Tree Adoption in the North-East Philippines Uplands: Analysis of a GO-NGO Partnership

In recent decades, the Philippines have put much effort into designing strategies for motivating upland communities to plant trees. The accomplishments of these programs have been variable, however, and need further investigation. Focusing on five villages located in the uplands in north-east Luzon, this paper assesses the response to a government program that supplied tenure security to upland farmers in exchange for tree planting, implemented through an NGO project that supported farmers with advice, logistics and free seedlings. Response was measured as the percentage of households that joined the program, the percentage of their lots that they submitted for tenure contract and the percentage of these lots that were actually planted with more than 50 trees. The resulting overall tree adoption rate was that 22% of the lots in the villages had been planted, with a variation of 15–35% between villages. Main motivational factors were the land tenure prospect and the perceived stable markets for fruit and timber. Farmers were not only motivated but also capacitated, both financially and in terms of the bureaucratic procedures, by the NGO project. Without these, the government program could only have benefited the few well-off and educated farmers. The case study stands, therefore, as an example of effective government-NGO partnership.     

Effect of Key Priority Forestry Programs on off-farm employment: Evidence from Chinese rural households

This paper examines how 3 Key Priority Forestry Programs (the KPFPs) influenced rural off-farm employment time using a long-term panel dataset that spans 18 years (1995–2012) and includes 6 provinces in China. The programs included the most significant forest policies, including the Sloping Land Conversion Program (SLCP), Desertification Combating Program around Beijing and Tianjin (DCBT), and Natural Forest Protection Program (NFPP). A labor supply model with both fixed and cluster effects were used to identify the programs' disparate impacts in the different regions and on various policy stages. We found the following results: (i) the overall effect of the SLCP was pronounced in relation to the off-farm participation time, but it weakened gradually after the first policy stage; (ii) the DCBT had less impact than the SLCP in increasing the work time of farmers who already had off-farm jobs, but it was better than the SLCP during the various subsidy policy stages; (iii) the NFPP's total effect was insignificant; (iv) forestry subsidies tended to be decoupled for farmers in China, since the substitution effect was greater than the income effect and increased the supply of non-agricultural labor hours. The researches and policy implications of our work are also discussed here.     

巩固退耕还林成果：农户意愿与行为研究进展及对策建议

参与退耕还林的农户是推进工程可持续运行的重要利益相关者。在后退耕时代，关注农户保持退耕还林成果意愿与行为的研究进展并提出相应的对策建议，对于我国退耕还林成果的巩固和长效机制建立具有重要意义。通过文献梳理，文中对农户保持退耕还林成果的意愿和行为及其影响因素进行总结和分析，并在此基础上提出促进农户退耕还林成果保持的理论逻辑与路径；从学术研究的视角指出农户退耕还林成果保持未来需要重点关注的问题，从政策视角提出具有针对性的引导农户保持退耕还林成果的对策建议，可为巩固我国退耕还林成果以及优化完善后续退耕还林政策提供参考。     

Feasibility of sustaining the upland conversion program by establishing a domestic carbon market

To sustain the upland conversion program （UCP） in China after the government compensation expires, we suggest an establishment of a domestic carbon market where forest carbon from the UCP can be traded. Taking southwest China＇s Yunnan Province as an example, we explored the feasibility of switching the UCP to a carbon offset project. The breakeven carbon price which is equivalent to the opportunity cost of agricultural cultivation was estimated and then compared with the carbon price in the international market. We found that it is feasible to change the UCP to a carbon offset project if the duration is longer than 10 years at a discount rate of 7%, and if the recent bid price （147.2 Yuan.t-1） for Chinese carbon offset project prevails. The feasibility is better for converted land with lower productivity when the project duration is given. For a given site index, the feasibility is lower as pro- ject length is reduced. The results of sensitivity analysis show that the feasibility will be enhanced as the discount rate increases; however, the changes in the price of agricultural products and the amount of sequestered carbon have insignificant effects on the choice of sites and project duration.     

