壳聚糖固定化海洋低温碱性蛋白酶YS-80-122的研究

以壳聚糖为固定化载体,采用吸附交联法,以戊二醛为交联剂,对海洋低温碱性蛋白酶YS-80-122进行固定化。通过单因素和正交试验优化得到最佳固定化条件为pH7·0,戊二醛终浓度0·2%,吸附时间50min,酶载体比例40mg/g,交联时间16h,交联温度10℃,固定化酶酶活回收可达47·52%。固定化酶和游离酶的最适作用温度均为30℃,最适作用pH分别为9·0和10·0,相比游离酶,固定化酶可在更宽的温度和pH范围内发挥高活性,且其温度和pH稳定性得到显著提高。室温下经冷冻干燥的固定化酶贮存90d后活性基本保持不变,贮藏半衰期约为190d。以酪蛋白为底物,重复使用7次后酶活仍保留有79·2%,操作半衰期约为21次使用率。     

不同载体固定化海洋微生物酯酶ETM-b的性能比较

分别采用海藻酸钠包埋法、明胶包埋交联法、壳聚糖吸附交联法制备固定化海洋芽孢杆菌酯酶ETM-b,并对其固定化条件进行了研究。结果发现,壳聚糖制备的固定化酶效果最好,壳聚糖2%、戊二醛浓度1%、小球与酶液4∶3(g/ml)时制备的固定化酶的活性回收最高,达到66%。壳聚糖制备的固定化酶使用10次,相对活性保留70%,具有良好的操作稳定性。固定化酶在非水介质中具有转化α-乙酸萘酯(α-Naphthyl acetate)的能力,在异辛烷、正辛烷、正己烷中活性表现最高。     

磁性壳聚糖微球固定化褐藻酸酶的研究

利用反相悬浮交联法制备磁性壳聚糖微球(magnetic chitosan microspheres, M-CS),并对褐藻酸酶进行固定化研究.结果表明,M-CS呈规则的圆球形,具有较好的磁响应性,可稳定地保存在弱酸和弱碱中.其弱碱交换量随着戊二醛用量的增加而减少,悬挂醛基则相应地增加.M-CS对褐藻酸酶的吸附动力学实验表明,M-CS容易吸附褐藻酸酶,但吸附的酶量受载体与酶的比例、溶液的离子浓度、戊二醛的用量、溶液pH的影响明显,而温度对吸附的酶量的影响则相对较弱.酶学性质研究表明,相对于游离的褐藻酸酶,固定化酶的最适温度略有升高,可明显改善其热稳定性和酸碱稳定性,与底物的亲和力也有所增强.     

适用鱼油加工的Patatin酯酶固定化及其特性研究

Patatin (马铃薯糖蛋白)是一种酯水解酶,具有脂肪酶催化活性,可应用于脂肪的水解加工。针对游离Patatin酯酶稳定性差且工业生产中酶很难重复利用的缺点,利用ConA (刀豆蛋白A)耦联的纳米磁珠材料固定化Patatin酯酶,以提高其工业化应用的催化特性。通过研究,发现ConA耦联的纳米磁珠的平均吸附率为24.50%。同时筛选出适宜的Patain酯酶固定化材料为PAA (聚丙烯酸)-Fe₃O₄,其最优固定化条件为固定化时间47.2 min,固定化温度25.3℃,磁珠添加量为3.0 mg·mL^-1。Patain酯酶固定化纳米磁珠在40.0℃、pH 7.0时水解底物活性最高,且相比游离Patatin酯酶,其温度耐受性提高了123%左右,pH耐受性提高了47%左右,连续反应5次后仍保留56.60%酶活力,说明纳米磁珠固定化后提高了Patatin酯酶的酶催化特性,为其在水产品如鱼油中的加工应用提供了一种催化性能更强的新酶体系。     

壳聚糖固定化胰蛋白酶制备魁蚶肽的研究

以壳聚糖为载体、戊二醛为交联剂固定化胰蛋白酶,制备魁蚶肽.以肽得率为指标,研究了固定化胰蛋白酶量、时间、pH、温度和底物浓度等单因子对固定化胰蛋白酶酶解魁蚶蛋白质的影响.结果表明,酶解魁蚶蛋白的最佳工艺条件:固定化胰蛋白酶6 mg,水解反应时间4 h,温度50 ℃,pH 8.0,底物质量浓度98 μg/ml.在此条件下,魁蚶肽得率为23.93%.     

