A survey on actual agricultural practices and their effects on the mineral nitrogen concentration of the soil solution

In intensive integrated crop-livestock farming systems, the surplus of N at the farm scale may be large and reflects on the N balance at the field scale. A study was conducted to assess the N fertilizer efficiency in four private farms in intensively cropped areas of NW Italy, and to monitor the effects of agricultural practices on the mineral N concentration of the soil solution, sampled every 2 weeks for 2 years and considered as an indicator of potential leaching. Two cultivation systems were compared in each farm, one involving continuous maize rotation, the other assuring a continuous soil cover (permanent meadow or winter cereal-maize double cropping system). The fertilization level in the arable crops was high (369–509 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) compared to the crop removals, and resulted in a low efficiency, as indicated by the four examined efficiency indexes (calculated N surplus, N removal-fertilizer ratio, N apparent recovery, N use efficiency). The soil-water-nitrate concentration showed large temporal variations in the range of 1–150 mg l⁻¹ for five out of the eight cropping situations, while concentrations smaller than 10 mg l⁻¹ were always recorded in the meadows and in one of the four soils (Aeric epiaquept). The fertilizer management that characterized each cropping system affected the soil-mineral-nitrate content in shallow arable soils. The longer soil cover duration in double-cropping systems did not result in a reduction of soil N compared to maize as a single crop, not even in winter (the bare-soil intercropping period in maize-based systems). However, the temporal oscillations of the concentration were buffered by the crop cover duration and by the presence of a shallow water table (1 m deep) in the soil profile. The average nitrate content of the soil could be predicted by the N uptake of the crop, the N removal–fertilizer ratio, the soil pH and sand content, however no simple explanatory relationship was found with the experimental factors. Hence, in farm conditions, in the absence of sufficient data for a deterministic model approach, the target of reducing the risk of leaching should be achieved by maximizing the fertilizer efficiency.     

土壤砾石的分布及其对水文过程的影响

(西南大学资源环境学院,重庆 400716)     

微喷补灌对麦田土壤物理性状及冬小麦耗水和产量的影响

黄淮海麦区水资源短缺,探明畦灌和微喷补灌对麦田土壤物理性状及冬小麦耗水特性、产量和水分利用效率调节的差异,可为该地区冬小麦节水高产栽培提供理论和技术支持。2016—2018年冬小麦生长季,设置畦灌和微喷补灌两处理,研究其对麦田0～40 cm土层土壤容重、总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、田间持水率,及冬小麦各生育阶段棵间蒸发量、蒸腾量、籽粒产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明微喷补灌处理与畦灌处理相比, 0～20 cm土层土壤容重降低,总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度和田间持水率增加;冬小麦返青后春季分蘖明显减少,返青至拔节期的棵间蒸发量和蒸腾量及全生育期总耗水量均显著减少;籽粒产量无明显变化,但水分利用效率显著提高,说明微喷补灌可以改善麦田土壤物理性状,优化冬小麦群体结构,通过减少棵间蒸发和植株无效蒸腾降低麦田耗水量,从而在维持高产水平的同时提高水分利用效率。     