滹沱河（石家庄市区段）植物资源调查及物种推荐

对滹沱河（石家庄市区段）进行的生态开发整治工程是石家庄市政府提出的重点工程,而植被的恢复与重建是对退化生态系统进行修复的有效手段。通过资料收集和实地调研相结合的方法,认为该区域内共有植物75科211种,并从植物的生态功能角度对植物种类进行了推荐,希望能为研究区域植被群落的恢复提供一些参考。     

偏关县退耕还林地植物种类调查研究

以偏关县退耕还林地为研究对象,应用生态学原理和方法,调查退耕还林地的植物种类。结果表明,偏关县退耕地植物共有34科,77属,95种。2000年,2001年和2002年退耕地的植物高度分别比对照区增加了19．8cm,16．2em,7．0cm;植被相对盖度分别增加了47．6％,42．4％和33．1％．退耕地的植物生长发育速度比对照区快。     

Evaluation of the performance of the community rainforest reforestation program in North Queensland,Australia

The Community Rainforest Reforestation Program (CRRP) in north Queensland, Australia, was a multi-faceted experiment in facilitating farm forestry. It was motivated in part by the World Heritage listing of the Wet Tropics of Queensland rainforests, which removed a large resource from the timber industry. Survey results indicate that some landholders have applied high-quality silvicultural management to their stands with a view to timber production, while others have been more interested in wildlife habitat and other non-wood benefits. Although not necessarily a success in terms of its stated goals, the program can be credited with a number of achievements. It yielded valuable experience in growing native tree species, job training for young unemployed people, and collaboration between Federal, State and local government in forest industry development. The program generated positive environmental outcomes and lessons for future timber and environmental planting programs on private lands. While the area planted and quantity of timber produced will fall far short of initial expectations, and some limitations arose with the job training activities, it nevertheless appears to have been a worthwhile project.     

Parameters affecting shoot production and rooting of cuttings from lodgepole pine hedges

By propagating lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) cuttings in vivo, we obtained after 7 growing cycles (ca 3.5 years) in a greenhouse, sufficient number of cuttings from most families to establish clonal progeny tests. Twenty-one full-sib families with approximately 20 clones per family were studied for five years. Years when cuttings were set, families within latitude and clones within families differed significantly in rooting percentages, with the variance components 4.2%, 8.2% and 9.5%, respectively. One way to get a frequent and uniform rooting is to take cuttings from non-leading shoots since they have higher rooting percentage than leading shoots. Neither total length of the cuttings nor length of the primary needles were significantly correlated to rooting percentage. With appropriate management of the ortets and the cuttings during rooting, most clones could be included in a cutting propagation program.     

Realized genetic gains observed in second generation seedling seed orchards of Eucalyptus pellita in Indonesia

The first generation genetic gains in four second-generation seedling seed orchards of Eucalyptus pellita established at two locations in Indonesia (Kalimantan and Sumatra) were examined by analyzing data on the height, diameter and stem form of the trees during years 1 to 3. The seed orchards each consisted of 60 open-pollinated families: 48–49 families from first-generation plus trees (improved population) and 11–12 families from natural forest (unimproved population). The realized gains for height and diameter were ca. 16 and 19%, respectively. These gains were highly significant and consistent, irrespective of age and location. However, the gains in stem form were much lower (4%) in Kalimantan than in Sumatra (21%) and only significant in the latter, possibly because of the more intensive silvicultural management regimes at the Sumatran sites. The results confirmed that the first-generation tree improvement program for E. pellita has been effective in Indonesia, and that it should provide improved seeds for operational plantation, thus raising their productivity.     

Woody plant species diversity and composition in and around Debre Libanos church forests of North Shoa Zone of Oromiya,Ethiopia

