泥石流堆积扇危险度分区定量评价研究

应用数学统计方法探讨了泥石流堆积扇危险度分区评价方法，根据专家综合调查，确定了5个主导因子参与泥石流危险度评价，应用德菲尔分析方法计算了各因子的权重，由此建立了泥石流堆积扇危险度评价模型，该方法以云南省漾濞县雪山河泥石流堆积扇为试点进行了检验，显示了其较高的可靠性，该评价方法可为政府制度减灾规划提供科学依据。     

GIS支持下的滇西北地区泥石流灾害评价

滇西北地区泥石流区域分布受地貌、构造、岩性、气候和人类活动等诸多因素的影响和控制 ,在区域分布上表现出明显的地带差异性,泥石流灾害南部多于北部,西部多于东部.据本次调查,滇西北现有流域面积0.5 km2以上的泥石流沟690条.本文描述了用于地理信息系统识别和定量计算不同泥石流危险区的系统方法.对泥石流灾害评价表明研究区高度灾害区面积约5 413 km2,占全区面积的8.01%;中度灾害区面积约16 239 km2,占全区总面积的24.05%;低度灾害区面积24 907 km2,占全区面积的36.87%;无灾害区面积20 988 km2,占全区总面积的31.07%.所完成的泥石流灾害评价为全面反映灾情,确定减灾目标 ,优化防御措施,进行减灾决策提供了重要依据.     

四川凉山州越西县打虎沟泥石流风险评价

打虎沟泥石流位于越西县城，发育于越西县城以西，由西向东长约3km，流域面积约1．3km^2。由于汇水面积较小，固体碎屑物源储量不大，最大一次堆积量仅1万m^3，属于小型泥石流。但因其出口就在县城东边，居民密集，危害严重。运用泥石流风险评价理论，结合泥石流的危险度评价和易损度评价，综合打虎沟泥石流危险度评价（H单=0．388）和灾害的易损度评价（V单=0．98），运用自然灾害风险度模型，得出了打虎沟泥石流的风险度为0．38，为高风险泥石流沟。     

大渡河泸定—得妥段泥石流风险评价

通过遥感解译和实地调查分析大渡河泸定-得妥段内的17条泥石流沟发育背景环境和空间分布特征,获取泥石流沟危险度评价的因子参数,并结合泥石流沟易损性评价结果完成了泥石流沟的风险评价。建议将此风险评价结果应用于指导当地土地规划及其他经济建设的决策中,从而达到防灾减灾的目的,也为生活在泥石流危险区的居民提供有关灾害风险信息,以作避险搬迁和灾害防治的依据。     

汶川地震灾区泥石流危险性评估——以都江堰—汶川公路为例

公路泥石流危险性评估是震区道路交通防灾减灾和重建规划的重要基础性技术工作之一.选取都江堰—汶川公路沿线28条泥石流沟为研究对象,运用遥感和GIS技术进行数据处理与综合分析,采用灰色关联分析法进行评价因子遴选和权重确定,进行各条泥石流沟危险度计算,完成震区都江堰—汶川公路沿线泥石流危险性评估.结果表明:1)都江堰—汶川公路沿线28条泥石流沟大部分处于高度危险以上、占总数的78.57％,极高危险区占总数的25％;2)饵沟、牛圈沟、磨子沟危险性最大,其次是高店子沟、马埝坪沟和一碗水沟;3)基于灰色关联分析法的多因素评价方法,能较好地确定评价因子及其权重、并计算出泥石流危险度,具有一定实用性.研究结果可为灾区防灾减灾管理、灾后恢复重建和道路交通选线设计提供必要的依据和参考.     

白龙江流域泥石流危险性评价

泥石流是暴发在山区小流域内的特殊地质灾害,泥石流危险度评价是泥石流灾害风险预测、评价和防治的前提。本文以流域单元为评价单元,选取沟床比降、泥石流规模和堵江程度3个因子,构建危险性评价模型,提出流域尺度的危险性评价方法。以甘肃省陇南地区白龙江流域为研究区,应用GIS技术,利用数字高程模型(DEM)数据,建立以水文响应单元为基本评价单元,应用危险度模型计算研究区泥石流危险度,划分危险度等级,编制泥石流危险性评价结果图。结果表明:处于中度危险以上的泥石流沟数量占78%,其中,极高度危险的泥石流沟占25.3%。评价结果与实际灾情吻合,可为白龙江流域防灾减灾提供参考依据。     