节水减氮对土壤硝态氮分布和冬小麦水氮利用效率的影响

针对当前关中平原冬小麦生产中氮肥投入过量、灌溉水资源不足的问题,研究节水减氮栽培模式下冬小麦籽粒产量、水氮利用及硝态氮淋失情况,能为确定冬小麦节水减肥环保增效的生产模式提供理论依据。于2017—2019年在陕西杨凌开展冬小麦节水减氮田间栽培试验,采用二因素裂区设计,施氮量为主处理,灌水量为副处理,设施氮量处理N300 (300 kg hm~(–2))、N225 (225 kg hm~(–2))、N150 (150 kg hm~(–2))、N75 (75 kg hm~(–2))、N0 (不施氮)和灌水量处理W2 (1200 m~3 hm~(–2))、W1 (600 m~3 hm~(–2))、W0 (0),分析小麦产量、水氮利用效率及土壤硝态氮淋失情况。结果表明,2017—2018年和2018—2019年小麦季灌水处理较不灌水处理分别增产14.88%～15.01%和4.11～4.16倍,但处理间差异不显著,而越冬期灌水600 m~3 hm~(–2)土壤硝态氮淋失风险显著降低。在越冬期灌水600 m~3 hm~(–2)处理下, 2017—2018年施氮量150 kg hm~(–2)处理产量最高, 2018—2019年则是施氮量225 kg hm~(–2)处理产量最高,但2018—2019年施氮量150 kg hm~(–2)处理在较高产量基础上获得较高的氮肥利用效率,土壤硝态氮淋失量也较施氮量225 kg hm~(–2)处理2个年度分别降低了15.87%和10.20%。因此,施氮量150 kg hm~(–2)配合越冬期灌水600 m~3 hm~(–2),能够在保障产量的基础上,提高水氮利用效率,降低硝态氮淋失风险,实现关中平原冬小麦生产节水减肥环保增效的目标。     

Effects of reduced tillage on soil surface properties affecting wind erosion in semiarid fallow lands of Central Aragón

In Central Aragón (NE Spain), where strong and dry winds are frequent all year round, fallow lands are susceptible to wind erosion due to insufficient crop residues on the surface and loose, finely divided soils by multiple tillage operations. Effects of conventional tillage (CT — mouldboard ploughing followed by a compacting roller) and reduced tillage (RT — chisel ploughing) on soil surface properties affecting wind erosion were studied during three experimental campaigns in a dryland field of Central Aragón. RT provided higher soil protection than CT through a lower wind erodible fraction of soil surface (on average, 10% less) and a significantly higher percentage of soil cover with crop residues and clods (30% higher). Random roughness was also higher after RT than after CT (15 vs. 4%). These results indicate that RT can be an effective soil management practice for wind erosion prevention during the fallow period in semiarid Aragón. The study shows, likewise, that significant changes in soil aggregate size distribution associated with wind erosion processes may occur in short periods of time. Thus, temporal variability of soil surface properties, including crust and clods stability, needs to be considered in wind erosion research in agricultural soils.     

Variability of winter rye grain yield in a glacial plain catchment — modelling and observation

Crop growth of winter rye (Secale cereale) was simulated on sandy soils in northwest Germany at the meso-scale (6 km² catchment, 5 year rotation). Based on site-specific soil data, simulated grain yields (Y_MOD) were compared to observed yields (Y_OBS), and the results were discussed with respect to the N balance. The mean annual yields simulated for rain-fed (3.8–7.3 t/ha) and irrigated conditions (5.2–8 t/ha) varied more strongly than those observed in the region (4.6–6.0 t/ha). Excluding years with strongly deviating simulation results, the ratio Y_OBS/Y_MOD decreased from 0.82 to 0.73 under irrigation. Spatially, the effect of plant available water (PAW) on simulated yields varied considerably over the years, explaining 5–75% of the yield variability. In reality, yields depended on water availability (PAW+irrigation) in a year with spring drought, suggesting a time-specific water stress function. In the simulation scenario, there was ample N supply, and variable N mineralization explained 10% of the yield variability. Simulated mean N uptake and export were greater than the observed (160 vs. 140 and 112 vs. 100 kg N/ha, respectively), which may explain the overestimated growth rates. The mean harvest index varied less (0.36–0.55) than the fraction of N returned with the residues (0.17–0. 50), and irrigation decreased the variation of both. With respect to scaling methods, soil data could be aggregated, and simulations based on distributed inputs could be substituted by the weighted mean of simulations based on mean inputs. Down-scaling from the EU map created the difficulty of selecting appropriate soil units. The simple factor Y_OBS/Y_MOD was unreliable for scaling simulated yields to assess regional yields because of its temporal variation in response to climatic variables. The results suggest that changes in model structure and parameters are required to describe water stress, sink limitations, and N diffusion or influx rates better.     

