期,饲喂基础日粮8;日龄进入正式期,于肉鸡28日龄和42日龄每个处理分别抽取5只鸡进行屠宰试验,测定消化道中pH和消化酶的活性。结果表明:在肉鸡饲料中添加不同梯度的PUFA,与对照组相比,能够降低消化道pH值,提高肉鸡各肠段消化酶脂肪酶、胰蛋白酶、淀粉酶的活性,改善肠道环境;尤其在250 mg/kg添加量下对各肠段脂肪酶的活性的影响效果最为显著(P<0.05);由此可见,在肉鸡日粮中添加PUFA具有优化肉鸡肠道环境的作用,其最适添加水平为250 mg/kg。     

多不饱和脂肪酸对基因表达的影响及其机理

多不饱和脂肪酸(polyunsaturated fatty acids,PUFAs)既可作为机体的结构成分和能量来源,又可通过影响基因表达而改变脂类、糖类和蛋白质的代谢,影响细胞的增殖和分化等。文中重点综述PUFAs对动物,特别是鱼类基因表达的影响及其机理,以便研究和通过PUFAs对动物生产性能进行调控,有效提高和控制动物的生长和生产性能,促进机体的正常生长、发育和健康。     

多不饱和脂肪酸的营养作用及其基因表达调控

多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)是一种重要的营养物质,是所有细胞膜的重要成分,具有重要的生理功能。本文着重论述了PUFA的营养功能和其调控基因表达的分子机制。     

日粮脂肪酸来源对动物产品中不饱和脂肪酸影响的研究进展

本文就动物日粮脂肪酸来源对肉、蛋和奶中不饱和脂肪酸含量的影响作一简要综述。