饲料配方与制粒工艺对水产饲料质量的影响

实验旨在研究加工工艺及配方对水产饲料质量的影响。采集相同生产日期的鲤鱼饲料(LY颗粒饲料和LYF膨化饲料)和草鱼饲料(CY颗粒饲料和CYF膨化饲料),进行硬度、含粉率、漂浮性、水中稳定性、容重、淀粉糊化度、粒度分布测定,分别比较相同配方不同制粒工艺及相同制粒工艺不同配方所制饲料间质量差异。结果表明:1配方相同,膨化制粒工艺生产饲料颗粒质量优于普通制粒工艺生产饲料(P0.01);2制粒工艺相同,淀粉含量高、蛋白含低的配方生产饲料颗粒糊化度极显著优于淀粉含量低、蛋白含量高的配方生产饲料(P0.01)。综上,配方及制粒工艺的不同均对所制饲料有一定影响,其中淀粉含量高、蛋白含量低所生产的膨化饲料质量最好。     

评估调质时间和温度对猪颗粒饲料淀粉糊化度和维生素沉积的影响

本论文研究了饲料加工的两个关键参数(调质温度和时间)对育肥猪颗粒饲料淀粉糊化度和维生素沉积的影响。日粮配方为含30%干酒糟及其可溶物的玉米-豆粕型基础日粮。整个试验中配方保持不变。本试验采用2×3双因子设计,调质温度分别为77℃和88℃,调质时间分别15秒、30秒和60秒。此外,本试验还设置一个对照组,对照组饲料不采用调质制粒工艺,而是采用粉料饲喂。因此,本试验共有7个处理组。采集调质后制粒前(热干粉)、制粒后冷却前(热制粒)、以及制粒冷却后(冷制粒)的样品,并分析这三种样品的总淀粉率、淀粉糊化     

膨化加工对玉米糊化及抗营养因子消除的影响

文章旨在研究膨化加工对玉米中阿拉伯木聚糖含量的影响,及膨化玉米淀粉糊化度与阿拉伯木聚糖的相关性.在膨化机正常配置条件下,改变调质温度和膨化温度,制备不同梯度糊化度的膨化玉米.研究结果表明,调质温度或膨化温度升高,淀粉糊化度增大,阿拉伯木聚糖含量降低.淀粉糊化度与阿拉伯木聚糖呈线性负相关.     

制粒和膨化对饲料营养成分的影响

制粒和膨化由于其特有的热加工工艺条件,能够使淀粉糊化,蛋白质变性,改善饲料适口性及提高饲料消化率;但同时也破坏了饲料中的维生素、酶等热敏成分。本文主要综述制粒和膨化工艺对饲料中主要营养成分的影响。     

干法膨化宠物饲料技术参数关系的研究

采用双螺杆膨化机干法工艺对宠物全价粉状饲料进行膨化并制粒,研究所得产品的容重与淀粉糊化度、硬度指标之间的关系,以及设备参数和配方特性对颗粒饲料容重的影响。结果表明:容重与淀粉糊化度、硬度密切相关;设备参数与配方特性均对产品容重有极显著影响;通过容重的测定估测其熟度和硬度具有可行性;可以通过调节喂料速度和膨化玉米比例控制产品容重。     

饲料淀粉糊化的适宜加工工艺参数研究

为了确定饲料加工中淀粉糊化的最适宜工艺参数 ,试验研究了实验及生产条件下影响淀粉糊化的主要因素。试验一 ,采用三因素二次回归正交组合设计 ,研究玉米中淀粉糊化度与加热温度和时间、物料水分的关系。温度范围为60～120℃ ,时间为5～65分钟 ,水分为12.5 %～50 %。试验二 ,按调质条件进行随机试验 ,选择现行工业生产中蒸汽制粒工艺 ,固定蒸汽压力 (0.5MPa)、调质时间 (10秒 ) ,研究调质条件对产品淀粉糊化度的影响。结果表明 :温度、水分、时间具有不同程度地影响淀粉糊化的作用 ,水分、时间极显著促进淀粉糊化。在生产及实验条件下 ,水分均是明显决定产品糊化度的第一限制性工艺参数。在实验条件下 ,水分大于31.25 % ,淀粉糊化度迅速增加。适宜淀粉糊化度的优化工艺参数为 :温度88.6℃～95.8℃、时间26.24～33.26分钟、水分46.83～48.10 %。在生产条件下 ,提高物料水发 ,将显著增加淀粉糊化度     

