三江平原典型小叶章显地土壤中铵态氮水平运移规律研究

选择三江平原小叶章湿地不同水分带上的两种土壤类型（草甸沼泽土和腐殖质沼泽土）作为研究对象，以NH4Cl为示踪剂，模拟研究了铵态氮在土壤中的水平运移过程。结果表明，两种土壤各土层的铵态氮浓度和水平运移速率均与运移距离呈显著负相关（P〈0．01），并随运移距离的增加呈一阶指数衰减曲线变化。各土层的铵态氮水平运移主要由其对于铵态氮吸附的饱和程度来决定，而运移速率主要受浓度梯度、水势梯度及土壤基质势的控制；两种土壤各土层的铵态氮水平运移速率与土壤含水量大多呈显著正相关（P〈0．05），并随含水量的增加而呈指数增长曲线变化；两种土壤各土层的铵态氮浓度均受土壤水分扩散率的影响，二者大多呈显著正相关（P〈0．05），除草甸沼泽土0～20cm土层的铵态氮浓度随水分扩散率的升高呈Boltzmann曲线变化外，其它土层及腐殖质沼泽土的各土层均随其升高呈指数增长曲线变化；草甸沼泽土要比腐殖质沼泽土的相应土层更有利于铵态氮的水平运移，二者不同土层物理性质的显著差异是导致其铵态氮浓度、水平运移速率随运移距离、土壤含水量及水分扩散率的变化而发生分异的重要原因，而湿地水文条件可能对于二者物理性质的塑造作用有着重要影响。     

尕海泥炭地退化过程中土壤渗透特征的变化

由于恶劣的气候条件和过度的放牧、修建公路等因素,尕海泥炭湿地退化严重,泥炭地质量和生态作用持续下降。本研究采用空间分布代替时间序列的方法,对该区域4种不同退化程度下泥炭湿地土壤渗透性能的变化进行分析研究,从而进一步评价与揭示退化过程中泥炭地的生态功能。结果表明:在前35 min,泥炭地土壤入渗速率曲线在各土壤分层中的变化情况不一;0~10 cm和20~40 cm土层土壤入渗速率曲线变化稳定且都表现为未退化的优于退化土壤;而10~20 cm土层土壤入渗速率曲线变化复杂多变,无明显规律。0~40 cm泥炭土中,植被退化对各层土壤渗透特征的影响不一,在0~10 cm土层,植被未退化土壤的初渗率、稳渗率、平均渗透速率、渗透系数和渗透总量与其他退化土壤渗透特征差异性显著;10~20 cm土层,未退化的土壤稳渗率、渗透速率、渗透系数与渗透量随着植被的退化程度呈“∽”形态波动变化;0~40 cm土层,土壤稳渗率、平均渗透速率、渗透系数和渗透总量均随着植被的退化,呈现出逐级递减的规律。土壤平均渗透速率与土壤孔隙度呈一定的正显著相关,而与土壤初始含水量之间无明显的相关性。保护高寒泥炭地生态系统,对于尕海畜牧业可持续发展和我国陆地生态系统碳库具有极重要的意义。     

渗灌不同灌水控制上下限组合对保护地土壤脲酶活性的影响

以不同灌水控制上限(土壤水吸力6 kPa、9 kPa、12 kPa)和下限(土壤水吸力30 kPa、45 kPa、60k Pa)组合为试验处理,进行保护地番茄栽培渗灌灌水效果试验;试验于灌水处理后的第30 d采集土样,以各处理0～10 cm、10～20 cm、20～30 cm土层土壤为样本,测定土壤脲酶活性、铵态氮含量等指标,探讨灌水控制上限、下限对土壤脲酶活性的影响,分析脲酶活性与土壤含水量、铵态氮含量之间关系。结果表明:不同灌水控制上限、下限,即水分条件可显著影响土壤脲酶活性,三个深度层次土壤脲酶活性均以灌水控制上限12 kPa、下限60 kPa组合为最高;0～10 cm土层土壤脲酶活性与铵态氮含量呈显著的指数正相关关系1,0～20 cm、20～30 cm土层土壤脲酶活性与铵态氮含量间虽然也表现出了一定的正相关关系,但未达到5%显著水平。因此,降低灌水时土壤含水量和适量减少单次灌水量,有利于提高土壤脲酶活性,进而改善土壤氮素形态转化状况和对植物的氮素营养供应。     