季节性冻融期不同地下水位埋深下土壤温度变化特征

土壤温度是土壤热状况的综合表征指标,影响土壤养分分布和冬春季节作物生长发育。以山西省水文水资源勘测局太谷均衡实验站为试验基地,对冻融期4种不同地下水位埋深下的土壤温度进行了分析研究。结果表明：在地下水浅埋区,冻融期地温的变化滞后气温变化,且滞后时间随土壤深度的增加而增大。12月初-2月下旬,地下水位为1．0m埋深的土壤温度较高;消融期地下水位为1．5m埋深下的土壤温度迅速回升。而0．5m埋深下的土壤温度较低且回升较慢;同一地下水埋深下,随着土壤深度的增加。剖面温度增高。50cm深度之下的土壤温度受地下水位埋深的影响较弱。研究成果可为冬春作物播种、预防冻害提供参考依据。     

冬小麦根系吸水与土壤水分条件关系的田间试验研究

田间试验表明，在冬小麦生长前期，根系对土壤水分的吸收主要集中在８０ｃｍ以上的土，随着根系向纵深方向的伸展，根系对深层土壤水分的利用逐步增大。影响根系对某一层次土壤水分利用的主要原因是该土土壤中根量的大小、根系本身的吸水活力和土壤水分状况。在冬小麦生长后期，其上部土层中根系吸水活力出现下降。根系吸水在土壤中的分布可用活根的根长密度在土壤中的分布和根系吸水与土壤湿度有关的以数与描述。     

Phosphate-rich soils in the European Union: estimating total plant-available phosphorus

The estimation of plant-available phosphorus (P) has become important for farmers and environmental agencies, because it can help them: (i) use existing soil P reserves more efficiently, and (ii) establish criteria for reducing or stopping application of P fertilizers, which can cause water eutrophication. In this study, total plant-available P (TPAP) in 12 P-rich soils from major agricultural areas of the European Union was estimated by successive cropping in pots, and compared to the amount of P extracted by different methods. Plant desorption curves generally conformed to a Temkin equation (P uptake = A+B log(P concentration in soil solution)). P uptake was also linearly related to the change in Olsen P of soil. Of the various laboratory methods used to estimate TPAP, extraction by goethite (viz., a ‘near-infinite’ Fe oxide sink) proved the most efficient, followed by repeated extraction with an anion-exchange resin in chloride form. Isotopically exchangeable P (IEP) was found to be useless for estimating TPAP, particularly in acid soils. However, IEP at 14 days, combined with the P concentration in the soil solution, provided a good estimate for TPAP. In practice, TPAP can also be predicted from Olsen P, provided the varying efficiency of bicarbonate in extracting P from soils in different pH ranges is considered.     

Climacteric or non-climacteric behavior in melon fruit: 1. Aroma volatiles

A near-isogenic line (NIL) SC3-5 and a further nine NILs of melon contained introgressions of an exotic non-climacteric accession of Cucumis melo ‘Shongwan Charmi’ [SC (PI 161375), Conomon Group)] into the non-climacteric Spanish Inodorus type of melon cultivar ‘Piel de Sapo’ (PS). The NILs exhibited different climacteric behavior and aroma. Fruit from SC3-5 and seven NILs showed a climacteric pattern, while fruit from one NIL, both parentals and the cultivar ‘Nicolás’, were non-climacteric. The NILs were compared with the reference aromatic cultivars ‘Fado’ and ‘Védrantais’, which show climacteric behavior with high levels of respiration and ethylene production. The twenty-eight aromatic compounds common to the cultivars and NILs studied defined the aroma profile, which was composed of fifteen esters, six aldehydes, two alcohols, three derived sulfur compounds (methyldisulfanylmethane; methanethiolate; methyl 2-sulfanylacetate) and other three compounds (1,7,7-trimethylnorbornan-2-one; acetone; 2-ethylfuran). On the basis of the total ion count peak area, three compounds (isobutyl acetate; benzyl acetate; pentanal) allowed the climacteric to be distinguished from the non-climacteric NILs according to univariate analysis. Multivariate analysis of the aroma data on the basis of total ion count peak area separated the aromatic attributes of the climacteric ‘Védrantais’ and ‘Fado’ melons from the NILs that were closer to their inbred parentals when analyzed by partial least squares regression plus discriminant analysis. In the climacteric reference cultivars or NILs, esters were the predominant volatiles while aldehydes predominated in non-climacteric ones. These results support the hypothesis that at least one QTL in linkage group III boosts a series of maturation signals that are characteristic of climacteric fruit, including a different aroma profile.     

