Inheritance of extreme resistance to potato virus Y in potato

Summary Segregation for extreme resistance to PVY was evaluated in progenies derived from crossing two extremely resistant potato clones with parents differing in resistance. Resistance was evaluated after mechanical inoculation with PVY^O and PVY^N, and after graft inoculation with PVY^O. Biological and serological tests (ELISA) were used for virus detection. The extreme resistance is governed by a single dominant gene, but observed segregations deviated from the expected ratios. Considerable modifying effects were detectable, depending on the potato genotype and virus isolate, for a significant excess of susceptible genotypes was observed in some progenies. Moreover, genotypes with non-parental types of resistance to PVY were observed.     

Control of aphid-borne potato virus Y in potatoes with oil emulsions

Tests were made at Presque Isle, Maine, from 1963 through 1965 to measure the effect of oil sprays on the spread of potato virus Y (PVY) in Green Mountain potatoes. In 1963, 4 weekly applications of a 1% mineral oil emulsion at 1.25 gal oil/acre(4.71/.41 ha) did notaffect significantly (P = 0.05) the spread of PVY. In 1964, the 64% control of PVY spread from 5 weekly applications of mineral oil emulsion at 1.25 gal/acre was not significantly different at that level from the 55% control from 5 weekly applications of the oil emulsion at 2.5 gal/acre (9.5 1/.41 ha). Three or 5 weekly applications of an alkylated naphthalene (Velsicol AR-60®) spray at 1.25 gal/acre significantly increased spread of PVY compared to that from 5 applications of the oil at 1.25 or at 2.5 gal/acre. In 1965, from 69 to 75% control of PVY spread resulted from 6 weekly applications of a paraffin oil emulsion at 2.5 gal/acre. The percent spread from the 6 weekly applications was smaller, but not significantly so (P = 0.05), than from 3 weekly applications made during the first half of the same 6-week period. In these tests, relatively light spread of PVY occurred, and control of spread was rather variable but the results indicate that oil emulsion sprays offer promise for protecting potato plants from PVY infection.     

Incidence of potato virus Y and potato leaf roll virus in autumn potatoes in Israel

Summary Random sampling of autumn grown potatoes in Israel revealed potato virus Y incidences of 2.7, 2.5 and 3% during the years 1976, 1977 and 1978, respectively, figures only slightly higher than those found in spring-planted fields (2.3% in 1976), and which agree with visual estimates by the Inspection Service. Assaying random samples for potato leaf roll virus (PLRV) by aphid transmission to test plants, detected incidences as high as 38.8, 28.9, 36.7 and 33.3% during 1976, 1977, 1978 and 1979, respectively, although only minor levels were visable, indicating symptom masking in the autumn. Most of the infection was found to be secondary; ca. 25% of the local seeds for autumn planting, grown during spring, are PLRV-infected. The effect of the high incidences of PLRV on autumn yields is not known, but they are consistently lower than spring yields of the same varieties. Contribution No 315-E, 1980 Series, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel.     

Protection against potato virus Y (PVY) in the field in potatoes transformed with the PVY P1 Gene

Lines of potato cv. Pito transformed with the P1 gene ofPotato virus Y (PVY^o) in sense or antisense orientation were evaluated for resistance to PVY in the field in 1997 and 1998. The transgenic resistance fully protected the crop from infection with PVY^o transmitted by aphids in both years. These plants were not resistant to the field isolates of the PVY^N strain group, which is in agreement with our greenhouse experiments. Consequently, several transgenic lines produced higher yields than the nontransgenic cv. Pito plants. These results showed that the P1 gene-mediated resistance provides significant benefits under conditions were the incidence of infections and damage by PVY^o are considerable.     

Field testing potatoes for resistance to leafroll and virus Y

A method of screening seedlings in a breeding program for resistance to leafroll and virus Y under field conditions is outlined. From the results, more meaningful decisions can be made as to the prospects of a particular seedling surviving under commercial conditions. In addition, parents for resistance to the two viruses can be identified.     