干旱区农田灌溉前后土壤水盐时空变异性研究

通过田间土壤剖面取样,测定了新疆奇台县干旱区农田灌溉前、灌溉后1 周和3 周土壤水盐的时空变异特征。结果表明: 灌溉前, 剖面各层土壤含水量较低(15.25%~16.70%), 且呈中等(偏弱)变异性; 剖面上部(40 cm 以上)土壤盐分呈强变异性, 而下部为中等(偏强)变异性。灌溉后1 周, 除0~20 cm(弱变异性)外, 其他土层水分及剖面下部盐分变异性未变, 但变异系数均减小, 上部土壤盐分转为中等(偏强)变异性; 剖面平均土壤含水量升高10.51%, 脱盐率达8.94%, 其中, 表层(0~20 cm)土壤水分增加率(118.48%)及脱盐率(20.86%)最大, 底层(100~120 cm)水分增加率(40.54%)及脱盐率(-6.93%)最小。灌溉后3 周与1 周相比, 各层(除80~100 cm 土层)水分及盐分的变异性保持不变, 但水分的变异系数增大, 而盐分的变异系数减小; 剖面平均含水量减少5.20%, 表层(0~20 cm)失水率(36.47%)最大, 80~100 cm 失水率(7.31%)最小; 表层土壤积盐率(4.55%)约为20~40 cm 土层的12 倍; 而40 cm 土层以下仍处于脱盐阶段, 40~80 cm 土壤脱盐率减小, 80~120 cm 土层脱盐率(9.03%)增大。     

敦煌绿洲天然胡杨林下土壤水盐空间变化特征研究

利用经典统计学与地统计学相结合的方法对甘肃敦煌绿洲天然胡杨林下土壤水盐的空间变化特征进行研究。结果表明:敦煌绿洲天然胡杨林土壤含水量变化趋势总体表现为随深度增加而增加的趋势;0~60 cm土壤含水量变化程度较大,再向下各层土壤含水量变化趋于平缓。土壤全盐含量变化具有表浅层较高,平均含盐量达9.24%;从40~60 cm以下各层土壤全盐含量的变化均随深度增加而逐渐减少。土壤水盐含量的变异性在不同土壤层有较明显的差异,土壤含水量的变异性均属于中强度变异,土层越深,其含水量变化程度越小;而土壤全盐含量的变异均属于中度变异性,其变异程度由表层向下各不相同。采用ArcGIS的反距离加权(Inverse Distance Weighted)插值法分析表明,研究区土壤水盐含量存在明显的空间差异和较强的相似性,即各层土壤水盐均表现为西南低、东北高的空间分布规律。     

太湖地区主要水稻土的土壤水分参数研究

太湖地区主要水稻土类型的水分参数研究结果表明 ,水稻土 4个土层的土壤水分特征曲线基本一致。土壤的饱和含水量、田间持水量、凋萎系数和土壤有效水的含量均从土壤上层到下层呈降低的趋势 ;土壤的非饱和导水率与负压水头之间呈负相关的指数曲线变化 ,当负压水头达到 10 k Pa时 ,非饱和导水率降低到最小值 ,且基本趋于稳定 ;非饱和土壤水扩散率变化于 1.1× 10 - 3～ 1.886× 10 - 3cm2 / min之间 ,非饱和土壤水扩散率随含水量也呈指数曲线变化。     

