不同堆肥方式对奶牛粪便处理效果的试验研究

以奶牛粪便为原料,进行了堆肥槽、露天条垛和接种外源微生物的对比试验。结果表明:与露天条垛堆肥相比较,堆肥槽能节省50％以上土地,并可防止二次污染;露天条垛堆体温度升高至50℃比槽式堆体提前了3d;接种外源微生物制剂堆体升温至50℃比未接种的提前2～3d;本试验中各处理的种子发芽指数变化表明,牛粪经过20d堆肥处理后就对植物无毒性。     

不同禽畜粪便静态高温堆肥过程中蔗糖酶活性的变化

在静态通气条件下,以养殖场鸡粪、猪粪、牛粪为材料,小麦秸秆作为堆肥调节物质,分别研究了接种微生物菌剂（接种菌剂处理）和不加菌剂（对照处理）堆肥过程中蔗糖酶活性的变化特征及其与温度的关系。结果表明,接种菌剂处理与对照处理在堆肥过程中蔗糖酶活性的变化趋势基本一致,即在高温腐解期蔗糖酶活性持续较高,在低温腐殖化期蔗糖酶活性急剧下降,且维持较低水平。接种菌剂能明显地提高堆肥过程蔗糖酶的活性,酶活性峰值高且出现时间较对照早4～8d。供试的3种物料蔗糖酶活性差异不显著,接种菌剂处理鸡粪、猪粪和牛粪蔗糖酶活性的最高值分别为87．84、81．3和86．8mg·（g·d）^-1,对照处理分别为62．9、60．9和63．79mg·（g·d）^-1,但3种物料接种菌剂和对照处理酶活性峰值出现的时间不尽相同,鸡粪的两种处理相同,猪粪加菌剂比对照提早8d,牛粪加菌剂较对照早4d出现。整个堆肥过程中蔗糖酶活性与堆体温度变化关系密切,对照处理堆体温度与蔗糖酶活性的关系为一元二次方程,表现为高温腐解期为显著性直线负相关,低温腐殖化期为显著性直线正相关,而加菌剂处理堆体温度和蔗糖酶活性间为极显著直线正相关。     

不同堆肥方式对奶牛粪便处理效果的试验研究

以奶牛粪便为原料，进行了堆肥槽、露天条垛和接种外源微生物的对比试验。结果表明：与露天条垛堆肥相比较，堆肥槽能节省50%以上土地，并可防止二次污染；露天条垛堆体温度升高至50℃比槽式堆体提前了3d；接种外源微生物制剂堆体升温至50℃比未接种的提前2～3d；本试验中各处理的种子发芽指数变化表明，牛粪经过20d堆肥处理后就对植物无毒性。     

福州蔬菜基地土壤中有机磷农药残留状况调查

对福州市蔬菜基地土壤中4种有机磷农药(敌百虫、敌敌畏、甲胺磷和毒死蜱)的残留状况进行了调查。结果表明,在43个供试土样中,有机磷农药的总检出率为97.67%,其中,所有土样中都未检出敌百虫;只有1个土样中检出甲胺磷和敌敌畏,残留量分别为0.65mg/kg和0.45 mg/kg;毒死蜱的检出率最高,达97.67%,在土壤中的最高残留量为9.77 mg/kg。     

添加木质素降解菌对堆肥中酶活性的影响

以奶牛粪便和稻草为堆腐材料,采用静态好氧堆肥的方式研究接种木质素降解菌对堆肥过程中的温度、pH等理化性质以及木质素降解酶活性动态变化的特征,从生物酶学角度考察人工接入外源菌剂对堆肥的影响。结果表明,接菌后的堆肥处理较CK早2 d进入高温期,并且维持时间多于CK 12 d。发酵前8 d pH值的上升幅度大且高于CK,而且接种处理比对照的C/N提前5 d达到20∶1,提早达到腐熟指标,加快堆肥腐熟化进程。堆肥中酶活分析结果表明,加入菌剂后,β-葡萄糖苷水解酶在堆置第6 d达到第一个峰值14.7μmol,较CK早6 d;羧甲基纤维素钠酶在第12 d达到峰值3 270 U,同比CK高出1 220 U;漆酶酶活峰值高达93.5U,而CK峰值只有82.8 U;锰过氧化物酶进入高温期后酶活最高为75.25 U,CK最高为54.8 U。由此可见,加入微生物菌剂后可使相关酶活性提高并提高堆体温度,加快堆肥腐熟,加速堆料中各种有机质的降解,提高微生物对底物的利用,从而提高好氧堆肥的效率。     