Potato leafroll virus and potato virus Y in seed potatoes used to plant the North Carolina crop

Incidence of potato leafroll virus (PLRV) and potato virus Y (PVY) was determined in seed potatoes (Solatium tuberosum) from Canada, Maine, Minnesota, New York, North Dakota, Nebraska, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin used to plant the North Carolina crop in 1977, 1978 and 1979. Incidence of PLRV ranged from 0–5.2% (X = 0.57%) and for PVY from 0-5.6% (X = 0.62%) from all sources (112 seed lots). All PVY isolates (177) tested from potato caused a very mild veinbanding and mottling onNicotiana tabacum cultivars NC 95 and NC 2326. No serological difference was detected between these isolates and the common strain of PVY from tobacco in North Carolina. Essentially no spread of PVY occurred in three potato fields observed each year of the study.     

A deviant strain of potato virus Y infecting potatoes in South Africa

Summary From 1980 to 1982 a mosaic disease of potatoes was prevalent in a major seed potato production area in South Africa. The virus causing the disease was serologically identified as a strain of potato virus Y (PVY). Its host range and symptoms were similar to those of PVY^o and it was designated PVY-81. PVY-81 failed to induce necrotic lesions on leaves ofSolanum demissum×S. tuberosum ‘A6’, but it did so on the potato cultivars BP-1, Buffelspoort and Koos Smit. PVY-81 was non-persistently transmitted byMyzus persicae. Monitoring of aphid migrations showed that aphid species that do not naturally colonize potatoes could have caused the primary spread of the virus into potato fields.

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Zusammenfassung Von 1980 bis 1982 war im Hauptgebiet der Saatkartoffelproduktion in Südafrika eine Mosaikkrankheit an Kartoffeln verbreitet. Das Virus, das die Krankheit verursacht, wurde an Hand seiner Partikelmorphologie und der serologischen Verh?ltnisse als ein Stamm des Kartoffelvirus Y (PVY) identifiziert. Er wurde als PVY-81 bezeichnet. Der Wirtskreis des PVY-81 war auf Solanaceen und Chenopodiaceen beschr?nkt. Die durch diesen Stamm induzierten Symptome an Wirtspflanzen ?hnelten denjenigen, die durch PVY^O verursacht wurden mit Ausnahme der nicht induzierbaren Lokall?sionen auf den abgetrennten Bl?ttern vonSolanum demissum×Solanum tuberosum ‘A6’. Die nekrotische Reaktion auf den inokulierten Bl?ttern der Sorte Koos Smit wurde mit einbezogen, um den ‘A6’-Test zu ersetzen (Abb. 1). Die Reaktion einiger Kartoffelsorten (Tab. 1) auf die Infektion mit diesem Stamm unterschied sich von derjenigen auf PVY^O und PVY^N. Drei Sorten, King George, Pentland Dell und 890/20 waren offensichtlich resistent gegenüber der Blattlausübertragung (Tab. 2). Das Virus wurde vonMyzus persicae nicht-persistent übertragen. Die Befunde, die sich aus der Erfassung der Blattlauspopulation ergaben, wiesen darauf hin, dass die nicht auf Kartoffeln kolonisierenden Blattl?use wieAcyrthosiphon pisum, Rhopalosiphoninus staphyleae undRhopalosiphum padi vermutlich hauptverantwortlich für die Ausbreitung des PVY-81 waren. Eine sehr geringe Anzahl vonM. persicae undMacrosiphum euphorbiae wurden w?hrend der gesamten Wachstumszeit in den Fallen gefangen (Tab. 3). Das Pflanzen von gesundem Saatgut und das rechtzeitige Entfernen von Volunteer-Kartoffeln aus der vorhergegangenen Saison hat zur Kontrolle der Krankheit geführt.