层次分析法在泥石流危险度评价中的应用——以北京市密云县为例

泥石流是山区常见的一种自然灾害,其危险度评价对实现区域防灾减灾具有重要意义。在深入分析密云县泥石流灾害的基础上,采用基于系统理论的层次分析法,从影响泥石流危险度的泥石流历史活动情况和潜在形成条件中选取10个指标作为背景参数进行定量化研究,建立了密云县泥石流危险度评价模型。所建立的模型中,历史活动情况所占权重为0．414,潜在形成条件所占权重为0．586。利用该模型对当地泥石流沟道进行危险度评价,其结果与实际情况具有较好的一致性。研究表明,运用层次分析法进行密云县泥石流危险度评价是实用的和有效的,进一步工作应放在评价方法的可靠性研究上,从而为使用者提供更为准确的评价结果。     

岷江上游某建设场地山洪泥石流灾害危险性分析

某建设场地位于岷江上游大沟流域,为山洪泥石流多发区。从主、支沟山洪泥石流特征、泥石流暴发规模及支沟泥石流对主沟山洪特征的影响等方面分析了场地可能遭受山洪泥石流灾害的危险性,并以此为基础对场地按危险程度进行了分区。结果表明,该场地主体位于基本无危险区,其建设计划是可行的。     

基于确定性系数模型的泸水市泥石流易发性评价

以泥石流灾害频发的怒江州泸水市为研究区,选取坡度、高程、河流距离、道路距离、岩性、断裂带距离、降雨量、NDVI、土地利用9个影响因子,建立了泸水市泥石流灾害易发性评价体系。采用确定性系数模型(CF模型)进行了泥石流灾害易发性评价,将泥石流易发性评价结果分为极高易发区、高易发区、中易发区、低易发区4个等级。结果表明:研究区高易发区及以上级别的易发区内发生的泥石流灾害数量占总数的95.32%,易发性评价结果正确率达到81.99%,表明选取的评价指标合理,CF模型适用于泸水市的泥石流灾害易发性评价研究。泸水市泥石流灾害高易发区也是居民点集中分布区,评价分区结果对泸水市的泥石流灾害防灾减灾具有一定的借鉴作用。     

四川省雅安市泥石流灾害危险性评价

[目的]对四川省雅安市泥石流灾害危险性进行评价,为科学合理地预测和应对该区泥石流的发生提供科学依据。[方法]首先构建危险性评价指标体系,选取3类8个评价因子并进行量化分级,再用层次分析法(AHP)给指标赋权重,最后用危险性评价模型叠置分析评价因子,进行雅安市危险度区划,将雅安市范围的泥石流危险性级别分为轻度(Ⅰ)、中度(Ⅱ)、较高(Ⅲ)、高度(Ⅳ)。[结果]宝兴县的Ⅳ区域占比(8.8%)最小,整体泥石流危险性最低。天全县危险性相对偏低。雨城区、芦山县、名山区的Ⅳ级都占比约20.0%,整体泥石流危险性居中;荥经县和汉源县整体泥石流危险性偏高,Ⅳ级占比约45.0%;石棉县的泥石流危险性最高,Ⅳ级区域占比高达57.4%,Ⅲ级区域占比高达24.4%。[结论]加强预防高度危险区的泥石流灾害能力,警惕较高危险区泥石流潜在危险性。采用合理有效的措施(灾害监测,气象预报,植树种草)将雅安市泥石流危险性尽可能降低。     

Bioavailability of As,Cd, Co,Cr, Cu,Hg, Mo,Ni, Pb,Se, and Zn from Biosolids Amended Compost

Appropriate compost standards are being considered in Canada. Five aspects of compost safety and quality are being evaluated; probably the most controversial aspect is the standards for metals in compost. In order to assist in the development of appropriate standards, the authors began an extensive research project in October, 1993 to determine the bioavailability of metals from compost and compost-metal mixtures. Swiss chard was grown in compost-amended soils or compost in a growth room using five treatments of increasing percentages of compost in the media (0, 25 percent, 50 percent, 75 percent, 100 percent compost (v/v)). A Truro loamy sand and a race-track manure-biosolids compost (RTM-biosolids) supplemented with a high metal biosolids were used in a completely randomized design with five replicates. Dry matter yield, metal content in plant tissue, and total metal uptake were evaluated as well as the total and DTPA-extractable metal content in the compost-soil mixes. The results of this and five other experiments conducted by the authors will help determine whether the suggested limits for As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se and Zn in composts are appropriate.     

Variation of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,Mn, Zn,and al in slash pine foliage

Abstract

The seasonal patterns of foliage nutrient concentrations and contents were monitored for two growing seasons in an 11‐year—old Pinus el1iottii stand. In the first growing season after needle initiation, N, P, K, Mg, and Zn concentrations decreased, but this was followed by an increase in the fall and winter months. Another drop in concentration of all elements, except P, occurred in the second growing season. Decreases in total contents indicated that this drop was a result of translocation to other tissues. In contrast to the mobile elements, the concentration and fascicle contents of Ca, Mn, and Al increased with aging of the needles.