宽幅条播冬小麦水分利用与干物质积累、品质的关系及播种密度的调控研究

为明确冬小麦采用宽幅条播技术的增产及优质机理,于2017-2018年在黄淮海流域西部开展不同播种密度对宽幅条播冬小麦植株干物质积累量、水分利用效率及品质影响的研究。结果表明,播种密度为480万株/hm²时,提高了植株各阶段干物质积累量,增加了花前作物耗水量及生育期总耗水,显著提高了小麦产量,增幅达3.5%~16.2%,提高水分利用效率1.3%~11.8%;显著提高了籽粒蛋白质及其组分含量,总蛋白提高2.5%~11.8%,提高了谷/醇值;显著提高了淀粉、湿面筋和干面筋含量;提高了淀粉糊化特性,其中峰值黏度、保持黏度、最终黏度和糊化温度均达显著水平。较其他播种密度处理,小麦吸水率和面团形成时间以播种密度为240万株/hm²时最高;240万和480万株/hm²处理的面团稳定时间和粉质质量数高于其他处理;弱化度以360万株/hm²处理最高。宽幅条播冬小麦不同播种密度条件下,拔节―开花阶段耗水量与产量、籽粒蛋白质含量、谷/醇值、淀粉含量、湿面筋含量、干面筋含量和面筋指数均呈显著正相关。总之,宽幅条播冬小麦采用480万株/hm²播种密度有利于提高植株干物质积累量,增加花前作物耗水,提高产量、水分利用效率、籽粒营养品质和面粉加工品质,实现了冬小麦优质增产增效。     

Productivity and water use efficiency of sweet sorghum as affected by soil water deficit occurring at different vegetative growth stages

The growth and production of sweet sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] crops under semi-arid conditions in the Mediterranean environment of southern Italy are constrained by water stress. The effects of temporary water stress on growth and productivity of sweet sorghum were studied during three seasons at Rutigliano (Bari, Italy). The aim of this research was to evaluate the sensitivity of phenological stages subjected to the same water deficit. In a preliminary study it was observed that stomata closed when pre-dawn leaf water potential (Ψ_b) became lower than −0.4 MPa. This criterion was used in monitoring plant water status in three different plots: one never stressed and two stressed at different phenological stages (‘leaf’ and ‘stem’) when mainly leaves or stems were growing, respectively. An evaluation of the sensitivity of phenological stages subjected to identical water stress was obtained by comparing the above-ground biomass and WUE of drought crops with those of the well-irrigated crop (up to 32.5 t ha⁻¹ of dry matter and 5.7 g kg⁻¹). The sensitivity was greatest at the early stage (‘leaf’), when a temporary soil water stress reduced the biomass production by up to 30% with respect to the control and WUE was 4.8 g kg⁻¹ (average of three seasons). These results help quantify the effects of water constraints on sweet sorghum productivity. An irrigation strategy based on phenological stage sensitivity is suggested.     

Yield variation of spring cereals in relation to selected soil physical properties on three clay soil fields