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Résumé De 1980 à 1982, une mosa?que de la pomme de terre s'est répandue dans une grande région de production de plants de pommes de terre en Afrique du Sud. Le virus responsable de la maladie fut identifié comme souche du virus Y de la pomme de terre (PVY) sur la base de la morphologie de sa particule et des caractéristiques sérologiques. Il fut identifié comme PVY-81. La gamme h?te de PVY-81 était limitée aux Solanaceae et aux Chenopodiaceae. Les sympt?mes sur plantes-h?tes induites par cette souche sont similaires à ceux causés par PVY^O sauf qu'elle n'entr?ne pas de lésions locales sur feuilles détachées deSolanum demissum ×S. tuberosum ‘A6’. La réaction nécrotique sur feuilles inoculées de la variété Koos Smit fut incorporée en complément du test A6 (figure 1). La réaction de certaines variétés (tableau 1) à l'infection par cette souche diffère de celle provoquée par PVY^O et PVY^N. Trois variétés King George, Pentland Dell et 890/20 furent apparamment résistante à la transmission du virus (tableau 2). Le virus fut transmis de fa?on non persistante parMyzus persicae. Les résultats obtenus par comptage des populations aphidiennes montrent que les espèces qui ne colonnisent pas les pommes de terre telles queAcyrthosiphon pisum, Rhopalosiphoninus staphyleae etRhopalosiphum padi sont parmi les plus responsables de la dissémination de PVY-81. Un faible nombre deM. persicae etMacrosiphum euphorbiae a été capturé pendant la période de croissance (tableau 3). La plantation de plants sains et l'enlèvement au bon moment des repousses de la période précédente ont conduit à maitriser la maladie.

     

Detection of a simplex RAPD marker linked to resistance to potato virus Y in a tetraploid potato

Extreme resistance to potato virus Y, derived from a wild diploid speciesSolanum chacoense, was found in Japanese cultivar Konafubuki. The segregation ratio of resistant vs susceptible in the tetraploid population from Kita-akari (susceptible) x Konafubuki (resistant) indicated that the resistance gene followed a monogenic dominant fashion. Bulked DNA samples of resistant and of susceptible clones were screened with 306 decamer primers by PCR to find RAPD markers linked to the resistance. The RAPD marker 38-530 was reproducibly detected in the resistant clones with a recombination frequency of 16.3%. Except for Konafubuki the marker band was found only in a few limited parental lines and cultivars where the resistance is not involved. Thus, using Konafubuki as a resistance gene source, the RAPD marker 38-530 would be practically and widely useful in tetraploid breeding programs.     

An approach to field screening potato genotypes for potato leaf roll virus resistance

Eight potato cultivars and two advanced breeder selections were assessed for field resistance to the potato leaf roll virus (PLRV) following field exposures in which PLRV-infected Russet Burbank plants were used as inoculum sources within treatments. This screening protocol provided consistent PLRV resistance ratings despite year-to-year variation in PLRV pressure. Secondary disease incidence based on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of foliage from tuber progeny ranged from 0–87% in 1990 and 0–67% in 1991, and was consistent with reported PLRV resistance ratings for eight of ten genotypes. Agreement between visual assessment and ELISA on plants from harvested tubers was 94% in 1990 and 83% in 1991, for all genotypes. However, agreement data were inconsistent from year-to-year, with the exception of three genotypes. In both years, current season infection, based on ELISA of foliage, was detected in less than two percent of the plants and, was inadequate as a measure of secondary PLRV incidence. Green peach aphid (GPA) populations did not differ among genotypes at sampling times during the season, but the PLRV concentration in GPA colonizing Russet Burbank plots was significantly higher than in GPA colonizing any other genotype.     

Reaction to the potato leafroll virus (PLRV) in diploid potatoes

Summary Diploid parents with some resistance to PLRV, were intercrossed to give 3 families with 191 clones which were evaluated for reaction to PLRV and yielding ability. After inoculation with PLRV the clones could be separated into those: 1) resistant, 2) susceptible, 3) intolerant, reacting with low virus concentration, 4) tolerant and 5) intermediate in reaction. Both the ELISA test and the evaluation of external disease symptoms were necessary to separate the clones. No correlation was found between resistance to PLRV and tuber yielding ability.     