封丘地区土壤水分扩散率的研究

本文研究了河南封丘地区代表性土壤的水分扩散率,结果表明:封丘地区3个土壤亚类的水分扩散率变化于1. 0×10-3 ~1. 5×10cm2 min-1之间;土壤水分扩散率存在着空间上的变异性,随土壤剖面深度增加而呈现出表土层高、中间土层低、底土层又升高的趋势;各土层土壤水分扩散率与土壤含水量呈指数函数变化关系,经统计分析均达到极显著水平;土壤容重、孔隙度及孔隙类型、土壤有机质含量和土壤粘粒含量均对土壤水分扩散率有不同程度的影响,而土壤全盐含量对其影响不大。     

冻融对河北省深州市盐碱地土壤理化性质的影响

随着全球气候变暖,冻融对土壤性质的影响日益受到重视。以河北省深州市盐碱土为研究对象,通过分析土壤含水率、全持水量、容重、饱和导水率、电导率、pH和有机质的变化,探讨冻融对0—20cm深度盐碱地土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明:0—20cm土层深度,冻融增加土壤的含水率,而对全持水量的影响较小;0—10cm土层深度,冻融增加了土壤容重与pH,降低了土壤的电导率和渗透性,该层土壤水盐运移呈特殊规律,土壤含水率与电导率呈相反变化趋势;对于10—20cm土层深度,冻融增加了土壤的渗透性和有机质的含量。在相关性分析中,0—20cm土层深度土壤容重与全持水量呈极显著负相关(P0.01),与含水率呈显著负相关(P0.05),其有机质含量和导水率与其他性质无显著相关;0—10cm土层深度土壤pH与容重和含水率呈极显著相关,与全持水量呈显著相关;10—20cm土层深度土壤电导率与容重呈显著负相关,与全持水量呈显著正相关。研究结果为冻融对盐碱土影响的研究及盐碱土的改良提供科学依据。     

耕作与覆盖措施对黄土塬区春玉米田土壤水气传输的影响

  【目的】  良好的土壤物理和水力学性质是土壤肥力可持续的基础。研究黄土高原旱作农业区长期不同耕作、覆盖措施对土壤水气传输性质的影响,为黄土塬区可持续的农田管理提供参考。  【方法】  基于设在渭北旱塬始于2002年的田间定位试验,选取传统耕作 (CT)、传统耕作+秸秆覆盖 (TS)、传统耕作+地膜覆盖 (TP)、传统耕作+全膜覆盖 (TWP)、免耕 (NT)、免耕+秸秆覆盖 (NS)、免耕+地膜覆盖 (NP)、免耕+生草覆盖 (NG) 共8个处理。于2019年春玉米收获期采集剖面土样,对0—10、10—20、20—30和30—40 cm土层土壤质量含水量、容重、导气率、相对气体扩散率和饱和导水率进行测定与分析。  【结果】  与CT处理相比,TS处理显著增加了0—40 cm土壤平均质量含水量,降低了0—40 cm各层土壤导气率,增加了各层土壤相对气体扩散率,表层 (0—10 cm) 土壤饱和导水率显著降低了75.9%;TP处理收获期耕层 (0—20 cm) 土壤容重增加,土壤总孔隙度显著降低,在0—10 cm土层,土壤导气率显著提高了54.1%;TWP处理耕层土壤容重显著增加,土壤总孔隙度显著降低,剖面0—40 cm土壤导气率和饱和导水率分别平均增加了64.8%和111.2%,尤其是表层土壤导气率显著提高了99.5%。与NT处理相比,NS处理耕层土壤容重降低,总孔隙度增加,表层土壤质量含水量、相对气体扩散率和饱和导水率分别显著提高了14.8%、25.3%和446.4%;NP处理耕层土壤容重增加,总孔隙度降低,表层土壤质量含水量和饱和导水率分别显著增加3.5%和145.2%,土壤导气率显著降低33.7%;NG处理耕层土壤容重降低,总孔隙度增加,表层土壤质量含水量显著提高了11.3%,土壤相对气体扩散率显著降低了42.1%。相同覆盖条件下与传统耕作比较,免耕处理能够降低下层20—40 cm土壤容重,增加土壤总孔隙度,提高土壤持水性,虽然降低了表层0—10 cm土壤导气率,但提高了土壤相对气体扩散率和饱和导水率。  【结论】  免耕秸秆覆盖可降低耕层土壤容重,增加总孔隙度,并且显著提高耕层土壤相对气体扩散率和饱和导水率,增加下层土壤导气率,是免耕处理组中最佳处理。传统耕作全膜覆盖可提高耕层土壤导气率、相对气体扩散率和饱和导水率,是传统耕作组中最佳处理,可有效保持渭北旱塬良好的土壤水气传输能力。     