饲料加工工艺对淀粉消化特性影响的研究进展

淀粉作为动物的主要能量来源,对于动物健康和生长具有至关重要的作用。不同饲料加工工艺及加工条件可以改变饲料中淀粉的理化性质,进而影响淀粉在动物体内的消化特性。本文综述了粉碎、挤压膨化、调质及制粒等饲料加工工艺对淀粉消化特性的影响。     

饲料淀粉糊化的适宜加工工艺参数研究

试验研究了实验及生产条件下影响淀粉糊化的重要工艺参数。试验1,采用三因素二次回归正交组合设计,研究玉米中淀粉糊化度与温度、时间、水分的关系。温度范围为60～120℃,时间为5～65min,水分为12.5％～50％。试验2,按调质条件进行随机试验,选择现行工业生产中蒸汽制粒工艺,固定蒸汽压力(0.5MPa)、调质时间(10s),研究调质条件对产品淀粉糊化度的影响。结果表明:温度、水分、时间具有不同程度地影响淀粉糊化的作用,水分、时间极显著促进淀粉糊化。生产及实验条件下,水分均是明显决定产品糊化度的第一限制性工艺参数。实验条件下,水分大于31.25％,淀粉糊化度迅速增加。适宜淀粉糊化度的优化工艺参数为温度88.6～95.8℃,时间26.24～33.26min,水分.46.83％～48.1％。生产条件下,提高物料水分,将显著增加淀粉糊化度。     

不同淀粉糊化度水平的教槽料对乳猪体外消化率的影响

随着我国生猪养殖水平的提高,乳猪断奶日龄日益缩短。乳猪营养缺乏促进了教槽料的开发与推广应用,"全膨化低温制粒工艺"是目前最新应用的一种乳猪教槽料加工工艺,试验通过工艺参数的调整来获得有较大差异淀粉糊化度的教槽料,采用体外消化模拟技术,旨在研究不同淀粉糊化度的教槽料对乳猪体外消化率的影响,进而分析不同工段在饲料加工过程中的不同作用。     

不同淀粉糊化度处理的颗粒饲料对猪生长性能的影响

试验旨在研究不同淀粉糊化度的颗粒饲料对猪生长性能的影响,通过添加膨化玉米和改变调质温度来获得有较大差异淀粉糊化度的颗粒饲料。试验选用80头体重为30 kg左右的猪,分为4个处理组,饲粮为同一配方,Ⅰ组、Ⅳ组制粒调质温度分别为70℃和85℃;Ⅱ、Ⅲ组分别用20%、40%的膨化玉米替代普通玉米,制粒调质温度为70℃。试验结果表明,在1~4周小猪阶段,虽然4组的日采食量和料重比差异不显著(P0.05),但Ⅱ组的料重比和Ⅰ组的日采食量明显好于其它3组,使得Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组日增重显著高于Ⅳ组(P0.05),高含量膨化玉米组和高调质温度组对小猪的生长性能没有表现出优越性,可能与饲料淀粉糊化度高造成颗粒较硬、较黏有关。在5~12周生长育肥猪阶段,虽然各组之间猪的生长性能差异不显著(P0.05),但Ⅲ组的日增重最高、料重比最小,Ⅱ组的日采食量最高、日增重仅次于Ⅲ组,Ⅰ组日采食量、日增重和料重比表现最差,Ⅳ组好于Ⅰ组,说明提高饲料的淀粉糊化度能够提高生长育肥猪的生长性能。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.