Reducing the spread of potato leaf roll virus,alfalfa mosaic virus and potato virus Y in seed potatoes by trapping aphids on sticky yellow polyethylene sheets

Summary Trials were made in an attempt to reduce the spread of the aphid-transmitted viruses, potato leaf roll virus, potato virus Y and alfalfa mosaic virus in seed potatoes. The experiments were carried out on the coastal plain of Israel, at Bet-Dagan. Seed potatoes which had been protected by ‘sticky’, yellow polyethylene sheeting showed a marked reduction in the incidence of virus-infected tubers. The percentage of potato leaf roll virus-affected tubers from protected plots, compared to that from the unprotected, control plots, was as follows: for 1974, 2 and 17.2%, for 1975, 6 and 29%, respectively. The higher infection rates for the period 1975–76 being explained by the longer aphid trapping time used which continued until 20 June in 1975, but only to 10 May in 1974. There was also a reduction in the spread of both potato virus Y and alfalfa mosaic virus.

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Zusammenfassung Es wurde untersucht, ob die Ausbreitung von Blattlaus-übertragbaren Viren-Blattrollvirus (PLRV). Alfalfa-Mosaik virus (AMV) und Kartoffel-Y-Virus (PVY)- in Pflanzkartoffełbest?nden durch den Gebrauch von Farbk?dern kontrolliert werden k?nnte. Diese Versuche beruhen auf den Ergebnissen, dass L?use von reflektiertem Licht im Bereich zwischen 500 und 700 nm stark angezogen werden (Moericke, 1969). In den Jahren 1974–1975 und 1975 1976 wurden im Frühjahr (Hauptkartoffelanbauzeit) in Bet-Dagan. Israel zwei getrennte Versuche durchgeführt. Abb. 1 zeigt zwei Parzellen 10 m × 10 m. die 30 m von einander getrennt sind. Eine ist von klebrigen gelben Poly?thylenfolien umgeben, die andere nicht- unbehandelte Kontrolle. Jeder dieser Parzellen wurde am 2. M?rz 1974 und am 5. M?rz 1975 mit irischem zertifiziertem Pflanzgut der Sorte Up-to-date bepflanzt, insgesamt 260 Knollen pro Parzelle, wobei der Abstand zwischen den Reihen 90 em und innerhalb der Reihe 35 cm betrug. Vor dem Auflaufen der Kartoffeln wurde in einem Abstand von 4 m von den Parzellenkanten bis zu einer H?he von 70 cm über dem Erdboden 4 m×0.5 m grosse Poly?thylenfolien gespannt. Diese Folien wurden mit ‘Rimi foot glue’ (R. Yewnin and M. Joffe. Technochemical factory. Tel Aviv. Israel) bedeckt, das durchsichtig ist und lange Zeit klebrig bleibt. W?hrend der Wachstumszeit wurden die Symptome beobachtet und mit Hilfe einer Wasserfalle nach Moericke, die nahe der Kartoffeln aufgestellt war, wurden die geflügelten Blattlauspopulationen gefangen, um darüber Daten zu erhalten. Die gefangenen Blattl?use wurden w?chentlich gesammelt (Zimmerman-Gries & Swirski, 1960). Vom Gesamtfang wurde nurMyzus persicae bestimmt und gez?hlt. Das Auftreten von Prim?rinfektionen durch PLRV, AMV und PVY wurde durch regelm?ssige Feldbeobachtungen erfasst. Von jeder Pflanze wurden für sp?tere Kontrollen zwei Kartoffelknollen in den für sp?tere Kontrollen zwei Kartoffelknollen in Pflanzgutgr?sse geerntet. Diese Kartoffelknollen wurden 6 Monate bei 2 3 C gelagert und dann in einem insektengeschüzten Gew?chshaus ausgepflanzt. Das Blattrollivrus wurde bestimmt, in demM. persicae von Pflanzen, in denen dieses Virus vermutet wurde, aufDatura stramonium umgesetzt wurden (Zimmerman-Gries et al., 1973). AMV, PVY und PVX wurden durch mechanische Inokulation auf Testpflanzen identifiziert. Die Abbildungen 2 und 3 zeigen die enge Verbindung zwischen der Verteilung des Gesamtfanges w?hrend der Saison und der vonMyzus persicae. Tabelle 1 zeigt die Anzahl infizierter Knollen in Prozent im ersten Nachbau von geschützten und ungeschützten Parzellen. In den Jahren 1974 und 1975 waren in den ungeschützten Parzellen viel mehr PLRV-infizierte Knollen als in den geschützten (2 und 17.2% bzw. 6 und 29%). Der h?here PLRV-Befall im Jahre 1975 kann durch die l?ngere Fangperiode fürM. persicae in diesem Jahr erkl?rt werden. Ein ?hnlicher Einfluss der klebrigen, gelben Poly?thylenfolien wurde bei der Ausbreitung von AMV (1974: 16 und 7.2%. 1975: 2.5 und 6%) beobachtet. Der Befall durch PVY war nicht so hoch wie der von Cohen & Marco (1973) festgestellte (1974: 0 und 2.4% und 1975: 1 und 3.5%). Sie fanden in 90% ihrer Pfefferproben PVY. Diese Technik, mit entsprechender Weiterentwicklung, k?nnte der Ausbreitung persistenter und nicht persistenter Viren in Pflanzkartoffelbest?nden entgegenwirken.