The crop growth is highly dependent on growth conditions which vary from year to year making precision farming challenging. In the present paper was first investigated whether varying soil physical properties reflect the within-field yield variation of small grain cereals and how do the variations in weather conditions between growing seasons affect the within-field yield variation. Secondly, the potential biomass accumulation of the crop in existing soil and weather conditions was simulated. The simulated and experimentally based site-specific total biomasses were compared in order to find out whether the soil data explains the observed variations in yield.Three experimental fields size of 3–4 ha were established to examine the spatio-temporal yield variation during three years. The clay content of soils was high (> 46%) and soils were classified as Stagni-Vertic Cambisols. Correlations between soil water retention properties and crop yield were studied. Top and subsoil saturated (SWC), field capacity (FC) and permanent wilting point (PWP) water content, and saturated hydraulic conductivity of soil (K_sat), were determined from 19 to 24 places on each field once during the three years experimental period. During growing seasons, soil moisture content and leaf area index (LAI) were determined at same places biweekly, and yield was harvested. Spring barley (Hordeum vulgare) was grown on two fields, and spring wheat (Triticum aestivum, 2 years) and spring oilseed rape (Brassica napus L., one year) were grown on the third field.The measured grain yields correlated with selected soil physical properties only in few cases. The observed spatial variation in the biomass was in most cases found to be higher than the simulated. Therefore, the above mentioned parameters were not enough to predict the yield correctly in case of high variations. There were other factors decreasing the observed yield e.g. lodging, cold summer, extremely high precipitation and slopes in field. According to our results it is evident that it is very difficult to predict site-specific biomass accumulation solely by soil properties in order, for instance, to fertilize in a site-specific manner. Therefore one needs to measure the crop during the growing season in order to simulate the biomass accumulation for precision farming purposes.     

基于GGE双标图分析广东省甜玉米品种多点试验产量性状

为明确甜玉米不同品种在广东省区域试验中的丰产性与稳定性、各试点环境的代表性与鉴别力,以2018—2019年广东省甜玉米区域试验18个参试品种的产量性状数据为研究对象,利用GGE-biplot方法对其进行分析。结果表明,2018年试验中‘粤甜33号’、浙甜808’、‘新美甜816’在丰产性和稳定性表现位居前三,2019年试验中,‘粤甜33号’、‘华美甜468’、‘新美甜816’在丰产性方面居前三位,稳定性好的品种依次为‘粤甜33号’、‘粤甜16号’、‘正甜89’,2年试验‘粤甜33号’在丰产性和稳定性方面综合表现最好,其适应性也最强。各试点环境之间呈正相关关系,说明各试点均有较好的代表性,部分试点环境之间存在紧密正相关,广州和英德两个生态区分别是2018年和2019年理想试点环境,对品种有较好地环境鉴别力和代表性。     

文峪河上游3种典型河岸林土壤理化性质研究

为了研究文峪河上游3种典型河岸林土壤理化性质之间的差异,对河岸林土壤的pH、容重、总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度和毛管持水量进行了测定分析。结果表明：土壤理化性质在不同类型河岸林之间的差异达到极显著水平;3种典型河岸林土壤pH和容重表现为：华北落叶松河岸林>杨桦河岸林>云杉河岸林,总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度和毛管持水量表现为：云杉河岸林>杨桦河岸林>华北落叶松河岸林;3种典型河岸林土壤pH随土壤深度增加而增大,距离河流越近总孔隙度越小,其他方面无显著规律。     

抗寒节水高产国审小麦新品种‘临旱8号’选育研究

针对黄淮麦区小麦生育期内干旱缺水、低温冻害、倒春寒及干热风等灾害频发的生态环境,重点围绕聚合优质高产、抗逆广适的目标,为该麦区培育具有优良综合性状的小麦新品种。采用系谱远缘杂交育种法,以抗旱广适的‘晋麦79号’为母本,以抗旱耐寒优质的‘临旱5408’为父本进行杂交,旨在实现性状互补,累积优质基因。运用水旱地交替选择、异地生态抗逆鉴定、分子标记辅助选择育种等手段选育出小麦新品种‘临旱8号’。分子标记检测结果表明:该品种含有8个抗旱节水相关基因和10个与水分高效利用紧密连锁的标记。2017—2018年在黄淮冬麦区旱薄组区域试验中,2年区试平均产量4873.5 kg/hm²,比对照品种‘晋麦47号’增产7.0%;2018—2019年度参加黄淮冬麦区旱薄组生产试验,平均产量4656.0 kg/hm²,比对照‘晋麦47号’增产8.4%,是近年来黄淮旱地难得的好品种。该品种品质优、产量高而稳、抗逆广适性强,具有抗寒性好、成穗多、穗层整齐、透光性好、熟相好等特点。于2020年通过国家农作物品种审定委员会审定（审定编号:国审麦202000033号）,适宜黄淮旱地麦区的山西晋南、陕西宝鸡、咸阳、铜川和河南及河北沧州旱地种植。     