三相流化床生物反应器同时产酶同时降解壳聚糖的研究

采用多孔聚酯泡沫块固定里氏木霉大三相流化床固定化反应器中同时产酶同时降解壳聚糖，结果表明，通过控制降解时间可以得到不同平均聚合度的降解物，在28℃，pH4.8，通气量2.5vvm条件下，重复利用菌丝降解2%（w/v)浓度壳聚糖，每批产生的壳聚糖酶活力平均达到150mU.mL^-1以上，壳聚糖平均降解率为72%以上，利用此固定化反应器，在45天内连续进行15批同时产酶降解试验，结果发现壳聚糖酶活和壳聚糖降解率能保持稳定。     

枯草芽孢杆菌壳聚糖酶基因在毕赤酵母中的表达及酶学性质

构建了枯草芽孢杆菌CH_2菌株(Bacillus subtilis CH_2)壳聚糖酶基因的真核表达载体p PIC9K-CH2-Cns,在毕赤酵母GS115(Pichia pastoris)中进行重组表达,获得了有生物学活性的重组壳聚糖酶,对重组壳聚糖酶的酶学特性及酶解产物进行了分析。结果显示,重组壳聚糖酶的分子量为29 k D,粗酶的比酶活达到133.60 U/mg,纯化后重组蛋白的比酶活为338.08 U/mg;该酶的最适作用温度为50℃,最适pH为4.5,酶动力学常数Vmax=24.39(μmol/mg)·min~(-1),Km=5.48 mg/m L;Fe2+、K+等对其酶活力有一定的激活作用,其中Mn~(2+)能使酶活力提升2.4倍,Ag~+、Mg~(2+)、Hg~(2+)、EDTA、EGTA和SDS等存在时则对其酶活力有强烈抑制作用。利用重组壳聚糖酶酶解壳聚糖,酶解产物主要为聚合度2~10的壳寡糖,且分布均匀。以上结果表明,枯草芽孢杆菌CH_2菌株壳聚糖酶基因在毕赤酵母GS115中成功表达,获得了一种内切型的高酶活力重组壳聚糖酶,该重组酶具有反应条件温和、酶解产物均一等特点,可被应用于海洋甲壳质加工应用中。     

野生银鲳消化道内潜在产酶益生菌产酶条件的初步研究

采用酶学分析法研究了单因子(温度、p H、发酵时间)变化对野生银鲳(Pampus argenteus)消化道内同时分泌蛋白酶、淀粉酶、纤维素酶和脂肪酶中两种以上的5株菌株产酶活力的影响,即通过测定酶活力的大小找到每株菌最适产酶条件范围。结果显示,在温度31~37℃、p H 7~8、发酵时间3 d的条件下,5株产酶菌的蛋白酶活力最大;在不同温度和p H条件下,5菌株分泌的淀粉酶活力各不相同,但都随发酵时间的延长而增大,3~5 d达最大值;4株分泌纤维素酶的菌株纤维素酶活力受环境影响总体变化不大,在温度31~37℃、酸性条件(p H 5)和发酵时间4 d的条件下为活力最大;2株分泌脂肪酶的菌株在28~31℃、中性(p H 7)、发酵时间1 d条件下其脂肪酶活力最大,最大可接近180 U·m L-1,但活力都随发酵时间而显著下降。结果表明,不同产酶菌所分泌的消化酶活力所需的最适条件有很大不同,了解和掌握银鲳肠道中菌群的产酶条件,对开发潜在产酶益生菌有着积极的作用。     

温度、pH对克氏原螯虾血清酚氧化酶活力及稳定性的影响

以克氏原螯虾(Procam barus clarkii)为材料,研究温度、pH对其血清酚氧化酶活力及稳定性的影响。实验以L-dopa为反应底物,在试验设计的温度范围(20,30,40,50,60,70℃)内,测得酚氧化酶活力的最适温度为20℃,随温度升高酶活力迅速下降,该酶在20~40℃范围内表现出较高的热稳定性,而30℃时最稳定;该酶的最适pH 7.0,在pH 6.0和7.0的缓冲系统中表现出较强的稳定性。     

温度和pH值对河鲈消化酶活性的影响

研究了离体状态下河鲈(Perca fluviatilis)体内淀粉酶、蛋白酶和脂肪酶在不同温度和pH时的活性变化。结果显示:在河鲈肝胰脏、肠道、胃3部位,淀粉酶的最适温度均为30℃,最适pH值分别为5.0、7.0、8.0;脂肪酶的最适温度均为40℃,最适pH值分别为4.0、3.0、6.0;肝胰脏、肠道蛋白酶的最适温度为50℃,胃蛋白酶的最适温度为40℃。肝胰脏、肠和胃蛋白酶的最适pH值分别6.0、8.0、2.0。在各自最适温度下,肠道中脂肪酶比活力最高,其次是肝胰脏和胃;肝胰脏淀粉酶比活力最高,其次是肠道和胃;肠道中的蛋白酶比活力最高,其次是胃和肝胰脏。     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Evaluation of a Fast Method Based on the Presence of Two Restriction Sites in the Mitochondrial ND5 (mt ND5) Gene for the Identification of Scomber Species

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a method based on the presence of two restriction sites (for Hae III and Hindf I) in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (mt ND5) gene to identify Scomber species. The evaluation was performed on 144 reference and market samples by sequencing of the entire 505-bp fragment of the mt ND5 gene and of a 464-bp fragment of the Kocher fragment of the cytochrome b gene (mt Cytb). Sequence analysis of any of the two fragments allows the identification of each of the four Scomber species, but S. japonicus and S. colias had the same restriction sites at the ND5 amplicon and would not have been differentiated by this analysis. Similarly, loss of the Hae III site in some S. scombrus individuals would have misidentified them as not being Scomber. All the market products were correctly labeled except one acquired in Spain labeled as originating in the Atlantic and containing S. japonicus.     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.