Between‐tree variability was least for N, P, and Zn and the N, K, Mg, Mn, and Zn in the current foliage had consistently lower variation than that in the 1‐year‐old foliage. Between‐tree variation for K was lower in the winter than the spring.

For pine foliage, recommended sampling period for N, P, Mg, and Zn is mid to late summer and for the other elements it is late fall to late winter.

There are several sources of variation that influence the level of nutrients in tree foliage. The most important of these, apart from the tree nutrient status, are seasonal fluctuations, variation between trees, and age of needles . Smaller sources of variation are associated with position of the needles within the crown, diurnal changes, year to year variation, and analytical errors^1,2. These variables must be studied in order to develop suitable sampling techniques and in Pinus this has been undertaken for P. banksiana ¹, P. taeda ³, P. strobus ⁴, P. resinosa ⁴, P. sylvestris ⁵, and P. radiata ^6,7. However, foliage sampling has not been studied in detail for slash pine (Pinus elliottii Englem var. elliottii) and earlier studies with other pines have been largely confined to temperate or cool climates.

This study reports the variation in elemental concentrations with season, age of foliage, and between slash pine trees growing in a subtropical climate in Florida.     

Phytotoxicity of cobalt,vanadium, titanium,silver, and chromium

Abstract

The phytotoxicity of five nonessential elements (Co, V, Ti, Ag, Cr) to higher plants was studied in solution culture experiments with bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. C.V. Improved Tendergreen). All, but in varying degrees, tended to concentrate in roots with a decreasing gradient to stems and leaves. Cobalt was one of the more mobile of the five trace metals. Its toxicity was expressed as severe chlorosis; 43 (with 10^‐5 M) and 142 (with 10^‐4 M) μg Co/g dry weight in leaves resulted in severe chlorosis. Vanadium as 10^‐4 M vanadate resulted in smaller plants but not in chlorosis. Leaf, stem, and root V, respectively, were 13, 8, and 881 μg/g dry weight. Titanium was somewhat mobile with considerable yield decrease at 10^‐4 M; leaf, stem, and root Ti concentrations, respectively, were 202, 48, and 2420 μg/g. Symptoms were chlorosis, necrotic spots on leaves, and stunting. Silver was very lethal at 10^‐4 M AgNO₃; at 10^‐5 M yields were greatly decreased, but plants were grown without symptoms. Leaf, stem, and root concentrations of Ag for this treatment, respectively, were 5.8, 5.1, and 1760 μg/g dry weight. Plants grown with 10^‐5 N Cr₂O₇ were decreased in yield by about 25% with or without EDTA (ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid) while the same level of Cr₂(SO₄)₃ was essentially without effect. For the two salts, the leaf, stem, root concentrations for Cr, respectively were 2.2 and 1.3, 0.7 and 0. 7, and 140 and 104 μg/g. Most of the trace metals studied here had interactions in the uptake and/or distribution of other elements.     

Thin layer chromatographic determination of aflatoxins, ochratoxins, sterigmatocystin, zearalenone, citrinin, T-2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol, penicillic acid, patulin, and penitrem A.

A general method is described for determining 16 mycotoxins in mixed feeds and other food products used in the manufacture of these feedstuffs. The mycotoxins are extracted and cleaned up by extracting with solvents of different pH. Thin layer chromatography is used to separate the toxins; toxins are then quantitated by the limit detection method. The minimum detectable concentration of mycotoxins in various products is: aflatoxin B1 or G1, 4--5 micrograms/kg; ochratoxin A or ethyl ester A 140--145 micrograms/kg; citrinin 600--750 micrograms/kg; zearalenone, 410--500 micrograms/kg; sterigmatocystin, 140--145 micrograms/kg; diacetoxyscirpenol, 2400--2600 micrograms/kg; T-2 toxin, 800--950 micrograms/kg; patulin, 750--800 micrograms/kg; penitrem A 14,000--14,500 micrograms/kg; penicillic acid 3400--3650 micrograms/kg.     