Dry afromontane forests are among the most poorly managed and endangered ecosystems.Therefore,we assessed the composition,diversity,and conservation status of woody plant species of the Debre Libanos church forests and surrounding forest lands in Oromiya Regional National State,central Ethiopia in 62 nested circular sample plots spaced 200 m apart along two transect lines.Large circular plots 314 m~2 were used to sample trees with DBH of at least 10 cm,and subplots of 28.26 m~2 were laid in each main plot were used to assess saplings and shrubs;a small subplot of 3.14 m~2 was used to assess seedlings.In total,70 woody plant species belonging to 62 genera and 43 families were recorded.Of these,59,28 and 32 were in the church,government and private forest types,respectively.The most dominant families were Fabaceae and Verbenaceae,each represented by five species.In the forests considered,trees accounted for 61%,and shrubs with diameter at breast height(DBH) of 1-10 cm accounted for ca.33%.Among growth forms of woody species,shrubs and seedlings,followed by trees constituted much of the density of woody species in all the three ownership types of forests.The church forest had the most species(59) and highest Shannon(3.12) and Simpson(0.92) species diversity indices,and the government and private forests had a nearly similar total number of species and Shannon and Simpson species diversity indices.Most of the species with higher importance value indices(IVI) were indigenous in origin within the church forest(Juniperus procera=82),government forest(J.procera=66) and private forest(Acacia abyssinica=84).The composition,diversity,and population structure of woody species in the church forest were significantly higher than in the other forest lands.However,interventions of the government and private sectors to conserve forest systems in the areas,particularly the government-owned forest and specific species such as Olea europaea need active enrichment plantings due to their limited natural regeneration.Without improved management interventions,livelihood income diversification and ecosystem services obtained from the forest will not be sustainable.     

新生桥国家森林公园种子植物多样性及区系特征研究

通过野外调查和查阅文献资料,获取新生桥国家森林公园植物资源信息,从植物种类、区系等方面对森林公园植物多样性进行分析。结果表明,森林公园共记录种子植物115科417属734种,其中裸子植物5科10属11种,被子植物110科407属723种。种子植物科的组成以小科(55科,占47.8%)和极小科(31科,占27.0%)为主,科内种的组成以中等科(238种,占32.4%)和小科(182种,占24.8%)为主;属的组成以小属(132属,占31.6%)和极小属(272属,占62.5%)为主,属内种的组成以小属(325种,占48.0%)和极小属(272种,占37.1%)为主;优势科7科,优势属22属;在属级和种级水平植物区系上,温带分布均占有绝对优势;有3个中国特有属,265种中国特有种;有国家一级重点保护野生植物1种,国家二级重点保护野生植物5种。     

Land Use After Forestland Allocation and the Potential for Farm Forestry in a Mountainous Region of Northeast Vietnam

As a response to serious deforestation in Vietnam, the forestland allocation (FLA) policy was introduced in the 1990s. The process still continues, having allocated 80% of the forestland to various management entities, among which individual households are the most important one for production forests. While previous studies focusing on local livelihoods reveal negative impacts of the FLA, particularly in the initial stage, studies on forest cover change as well as government statistics indicate positive changes in the longer term. We focused on micro-scale land use change after the FLA, and selected two upland villages with different accessibility in the Northeast region of Vietnam. Though the FLA was initiated in 1995 in both villages, the government reforestation program first reached Village G with paved road, and they did second planting. However, forestland recipients in Village A, with no paved road, also planted timber species as soon as the program was introduced. Though the mean allocated areas in Village A was larger than that of Village G, the mean of tree plantation areas was comparable, 1.39 ha (SE?=?1.09) in Village A and 1.38 ha (SE?=?1.01) in Village G. These results suggest that government support is a determinant of the timing and area of tree planting activities. After the FLA, one of the next policy challenges is how to make small-scale farm forestry financially independent.     

杉木2代种子园单亲子代试验

杉木（Cunninghamia lanceolata（Lamb．）Hook．）是我国的主要造林树种,广泛分布于长江、珠江流域14省（区）亚热带地区,每年木材产量约是全国商品材产量的1／5到1／4,20世纪90年代年造林面积40万hm^2左右。约占我国人工林面积的1／10。杉木育种虽取得很大成绩,但还不能满足生产上对良种的需求。为了满足生产上的需要,加快林木良种建设步伐,提高良种的遗传增益,作者在杉木1代种子园建立的基础上,于1992年起开展了杉木高世代（即2代）种子园建立技术的研究;同时,于1997—1999年连续3a进行了杉木2代种子园单亲子代林的测定研究。     

Multi-sectoral Participatory Urban Forestry Development in Philippines＇ Metropolitan Manila