三江平原典型湿地土壤硝态氮和铵态氮垂直运移规律

选择三江平原小叶章湿地不同水分带上的两种土壤类型(草甸沼泽土和腐殖质沼泽土)为研究对象,运用模拟土柱的方法,研究了两种土壤中硝态氮和铵态氮的垂直运移规律。结果表明:在水分饱和条件下,两种土壤的硝态氮和铵态氮穿透曲线均符合Gauss单峰模型(R2≥0.85),其运移过程主要受粘粒含量的影响;随粘粒含量增加,硝态氮和铵态氮穿透曲线整体上峰值降低,峰面分布变宽,但不同土壤各土层间也存在一定差异,原因与不同土层水分构成、溶质运移方式以及硝化-反硝化作用的差异有关;溶质浓度加倍后,两种土壤0~20 cm土层中硝态氮和铵态氮的穿透曲线也符合Gauss单峰模型(R2≥0.88),但其峰值、形状及出流时间均发生不同程度的变化,原因与浓度改变前后土壤水分构成、溶质运移方式的差异有关,铵态氮还与土壤胶体对其吸附饱和程度的差异有关;两种土壤表层的硝态氮和铵态氮垂向迁移能力较强,当湿地水分增加后将不利于有效氮的保持。     

Water diffusion coefficients of horizontal soil columns from natural saline-alkaline wetlands in a semiarid area

Water diffusion coefficients of soils directly control the solute (such as nitrogen and phosphorous) movement in wetlands, which greatly influences the water quality of rivers. The processes of water diffusion in natural saline-alkaline wetland soils were simulated by using horizontal soil columns from the Erbaifangzi (EBFZ) wetland in the Xianghai National Natural Reserve of China in 2001. The results showed that the water diffusion coefficient was the lowest in the topsoil. It followed the order 0–10 cm < 10–20 cm < 20–60 cm. The water diffusion coefficients decreased exponentially with an increase in the distance but increased exponentially with increases in the volumetric soil water contents. The changing curve of the topsoil was steeper, and the water diffusion coefficients were closely linked with the soil properties such as the SOM and clay contents. Published in Russian in Pochvovedenie, 2007, No. 6, pp. 733–737. The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

Spatial distribution characteristics of organic matter and total nitrogen of marsh soils in river marginal wetlands

Contents of soil organic matter (SOM) and total nitrogen (TN) in the surface soils and subsurface soils were measured in five types of floodplains classified with different flood frequencies in river marginal wetlands of Erbaifangzi, China, in 1999. Contour maps and profile maps were constructed to describe the spatial distribution of SOM and TN in order to identify the influences of flood frequency on them. Results showed that spatial distributions of both SOM and TN were very similar in soil profiles (0–120 cm) of the five areas, decreasing gradually with depth except an accumulation peak in the flooded floodplain (B area). Also, the accumulation peak in the soil profile of B area was relevant to water table, nitrogen leaching, denitrification and mineralization. However, their horizontal distributions in surface soils (0–10 cm) were different in the five areas. Although the flood could bring the deposit of nutrients and sands, the highest content of SOM or TN did not appear in B area but in the floodplain with certain flood frequency. For example, SOM content (6.76%) in 5-year floodplain wetland was highest, and the highest content of TN (3666.4 mg/kg) appeared in 1-year floodplain wetland. However, SOM and TN contents in soils of B area were 4.08% and 2605.4 mg/kg, respectively. Soil clay content, wetland plant (Phragmites australis) litter inputs, soil moisture and water table greatly affected the spatial distribution of SOM and TN in floodplain wetlands. The ratios of carbon to nitrogen of wetland soils in this region were relatively lower than those in paddy soils. SOM and TN contents were significantly correlated with total phosphorus (TP) contents in floodplain wetlands except the 100-year floodplain wetland, but they were significantly influenced by soil pH values only in B area. Denitrification and ammonia volatilization were the main mechanisms resulting in nitrogen loss of surface soils in B area. Flood frequency significantly influenced the ecological functions such as nutrient retention and water quality maintenance of floodplains.     