条垛堆肥 -袋装堆肥联合处理过程中肥料性状的变化规律

条垛堆肥 -袋装堆肥联合处理可以节省厂房和占地,并免去后期翻抛设备、运行和维护费用,同时大幅度提高养殖场的粪便无害化效率,然而袋装堆肥对肥料属性的影响却不明确。本文选用人元发酵菌对牛粪和蘑菇渣先进行高温好氧堆肥处理(体积比 2︰1),待堆体经过高温期后(温度降到 50℃以下)进行袋装堆肥,待堆体温度最终与环境温度一致后,对各处理堆肥进行理化性质分析。结果表明:联合堆肥温度、NH 4+-N含-量、NH4+-N/ NO3 -N、T值、pH值、EC值、种子发芽指数均符合堆肥腐熟要求。联合堆肥显著提高了全磷含-量、全钾含量、NO 3 -N含量、EC值( P<0.05),增幅分别达到12.2%、20.0%、2177.8%、108.3%;而有机质含量、pH值显著降低( P<0.05),分别降低33.4%、6.3%;另外,联合堆肥降低了全氮含量,降幅达到 16.2%(P>0.05)。     

畜禽粪便堆肥作为功能微生物载体的研究

以堆肥作为3株功能芽胞细菌液体菌剂的载体,通过优化载体含水量、温度和接种浓度等关键影响因子,以不同时间载体中有效活菌数的变化为指标,探讨堆肥代替草炭作为功能微生物载体的可行性和最适条件。研究结果表明,载体C（鸡粪）、P（猪粪）、M（1∶1鸡粪猪粪）和TP（猪粪＋草炭）在72 h内的有效活菌数均显著低于草炭;混合载体TC2（50%草炭＋50%鸡粪）和TM1（25%草炭＋75%1∶1鸡粪猪粪）的有效活菌数随着时间的延长而增加,其中72 h时TC2的有效活菌数达到11.40×109 cfu.g-1,TM1的有效活菌数达到2.64×109 cfu.g-1,均与草炭无显著差异,因此适宜代替草炭作为功能微生物的载体。采用单因素实验,载体TC2和TM1的最优化影响因子为含水量30%、吸附温度30℃、菌液接种浓度为108cfu.mL-1。     

不同微生物对猪粪堆肥过程及其养分状况的影响

为使集约化猪场固态猪粪无害化和资源化,采用耐温性和猪粪水适应性选择法,从新鲜猪粪和堆肥中分离出地霉菌、解脂耶罗威亚酵母菌、凝结芽孢杆菌、嗜热脂肪芽孢杆菌和奴卡菌5株,并采用五因素两水平正交试验法,设计出15种不同组合发酵菌剂,研究其将猪粪发酵成有机肥的效果。统计分析显示,地霉菌和嗜热脂肪芽孢杆菌为最佳菌种。结果表明,利用发酵菌剂与猪粪混合堆肥发酵,堆肥的最高温度可由自然腐熟的67℃提高到72℃,速效养分较自然腐熟提高9.5%。因此,选择合适的发酵菌剂与猪粪混合堆肥,可较好地实现猪粪变有机肥的目标。     

畜禽粪便堆肥高温保氮菌 Aliibacillus thermotolerans BM62的筛选及复壮

氨氧化细菌可以将 NH 3氧化成 NO 2-，从而减少堆肥过程中的氨挥发，是畜禽粪便堆肥中的理想保氮微生物。本实验在堆肥高温期样品中分离得到一株高温微好氧氨氧化细菌，经鉴定此菌株为芽孢杆菌科( Bacillaceae)的一个新属，命名为 Aliibacillus thermotoleransBM62。在后续研究中由于反复迭代等原因，发现其氨氧化能力有所衰退。菌株 BM62可适应堆肥高温阶段微好氧环境进行氨氧化作用，该特性使其在堆肥保氮中具有较高的理论研究价值和实际生产意义，因此对该菌株氨氧化能力的复壮研究十分必要。本实验以 Aliibacillus thermotolerans BM62为研究对象，以来源环境堆肥为基础，添加不同营养因子(牛肉膏、蛋白胨)作为复壮培养基，考察不同复壮载体对菌株复壮效果的影响。实验结果表明，菌株 BM62在不加任何外源有机物的堆肥原环境复壮培养基的复壮效果最佳，经复壮培养后，该菌株氨氧化活性为 34.7～ 36.5mg/L，与其退化前氨氧化能力(35.0mg/L)相当。     