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Résumé La possibilité de réduire le taux de contamination du plant de pommes de terre par le virus de l'enroulement (PLRV), le virus de la mosa?que de la luzerne (AMV) et le virus Y de la pomme de terre (PVY) a été testée et la réduction a pu être possible par l'utilisation d'appats de couleur’. Ces essais ont été basés sur le fait que les pucerons sont fortement attirés par la lumière réfléchie dans la zone des 500–700 nm (Moericke, 1969). Deux expérimentations différentes ont été conduites durant le printemps (principale période de culture de la pomme de terre) des années 1974–75 et 1975–76 à Bet-Dagan en Isra?l. Deux parcelles de 10 m×10 m, séparées par une distance de 30 m, ont été retenues comme l'indique la figure 1. L'une est entourée avec des baches en polyéthylène jaune qui sont collantes, l'autre n'est pas entourée et sert de témoin non traité. Chacune de ces parcelles a été plantée avec des semences certifiées en provenance d'Irlande de la variété Up-to-Date le 2 mars 1974 et le 5 mars 1975. 260 tubercules ont été plantés dans chaque parcelle à des distances de 90 cm×35 cm. A une distance de 4 m de chaque c?té, et avant la levée des pommes de terre, une bache de polyéthylène jaune de 4 m ×0.5 m a été déployée à une hauteur de 0.7 m au-dessus du sol. Ces baches ont été recouvertes de ‘glue Rimi-foot’ (R. Yewmin et M. Joffe, usine technochimique. Tel Aviv, Isra?l) qui est transparente et qui reste collante assez longtemps. Les sympt?mes ont été observés pendant la période de croissance et un échantillonnage de la population aphide ailée a été réalisé au moyen de piège à eau du type Moericke, placé près des pommes de terre afin d'obtenir des données sur la population de pucerons ailés. Les pucerons piégés ont été collectés chaque semaine (Zimmerman-Gries & Swirski, 1960). Sur le total d'ailés recueillis, il n'y a eu queMyzus persicae d'identifier et de dénombrer. L'incidence de l'infection en cours de saison par le PLRV, AMV et PVY a été déterminée par des observations au champ à intervalles réguliers. Au moment de la récolte, il a été prélevé 2 tubercules par pied pour le test de préculture. Ces tubercules ont été conservés à 2–3 C pendant 6 mois: la mise en culture a eu lieu en l'absence de tout insecte. Le virus de l'enroulement a été identifié après acquisition parM. persicae sur des plantes suspectées être contaminées et après transmission àDatura stramonium (Zimmerman-Gries et al., 1973). AMV, PVY et PVX ont été identifiés par inoculation mécanique à des plantes tests. Peu de plantes infectées en cours de saison ont été observées. L'étroite correspondance entre la distribution saisonnière pour l'ensemble des pucerons recueillis et pourM. persicae est indiquée par les figures 2 et 3. Le pourcentage de tubercules-fils contaminés par les virus pour les parcelles protégées et non protégées est résumé dans le tableau 1, II y a eu plus de tubercules contaminés par le PLRV dans les parcelles non protégées que dans les parcelles protégées pour les deux années 1974 et 1975 (2 et 17.2%, 6 et 29% respectivement). Le pourcentage plus élevé du PLRV en 1975 peut être expliqué par la période de capture deM. persicae, plus longue cette année. Une influence similaire des baches de polyéthylène jaune qui sont collantes a été observée sur la dissémination du AMV (1974: 16 et 7.2%. 1975: 2.5 et 6%). L'incidence du PVY (1974: 0 et 2.4% et 1975: 1 et 3.5%) n'a pas été aussi grande que celle observée par Cohen & Marco (1973). Ces auteurs ont trouvé 90% de PVY dans leurs échantillons de poivre. Cette technique, avec davantage de données, peut être efficace pour lutter contre la dissémination des virus persistants et non persistants dans les parcelles de plants de pommes de terre.