霍林河下游典型洪泛区湿地土壤pH值和土壤含水量分布特征

以霍林河下游洪泛区湿地为研究区,采用网格采样法研究了土壤pH值和土壤含水量的时空变化及其相互关系。结果显示,研究区湿地土壤含水量和pH值存在明显的季节性差异,7月份土壤含水量高于9月份土壤,但7月份土壤pH平均值则低于9月份,9月份湿地土壤,尤其是亚表层发生明显碱化。湿地土壤含水量和pH值均呈现出条带状和斑块状的空间分布格局,尤其在9月份的空间变异性较高,且土壤pH值与土壤含水量间存在较显著的负相关关系,即含水量高的区域对应土壤pH值较低。土壤含水量和pH值的回归分析表明当土壤pH值>8.8时,非线性回归更适宜描述研究区土壤含水量和土壤pH值的显著负相关关系。     

层状土壤质地对地下滴灌水氮分布的影响

以均质砂土（S）、均质壤土（L）和上砂下壤层状土壤（SL）为对象,采用室内土箱试验,研究了土壤质地及其层状结构和地下滴灌灌水器流量对水分、硝态氮和铵态氮分布的影响。结果表明,SL层状土壤中,砂-壤界面增加了水分的横向扩散而限制了水分的垂向运动,致使界面下部形成水分和硝态氮积聚区。土壤硝态氮分布还受肥料溶液浓度和土壤初始硝态氮浓度影响,对试验采用的土壤初始硝态氮浓度较低而肥料溶液硝态氮浓度较高的情况而言,灌水器周围的硝态氮浓度与肥料溶液的硝态氮浓度相近,随着离开灌水器距离的增加,土壤硝态氮浓度减小。灌水器周围的土壤含水率和硝态氮浓度随灌水器流量的增大而增大。施肥灌溉使灌水器周围5～10 cm范围内的铵态氮浓度出现峰值,而土壤质地和灌水器流量对铵态氮浓度分布没有明显影响。因此地下滴灌水氮管理措施的制定应综合考虑土壤质地及其结构、初始土壤水氮状况、灌水器埋深及流量、灌水量、肥液浓度等因素。     

向海洪泛湿地土壤对氮和磷的滤过截留作用及影响因素分析

通过野外采集土壤样品,利用自行设计的有机玻璃柱对向海国家级自然保护区内霍林河典型洪泛湿地土壤对配制溶液中的N和P的滤过截留作用进行了实验模拟研究。结果表明向海洪泛湿地土壤在垂直方向上对N和P具有很强的滤过截留作用,经过60cm厚土层的滤过截留后,配制溶液中的总N(TN)、总P(TP)、NO3--N、NH4 -N、PO43--P的浓度均减少90%以上。对遴选的洪泛土壤对N和P滤过截留作用的影响因子进行了灰色关联分析,得出了洪泛湿地土壤对N和P滤过截留作用的影响因子的强弱排序。     