冬小麦“一水千斤”简化栽培模式水分运筹规律研究

为进一步研究冬小麦节水灌溉,明确其水分运筹规律,2014—2015年度和2015—2016年度,在冬小麦全生育期降雨量与常年相当的情况下,采取趁墒播种等技术措施,示范研究了"一水千斤"简化栽培模式。试验表明:石家庄地区近十年冬小麦全生育期平均降雨量为132.4 mm,仅占平均需水量三分之一左右;不考虑0~40 cm水分活跃层的情况,40 cm以下土层土壤含水量随土层的下降呈逐渐增加的趋势,冬小麦拔节前各土层的含水量均在萎蔫系数之上;"一水千斤"模式下全生育期冬小麦平均耗水量4404.0 m~3/hm~2,土壤平均耗水量1852.5 m~3/hm~2,全生育期耗水量与常规灌溉模式下接近;明确了冀中南地区实施"一水千斤"模式实现节水与高产相统一,冬小麦灌水量应在1200 m~3/hm~2以上,全生育总耗水量应达到4650 m~3/hm~2以上。     

播种方式对旱区冬小麦产量及土壤水分、土壤温度的影响

针对甘肃省旱作农业区年降水量少、季节分布不均匀、冬小麦生产中春旱严重的问题,采用田间试验的方法,研究了5种不同播种方式对旱区冬小麦土壤温度、土壤水分、产量及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:全膜覆土穴播方式能有效调控耕层的昼夜温差,减少冬、春季土壤水分的无效蒸发,增加土壤水分含量和孕穗期之前的土壤温度,提高了农田降水利用率和作物水分利用效率;全膜覆土穴播处理的产量可达4268.23kg/hm²,比露地高32.88%;水分利用效率为13.23kg/(hm².mm),比露地高21.97%。     

种植方式对寒地冬小麦土壤水分利用及产量的影响

为明确不同种植方式下寒地冬小麦土壤水分效应对根系形态及产量形成的影响,试验采用垄沟播种和传统平播,对黑龙江省冬小麦的土壤水分及产量进行了研究。结果表明:小麦生育中后期沟播土壤水分显著高于平播,分蘖初期20~30cm、30~40cm、40~50cm沟播下土壤体积含水率显著高于平播种植方式,分别提高9.87%、7.82%、4.17%;沟播塑造了较优的根系形态,提高了土壤水分的利用状态,灌浆中后期灌浆速率增加,显著提高粒重,较平播产量提高14.10%,产量增加553kg/hm²。沟播是寒地冬麦区较为安全理想的种植模式。     

内蒙古黄土高原秸秆还田对玉米农田土壤水热状况及产量的影响

内蒙古清水河县地处黄土高原的边缘地带,沟壑纵横,是典型的北方干旱缺水地区。为明确秸秆翻耕还田对该区域玉米农田土壤蓄水保墒效果及产量形成特性的影响,通过连续2年的田间小区试验,探究0kg/hm ²（CK）、3 000kg/hm ²（SF1）、6 000kg/hm ²（SF2）和12 000kg/hm ²（SF3）4种秸秆还田量下玉米农田全生育期地温、土壤水分、植株生长发育、水分利用效率和产量的变化规律。结果表明：秸秆还田促进了玉米叶面积指数提高和地上部生物量的积累,2018年,SF2处理叶面积指数和地上部干物质积累量较CK分别提高13.17%和10.70%;玉米全生育期0~30cm土层土壤温度、0~80cm土层土壤含水率、生育期贮水量和农田耗水量、水分利用效率和产量均表现为SF2>SF3>SF1>CK;2018年,SF1、SF2和SF3产量分别较CK提高了8.5%、11.4%和9.3%。秸秆翻耕还田措施能够显著改善玉米农田土壤水热状况、促进植株生长、提升子粒产量和水分利用效率,其中6 000kg/hm ²还田处理效果最好,可作为节水保墒栽培模式在内蒙古黄土高原推广应用。