     

Volunteer potatoes as a source of potato leafroll virus and potato virus X

Volunteer potatoes were investigated as infection sources for potato leafroll virus (PLRV) and potato virus X (PVX) in a high elevation seed potato growing area of eastern Idaho. Population densities ofMyzus persicae were assessed. Percentage of PLRV and PVX infection of the volunteers and seed potato crops was determined, as well as density of volunteers and certain parameters of volunteer growth and reproduction. Volunteers apparently harbored no more PLRV than the potato crop from which they originated. But they were found to be an important reservoir of PVX with the infection increasing as much as 12.43% in one year. No aphids capable of transmitting PLRV were found although one species that can transmit potato virus Y was recorded. The mean density of volunteers varied from 0 to 84,880 stems/ha. The number of tubers remaining in the field after harvest and winter weather conditions appeared to be the only factors affecting volunteer density. Volunteer plants arising from seed pieces at an average depth of 6.1 cm were found to set an average of 2.1 new tubers per plant at an average depth of 4.0 cm. These results suggest that volunteer potatoes are a significant source of PVX infection in subsequent seed potato crops.     

Jemseg: A new,early high-yielding potato variety with high resistance to virus Y and immune to virus X

Jemseg is an early sizing variety of early maturity. It has outyielded the variety Warba for total and marketable yield when dug at 80 days from planting. It has moderate resistance to common scab, is immune to virus X and has high resistance to virus Y, plus resistance to virus S. Jemseg was originated at Fredericton, New Brunswick, and is a product of the potato breeding program of Agriculture Canada. The variety has been under test in New Brunswick for 10 years as seedling F67072. It has also been tested extensively in the Maritime Provinces and throughout Canada through the facilities of regional and national evaluation trials. Jemseg was selected from a progeny of a cross between the variety Sable and a Fredericton seedling F55069. Sable is an early variety developed at Fredericton. F55069 is a Fredericton seedling bred for X immunity and scab resistance. Jemseg was first grown in the field in 1967. The pedigree follows:      

Screening potatoes for field resistance to early blight

A satisfactory method has been developed for screening potato clones for field resistance to early ligbht. Differences in clonal resistance can be evaluated and have proven to be consistent. Resistance to foliar infection appears to be generally associated with plant maturity. Late maturing selections are generally quite resistant and early maturing selections are usually extremely susceptible. Differences in resistance among named varieties from throughout the world were extremely variable.