施用方式和氮肥种类对砂姜黑土氮素迁移的影响

采用田间微区试验,在砂姜黑土中研究了施肥方式(上层12 cm土混施、土下12 cm点施、土下12 cm条施)和氮肥种类(尿素、磷酸氢二铵)对氮素垂直运移和水平迁移动态的影响。不同施用方式试验结果表明,在处理的90 d内,砂姜黑土中土壤NH_4~+-N和NO_3~–-N含量均呈现土下12 cm点施土下12 cm条施上层12 cm土混施的趋势。尿素在土下12 cm点施条件下,土壤NH_4~+-N主要集中在垂直方向6~18 cm土层和水平距离0~7 cm范围内;而NO_3~–-N的分布核心区土层超过21 cm,水平距离大于15 cm;NH_4~+-N和NO_3~–-N核心区浓度均随处理时间延长而明显下降。土下12 cm点施90 d后,尿素和磷酸铵的氮素养分在砂姜黑土中的横向移动距离为5~7 cm,垂直方向上养分主要集中在6~18 cm的土层范围;点施90 d时,磷酸铵处理在土下18 cm和水平距离12 cm处无机态氮(NH_4~+-N和NO_3~–-N)含量分别为148.9和77.4 mg/kg,其含量远大于尿素处理(96.3和53.2 mg/kg),而在施肥点两种氮肥处理土壤无机态氮含量差异更大,说明磷酸铵较尿素具有更高的保肥性。研究表明:点施延缓了NH_4~+-N向NO_3~–-N转化速率,提高了肥际养分供应浓度。结合作物生长和需肥特性,预示通过优化施肥位置和氮肥种类,采用一次施肥可以实现90 d持续供应高浓度养分以满足旱地作物生长发育的养分需求。     

三江平原退化湿地土壤物理特征变化分析

针对不同退化程度的湿地土壤物理特征的变化进行了分析。首先对退化湿地土壤剖面特征进行了阐述,然后分析了退化湿地土壤的温度特征变化、电导率状况变化、土壤的水分特征变化和土壤容重变化。研究表明,不同退化程度的湿地土壤具有不同的土壤物理性质,在未退化湿地→轻度退化湿地→中度退化湿地→重度退化湿地→已垦湿地(农田)的湿地退化研究样带上,湿地土壤温度呈现逐渐升高的变化趋势、土壤电导率呈降低变化、土壤水分呈降低趋势、土壤容重则呈现升高的变化规律。土壤表层与下层相比较,土壤表层温度、含水量与容重均高于土壤下层;在电导率的变化中,除了未退化湿地土壤的下层高于表层以外,其它退化状态的湿地土壤均为表层高于下层。另外,对退化湿地土壤的各物理特征在空间距离上的退化过程进行模型模拟,发现指数增加(或分解)模型能够较好地模拟出湿地土壤物理特征的空间退化过程。本研究将有助于理解退化湿地土壤物理特征的变化规律和查明湿地的退化机理,为退化湿地的恢复与重建研究奠定科学基础。     

Soil–landscape relationships at the lower reaches of a watershed at Bear Creek near Oak Ridge,Tennessee