堆肥过程中基本条件的控制

概述了堆肥过程中各种基本条件控制因子,包括含水量、通风供氧、温度、挥发性有机物质、C/N比和C/P比、颗粒大小和容积密度、pH值,对其影响作用和如何调控进行综述,为堆肥的顺利进行提供理论基础和实践参考。     

Occurrence and survival of coliform bacteria, Escherichia coli and Salmonella in various manure and compost

pp. 865–874
Occurrence and survival of fecal-contamination indicator bacteria (coliform bacteria, Escherichia coli and Salmonella ) in various manure and compost samples collected from 23 composting facilities mostly in Kyushu were investigated by using selective media. Coliform bacteria were detected on desoxycholate agar from 11 (38%) of 29 product samples (15 cow dung manure, 4 poultry manure, 2 biosolid compost and 8 food waste compost) at a range of 10² to 10⁶ cfu g¹ dry matter. From positive samples, 21 isolates of possible coliform bacteria were purified. Among them, species of coliform bacteria ( E. coli , E. vulneria , Pantoea sp. and Buttiauxella agrestis ) were identified whereas isolates of Serratia marcescens , not coliform bacteria, were also obtained, suggesting that careful observation was necessary to avoid false positive counting due to the presence of a red colony of S. marcescens that resembled coliform bacteria. Isolates of E. coli were tested for slide aggregation with a set of antiserum against pathogenic E. coli serotypes and negative reaction was obtained for all the isolates tested. Direct detection of E. coli on Chromocult coliform agar and Salmonella on MLCB agar resulted in none and 2 (17%) of 12 samples tested, respectively. The fate of fecal-contamination indicator bacteria as above was followed during compost production on 7 cases at 6 compost facilities and 4 patterns were observed: fecal-contamination indicator bacteria 1) decreased and finally disappeared, 2) decreased once but re-growth was occurred on products, 3) decreased to some extent but remained in products, 4) was not detected throughout production. These results suggest that some fecal-contamination indicator bacteria may survive compost production and appropriate temperature control would be significant for hygiene control of manure and compost.     

养猪发酵床垫料微生物及其猪细菌性病原群落动态的研究

微生物发酵床养猪是一种新型环保养殖技术。开展了微生物发酵床垫料微生物及其猪细菌性病原群落动态的研究,通过分离不同使用时间和层次基质垫层中的细菌、真菌和放线菌,分析微生物发酵床垫料微生物群落动态;分离基质垫料中大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌,研究其在发酵床垫料中的时间、空间分布动态,分析微生物发酵床对这两种病原细菌的抑制效果。结果表明,微生物发酵床中细菌分布数量最大,在各使用时间和层次的分布量均达到10~7 cfu·g~(-1)数量级以上,放线菌分布数量次之,真菌分布数量最小;细菌的分布数量呈现随着垫料使用时间的增加先上升后下降的趋势,而真菌和放线菌分布量随着垫料使用时间的增加而减少。基质垫料有一定量大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌的分布,分布数量与细菌呈显著的负相关,与真菌和放线菌呈显著正相关,在垫料使用的后期(使用5个月)比使用前期(使用1个月)分布数量明显减少,减少幅度分别为95.34%和44.41%,说明微生物发酵床对猪舍大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌病原能起到显著的抑制作用,控制由大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌病原引起的猪病害。     

Effects of Different Types of Composts on Soil Characteristics and Morphological Traits of Two Dry Rangeland Species

Today, environmental protection and safe crop production are very important. The management of soil elements by compost is considered as important for sustainable agriculture. The mode of action of the composts is very different between various plant species. To evaluate the effects of different composts on soil structural and chemical properties and on morphological traits of two dry rangeland species (atriplex; Atriplex lentiformis and mesquite; Prosopos juliflora), a study was conducted in Fars Province of Iran during the year 2010. The study was a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments included compost types: solid (SC) and liquid compost or compost tea (LC), solid-liquid mixture (XSL) and control (Con; non used compost) as the first factor, and two pasture plant species as the second factor. The results showed that the compost application had significant and positive effects on morphological traits such as plant height, stem diameter, plant volume, crown length, width, and area, and caused 15, 51.18, 70.67, 34.18, 18.35, and 64.94% increase on these morphological traits, respectively. Although soil acidity was not significantly affected by compost and species, the effects of compost were significant on organic matter percentage, soil phosphorous, and potassium contents. Soil nitrogen percentage was affected by both species and compost. Compost application caused a decrease in the amount of sodium compared with the control. Overall, the results of this study suggested that within the compost types, liquid compost was an advisable biofertilizer in a similar climate. Furthermore, the LC and the XSL are recommended for improving the morphological traits and the soil characteristics, respectively.     