Evaluation of Decomposition Procedure to Determine Ba,Co, Cr,Cu, Ni,Mn, V,and Zn Total Content in Soil Samples

Different procedures have been proposed to decompose soil samples. Most of them regard determination with fertility aims. In this case, the contents available to the plants are considered. On the other hand, there are procedures to determine total content. The objective of this work was to propose a new decomposition procedure to determine barium (Ba), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), vanadium (V), and zinc (Zn) total content in tropical soils with high content of oxides and silicate. According to the results, the digestion procedure proposed in this study provided satisfactory results for the contents recovery for the elements Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, V, and Zn, above 90%, and the use of inverted aqua regia, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), hydrofluoric acid (HF), pre-digestions and agitation was shown as a new alternative for the high silicate content soil sample total digestion, such as the oxisols.     

Organochlorine pesticide residues in different Indian cereals, pulses, spices, vegetables, fruits, milk, butter, Deshi ghee, and edible oils.

A total of 244 samples of cereals (wheat flour, rice, and maize), pulses (arhar, moong, gram, lentil, and black gram), spices (turmeric, chili, coriander, and black pepper), vegetables (potato, onion, spinach, cabbage, brinjal, and tomato), fruits (mango, guava, apple, and grape), milk, butter, Deshi ghee, and edible oils (vegetable, mustard, groundnut, and sesame) collected from different cities of Northern Province (Utter Pradesh) were analyzed by gas liquid chromatography for the presence of organochlorine pesticide residues. Residues of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane (DDT) were detected in about 85% of the total samples of cereals, spices, milk, butter, Deshi ghee, and edible oils analyzed in the present study. However, the residue levels were either very small (less than 0.06 ppm) or not detected at all in pulses, vegetables, and fruits as compared with very high concentrations in wheat flour (4.42 and 0.12 ppm), butter (1.19 and 4.85 ppm), mustard oil (1.26 and 2.42 ppm), Deshi ghee (1.10 and 3.84 ppm), vegetable oil (1.02 and 0.59 ppm), groundnut oil (0.51 and 1.49 ppm), and chili (0.48 and 1.92 ppm). The levels of HCH and DDT residues detected in rice, maize, turmeric, corlander, black pepper, and all the vegetables and fruits were also lower than those found in wheat flour, oil, and fat samples analyzed in the present study. These findings suggest that a restricted and controlled use of such persistent pesticides may be useful for decreasing their contamination levels in different food items.     

Estimation of Reference Values for Cadmium,Cobalt, Chromium,Copper, Nickel,Lead, and Zinc in Brazilian Soils

Abstract

The objectives of this study were 1) to recommend reference values (RVs) and tolerance limits (TLs) for representative Brazilian soils and 2) to propose a model to calculate natural contents of cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) in a soil from the silt, clay, manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), and cation exchange capacity (CEC) values. A set of 256 soil samples was classified by similarity in seven groups, and the concentrations corresponding to the upper quarter of data collected were then calculated. These concentrations are proposed as RVs for Brazilian soils. Additionally, TLs were obtained for each group from the antilog expression (m+2s), where m=mean value and s=standard deviation of data transformed in log₁₀. The classification functions of discriminant analysis proved to be suitable to allocate new samples in the established groups. Thus, it is possible to evaluate soils under anthropic activity and, by comparison with reference values, to be aware of pollution risks in a given area.     

Caimans,Capybaras, otters,manatees, and man in amazonia

Amazonia, the world's largest tropical rain forest, is often assumed to be a virtually untouched wilderness. The region is often referred to as a demographic void; there is on average only about one person per sq. km. Yet in response to international market forces, the hand of man has penetrated deep into the imposing forests. Since colonial times, wildlife, particularly along rivers, has been exploited on a large-scale basis for commercial purposes. This paper focuses on the effects of the trade on some aquatic animals.     

Die Bindungsformen von Si,Mg, Fe,Al, Mn,Cr, Ni und Co in Saprolit und Laterit über Serpentinit,Insel Gebe,Indonesien

Fixation of Si, Mg, Fe, Al, Mn, Cr, Ni and Co in saprolite and laterite above serpentinite - Gebe Island, Indonesia The fixation of various major and trace elements has been studied in a saprolite/laterite profile above serpentinized peridotite. Sequential extraction of < 63 μm fraction shows different types of element fixation in soil: adsorption on mineral surfaces (1), fixation to Mn-oxides (2), bonding to poorly and better crystallized Fe-oxides (3). In the laterite, most of the extractable Si-, Al-, Cr- and Ni-contents are bound to goethitic Fe-hydroxide. The saprolite has considerable amounts of secondary quartz which has been formed during ageing of amorphous silica modifications. Their precipitation is favoured by high Si adsorption capacity of poorly crystallized Fe-hydroxide. In saprolite and laterite Co is bound to Mn-oxides. It can readily be extracted from pure Mn-oxides. In contrast, the intimate association of Mn-oxides to goethite reduces the rate of easily extractable Mn and Co in middle and upper zones of the laterite.