The watersheds at Bear Creek, Oak Ridge, TN, have similar soil–landscape relationships. The lower reaches of many of these watersheds consist of headwater riparian wetlands situated between sloping non-wetland upland zones. The objectives of this study are to examine the effects of (i) slope and geomorphic processes, (ii) human impacts, and (iii) particular characteristics of soils and saprolite that may effect drainage and water movement in the wetlands and adjacent landscapes in one of these watersheds. A transect was run from west to east in a hydrological monitored area at the lower reaches of a watershed on Bear Creek. This transect extended from a steep side slope position across a floodplain, a terrace, and a shoulder slope. On the upland positions of the Nolichucky Shale, mass wasting, overland flow and soil creep currently inhibit soil formation on the steep side slope position where a Typic Dystrudept is present, while soil stability on the shoulder slope has resulted in the formation of a well-developed Typic Hapludult. In these soils, argillic horizons occur above C horizons on less sloping gradients in comparison to steeper slopes, which have Bw horizons over Cr (saprolite) material. A riparian wetland area occupies the floodplain section, where a Typic Endoaquept is characterized by poorly drained conditions that led to the development of redoximorphic features (mottling), gleying, organic matter accumulation, and minimal development of subsurface horizons. A thin colluvial deposit overlies a thick well developed Aquic Hapludalf that formed in alluvial sediments on the terrace position. The colluvial deposit from the adjacent shoulder slope is thought to result from soil creep and anthropogenic erosion caused by past cultivation practices. Runoff from the adjacent sloping landscape and groundwater from the adjacent wetland area perhaps contribute to the somewhat poorly drained conditions of this profile. Perched watertables occur in upland positions due to dense saprolite and clay plugging in the shallow zones of the saprolite. However, no redoximorphic features are observed in the soil on the side slope due to high runoff. Remnants of the underlying shale saprolite, which occur as small discolored zones resembling mottles, are also present. The soils in the study have a CEC of <10 cmol kg⁻¹, silt loam textures and Fe_d values of 0.5–4.3%. These soils are also mainly acidic and low in total carbon.     

黄河口滨岸潮滩不同类型湿地土壤氮素分布特征

对黄河口滨岸潮滩不同类型湿地土壤氮分布特征进行了对比研究。结果表明,湿地土壤氮以有机氮为主,无机氮所占比例较低且以铵态氮为主。土壤氮水平分布特征明显,TN、NH4+-N和NO3--N含量较高的分别是芦苇湿地、碱蓬-柽柳湿地(过渡带)湿地和芦苇湿地;土壤氮垂直分布特征亦明显,表现为表层土壤氮含量大于下层,其中,TN、NH4+-N和NO3--N含量垂直变化最明显的分别是三棱蔗草-朝天委陵菜湿地、碱蓬湿地和芦苇湿地。影响土壤氮分布的主要因素有水分条件、植被类型及微生物活动等。相关分析表明TN与有机氮、有机质呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),NH4+-N与TP呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。研究发现,植被对调整湿地氮的空间分布有一定作用,从而为湿地生态修复提供了理论依据。     

Messung und Simulation der anisothermen Feuchtebewegung in benetzungsgehemmten Mineralböden

Measurement and simulation of nonisothermal moisture movement in water-repellent mineral soils Water repellency often occurs in surface soil horizons, where the temperature may have a significant effect on water movement. Relatively few studies have been conducted to measure the effect of temperature gradients on hydraulic processes in water-repellent soils. The objective of this paper is to analyze the simultaneous impact of hydraulic and thermal gradients on water movement in unsaturated soils. Four sandy soils with organic matter contents between 1.0 and 2.4 percent were used in a laboratory column experiment. The soils had similar particle size distribution and contact angles between 25 and 111 degrees. The water repellency was measured with the “sessile drop method”. The experiments were conducted with open laboratory soil columns. A ceramic plate was placed at the upper end of the soil column to allow water movement from a reservoir, the lower end was closed. The matric potential of ?175 hPa at the upper part of the column was held constant. Simultaneously a constant temperature gradient of approximatly 1.1 °C/cm was applied during the nonisothermal runs. Hydraulic properties of the four soils were determined sequentially at different temperatures (5, 20 and 38°C). The time dependent volumetric water content, matric potential and temperature were measured at five positions in the column. It was found that after steady state was established the water content and matric potential profiles of the four soils differed considerably. A computer code based on the theory of Philip and De Vries (1957) was developed to simulate water and heat transport. For three soils with contact angles of 25–35, 93–108 and 109–111 degrees, respectively, the model performed well when the theoretically calculated thermal vapor difivisivity, D_TV, was multiplied by a factor between two and three. For the slightly water repellent soil with a contact angle between 45 and 83 degrees, however, this factor was about seven to eight. This factor could be the result of a combined impact of the moderate water repellency and the micromorphology of the humic substance.