猪场沼液絮凝上清液的紫外线杀菌效果

猪场沼液中含有大量的微生物,为确保其排放或循环利用的卫生和环境安全,应对其进行有效的杀菌处理,目前国内沼液杀菌相关的研究缺乏。由于猪场沼液原液的色度和浊度很高,紫外线透过率很低,采用紫外线杀菌前需要对其进行预处理。该研究采用絮凝方法处理猪场沼液,对所获取的不同透射率沼液絮凝上清液进行杀菌试验,试验以细菌总数、大肠菌群和粪大肠菌群的数量变化及其杀菌率为指标,在4种沼液絮凝上清液透射率(0.01%、0.69%、3.78%和8.54%)、3种紫外线杀菌装置内水深(1、2和3 cm)和5种水力停留时间(1、5、10、15、20和30 min)试验条件下,探讨紫外线对沼液絮凝上清液杀菌的可行性及其运行效果。结果表明,絮凝上清液透射率(T254)、紫外线杀菌装置内水深和水力停留时间等因素对紫外线的杀菌效果均有极显著影响(P0.01),3种因素之间均有极显著的交互作用(P0.01)。试验紫外线灯管强度为395μW/cm2,当沼液絮凝上清液的透射率为0.69%、水力停留时间15 min和紫外线杀菌装置内水深2 cm时,紫外线对细菌总数、大肠菌群和粪大肠菌群的杀菌率分别为(99.99±1.20)%、(99.99±1.43)%和(100.00±0.01)%,使沼液絮凝上清液中粪大肠菌群的数量从3.9×106个/L下降至检出限(3个/L)以下,紫外线杀菌处理出水达到现行国家标准的无害化卫生要求,该研究可能为沼液的紫外线杀菌技术的深入研究和沼液安全循环利用提供参考。     

Changes in the pH of Two Different Composts Are Dependent on the Production of Organic Acids

The effects of pH in two different composts were studied. Yamagata compost was made under aerobic conditions, while Shimoduma compost was under semi-aerobic conditions. The change in pH of Yamagata compost was very limited, 7.38–8.97, and it started to increase only after 40-th d of composting. The pH increase from 40 to 70 d coincided with an increase in ammonium content, while a decrease after 70 d was probably as a result of nitrification. The concentration of organic acids (formic, acetic, propionic, iso-butyric and iso-valeric) produced in the first 14 d was high and after that, acetic, propionic and iso-valeric acids decreased quickly. In the Shimoduma compost, however, the range of pH change was wider (3.95–6.65) and increased almost linearly. The quantity of organic acids (citric, lactic, formic and acetic acid) produced depended on the periodic manual stirring. Immediately after stirring the amount of acids decreased, but it increased during the period without stirring.     

江苏省大中型沼气工程调查及沼液生物学特性研究

近年来,中国大中型沼气工程发展迅速,然而有关沼气工程运行情况的研究甚少。为探索沼气工程运行中存在的问题,该文对江苏省21家畜禽养殖场大中型沼气工程进行了实地调查,并采集发酵料液以及出料样品,分析了进出料液COD(化学需氧量)质量浓度、沼液产气潜力、粪大肠菌群数等指标。结果表明:江苏省沼气工程设计施工规范,配套设施较完备,但运行效率低,沼气、沼液处理或利用能力低。大多数沼气工程以处理养殖废水为主,发酵料液固体质量分数<3%,62%的出料沼液的COD质量浓度达到5000mg/L以上;沼液残余产气潜力较大,在35℃条件下,有12家沼气工程的沼液残余产甲烷量达100mL/L以上。沼气发酵处理可以显著降低粪大肠菌群含量,平均可减少92.9%,但厌氧消化后的沼液中仍含有较高浓度粪大肠菌群,不能达到无害化要求。该调查结果可为畜禽养殖场沼气工程的健康稳定运行与管理提供科学依据。     

Effect of Application of Different Types of Organic Composts on Rice Growth under Laboratory Conditions