Metropolitan Manila, the capital region of the Philippines, initiated urban forestry projects to showcase its environmental benefits. Metro Manila was once a part of a tropical mangrove forest dominated by small trees locally called nilad (Scyphiphora hydrophyllaceae). The fast-paced urbanization transformed the original ecosystem into a bustling metropolis subjected to environmental decay. The establishment of urban forestry is one of the interventions sought by the government to mitigate the environmental conditions.Thus, the concept of participatory urban forestry was formalized in 1988 by the national government.However, it was during the early years of the 1970s that the idea of exerting collective effort in greening Metro Manila started through the Green Revolution, with the primary motive of uplifting the economic condition of the people rather than on ecological enhancement. The project was forced on the people to plant vegetables and fruit trees with less emphasis on forest trees species. Although the project was not successful,the government realized that the citizenry could be a great partner for a collective worthwhile undertaking.     

红皮云杉种源间及家系间苗期高生长变异性研究

对红皮云杉5个种源(2年生)苗高生长分析结果表明,红皮云杉种源间存在丰富的变异,变异系数在25.6%~31.2%之间,平均值为28.28%;5个种源间苗高生长差异极显著,高生长最大的鸡西种源(11.5 cm)与克什克腾种源(11.3 cm)分别高出生长量最小的塔河种源(9.05 cm)27.07%和24.86%。各种源内家系之间存在丰富变异,其中克什克腾种源家系间变异最大,变异系数在22.1%~35.3%之间,平均值为27.53%,高生长最大的C15号家系高出最小的C12号家系62.4%,种源内家系间苗高差异极显著。     

Community Forestry in Laos

This article examines the current state of community forestry in Laos. The rationale for community forestry in the Lao context is presented, followed by a discussion of the development of the Lao version of community forestry, called participatory sustainable forest management (PSFM). The history of a project supported by an international non-government organization that attempted to implement PSFM and that was subsequently discontinued by the Lao government is then presented, followed by an analysis of the reasons for government opposition to the project. Examples of more successful community forestry systems in two countries—Nepal and Mexico—are contrasted with Laos's state-centered PSFM model. Lessons from these countries suggest that fundamental institutional changes are necessary for community forestry to take hold in Laos.     

参与式项目设计在世界银行贷款广西综合林业发展与保护项目中的应用

通过对参与式项目设计方法在广西综合林业发展与保护项目中的运用分析,详细介绍了参与式项目设计方法在项目实施过程中的程序、步骤.认为参与式项目设计方法是一种自下而上的方法,它使林农的自主决策权力得到充分体现,并保证所获得信息的真实性,但其设计过程复杂、工作量大、成本高,需要政府的大力支持才能完成.     

Intraspecific variation in the response of Taxodium distichum seedlings to salinity

Seedlings of 15 open-pollinated families of baldcypress (Taxodium distichum) were tested for their tolerance to combined salinity and flooding strees. Ten of the families were from coastal locations in Louisiana or Alabama, USA, that were slightly brackish. The other families were from locations not affected by saltwater intrusion. Five salinity levels were investigated — 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 g l⁻¹ artificial seawater—all with flooding to approximately 5 cm above the soil surface. Survival, height growth, leaf area and total biomass all declined with increasing salinity. Significant variation was found among salinity levels, families, and salinity×family interactions for leaf area and total biomass. Two tolerance indices were also developed to compare family response with salinity. In generalm families from brackish sources had greater total biomass, leaf area, and tolerance index values than families from freshwater sources at the higher salinity levels. A selection and breeding program designed to develop moderately salt-tolerant baldcypress seedlings for use in wetland restoration projects and other applications appears to be well-justified.     

G316工程建设对汉江国家湿地公园植物多样性影响的评价

在G316河谷段改线工程所途径的汉江国家湿地公园沿线设置72个样方,进行植物多样性调查,结果表明：工程建设区共出现有维管束植物26科40属59种,有11种植物群系类型,植物种类以杨树、狗牙根等为优势,群落植物多样性均偏低;预计工程建设将使301 t植物生物量受到损失;由于工程建设占用土地面积较小,不会导致物种灭绝和影响物种的正常繁殖生长,植物多样性的降低也极为有限.     

开展政府投资项目绩效审计的必要性及着眼点

作者通过自己在竣工决算审计中发现的政府投资效益低下的问题,提出开展政府投资项目绩效审计的必要性及在绩效审计过程中应把握的关键环节及着眼点。