In the present study, pot experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of the application of two different kinds of composts: pea-rice hull compost (PRC) and cattle dung-tea compost (CTC) on rice growth. These composts differed in their nitrogen composition, as well as in their effect on plant height, number of tillers, dry matter yield and nutrient uptake (nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K)) of rice plants. Plants were cultivated in 1/5,000 Wagner pots, which contained 3 kg of soil, completely mixed with the composts (PRC 404 g; CTC 380 g) and chemical fertilizer (CHEM), respectively in the first crop. The residual effect of the composts was studied after the plants of the first crop were harvested. All the treatments were replicated four times, with a randomized complete block design. The nutrient concentrations in the roots, leaf sheaths, leaf blades, stalks, and grain were analyzed at different growth stages. At the most active tillering and heading stages of the plants of the first crop, the number of tillers, dry matter yield and the amount of nutrients absorbed from the CHEM treatment were found to be higher than those in the other treatments. The values of the plant height, straw growth and nutrient uptake of the rice plants with the PRC treatment were the highest among all the treatments at the maturity stage. In the plants of the second crop, the values of the plant height, number of tillers, straw and whole plant yield and the N and K uptake from the PRC treatment were the highest among all the treatments at the heading and maturity stages. The chemical fertilizer was a fast-release fertilizer used to supply nutrients at the early stage of rice growth in the first crop. The beneficial effect of the composts on rice growth and nutrient uptake was conspicuous in the second crop, compared with that of routine treatment of chemical fertilizer.     

Effects of Sewage Sludge and Acacia dealbata Composts on Soil Biochemical and Chemical Properties

We studied the effects of different composts made of different mixtures of sewage sludge and Acacia plants on the soil biochemical and chemical properties. The proportions of mixed acacia plant and sewage sludge were: AL1/1 (50% acacia/50% sewage sludge), AL1/2 (33.3% acacia/66.6% sewage sludge), and AL1/3 (25% acacia/75% sewage sludge). Composts were added to the soil at a rate of 2%. Soil samples were collected during 150 days and analyzed for soil enzyme activities and chemical properties. An unamended soil was used as the control. Compared to the AL1/1 treatment, soil dehydrogenase, urease, phosphatase and β-glucosidase activities decreased respectively by 14.6%, 15.4%, 12.5%, and 19.3% for AL1/2 treatment and by 20.7%, 25.6%, 23.7%, and 28.4% for AL1/3 treatment. Soil water-soluble carbohydrates and polyphenols were the greatest in AL1/1. The lowest contents of heavy metals in the AL1/1 compost may be responsible for the increase of soil biochemical and chemical properties.     

泰州市奶牛乳房炎调查及其病原菌的分离

奶牛乳房炎是奶牛场的常发病和难以防治的疾病,为进一步了解引起奶牛乳房炎的病原微生物,本研究通过对泰州市3个奶牛场572头泌乳牛的乳房炎发病率进行了调查并对乳房炎主要病原菌进行分离和鉴定。结果表明,奶牛临床型乳房炎的发病率为7.69%,隐性型乳房炎发病率为56.64%,乳区阳性率为33.8%,其中临床型：隐性=1：7.36。从65份确定患有乳房炎的奶样中共分离获得8种细菌、156株分离株,且引起乳房炎的主要病原菌是金黄色葡萄球菌和表皮葡萄球菌,其次是停乳链球菌、大肠杆菌、乳房链球菌和无乳链球菌,其检出率分别为42.31%、23.08%、8.97%、6.41%、5.13%和1.28%。该项调查结果初步明确了泰州市乳房炎发病情况,同时为进一步综合防治奶牛乳房炎和研制乳房炎治疗药物提供了科学依据。     

A simple method for assessing leaching risk of bacteria through soils

Abstract. Bacterial contamination of water is a problem worldwide and is often acute in developing countries where human and animal waste is disposed of on land for use as fertilizer or because of poorly developed sanitation systems. Studying leaching risk through soils is difficult when no suitable microbiological laboratory is available. A method using the movement of ZnO particles through soils as a surrogate for studying bacteria directly was tested. ZnO particles with a similar size to bacteria can readily be detected by chemical analysis. For a range of nine different soil textures, leaching rates of ZnO particles under near saturated conditions were significantly correlated with leaching rates of Escherichia coli cells ( P =0.013). For both ZnO and E. coli , leaching was generally greatest through fine textured soils.