不同产源艾纳香油抗菌活性筛选及其对金黄色葡萄球菌抗菌作用的研究

旨在筛选抗菌效果好的艾纳香油,寻找其抗菌活性物质,分析其对金黄色葡萄球菌抗菌作用.通过对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、铜绿假单胞杆菌、无乳链球菌、白色念珠菌体外抗菌试验筛选不同产源(A1?A5)和自制的艾纳香油(B1?B9、T),采用GC-MS分析主要化学成分,并检测其部分化合物对金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞杆菌的最小抑菌浓...     

番鸭肠道乳酸菌的分离鉴定及抑菌性能

通过革兰染色、菌落形态观察、生化分析鉴定、牛津杯抑菌试验、Caco-2细胞黏附试验对分离到的6株乳酸产生菌进行研究。结果显示:经16SrDNA序列测定,比对分析6株乳酸产生菌与鼠李糖乳杆菌、乳酸乳球菌乳亚种、唾液乳杆菌、乳链球菌、哥伦比亚肠球菌和鼠乳杆菌高度同源。6株乳酸菌抑菌试验检测显示:对大肠杆菌、沙门菌、蜡样芽胞杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌具有很强的抑菌效应,以CM3菌株的抑菌效果最强。同时,这6株乳酸菌对Caco-2细胞均有一定的黏附能力。结果表明:6株番鸭肠道乳酸产生菌能够黏附于肠道模型Caco-2细胞上并具有较强的抑菌活性,但其黏附性能及保护机制还有待进一步研究。     

马波沙星对猪临床分离病原菌的体外抑菌活性研究

考察马波沙星对猪临床分离病原菌的体外抑菌活性,以期为临床应用提供依据。采用琼脂二倍稀释法测定马波沙星对猪临床分离大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和链球菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC),并以土霉素、恩诺沙星、诺氟沙星、环丙沙星、庆大霉素和多西环素作为对照药物。结果表明:马波沙星对猪临床分离病原菌大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和链球菌均有较低的最小抑菌浓度,对临床分离大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和链球菌的抑菌活性明显高于诺氟沙星、环丙沙星、庆大霉素和强力霉素,对临床分离大肠杆菌的抑菌活性高于恩诺沙星。马波沙星对引起猪乳房炎-子宫炎-无乳综合征(MMA)的主要病原菌的抑菌活性优于常用抗菌药。     

植物乳杆菌抑菌蛋白的分离鉴定及抑菌特性研究

【目的】筛选新型广谱有效的抑菌蛋白,为全面解析植物乳杆菌抑菌机制和开发新型抗菌制剂奠定基础。【方法】以植物乳杆菌GX20200417-1为研究对象,采用牛津杯法测定其抑菌活性,以低温离心和超滤法初步分离获得胞外蛋白并测定其抑菌活性,对胞外蛋白进行不同温度、pH及蛋白酶处理,研究抑菌蛋白理化特性,利用液相色谱串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)进一步分析鉴定植物乳杆菌代谢产物中的抑菌成分。【结果】植物乳杆菌GX20200417-1对沙门氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌均具有良好的抑菌作用;发酵上清液在发酵24 h的抑菌能力最强;胞外蛋白的抑菌能力与发酵上清液相近;植物乳杆菌抑菌蛋白具有较好的耐热特性,与对照组相比,在20~80 ℃时抑菌活性均无显著变化(P＜0.05),在pH 6.0~8.0时抑菌活性最佳,对蛋白酶敏感;经LC-MS/MS鉴定分析,检测出5种可信度较高且与抑菌作用相关的蛋白质,分别是片球菌素pediocin PA-1、溶菌素(lysin)、聚酮合酶(polyketide synthase)、辅助蛋白(accessory protein)和LysM peptidoglycan-binding domain-containing protein,分子质量分别为5.348、7.348、8.348、6.348和19.662 ku;蛋白质功能分析结果表明,片球菌素pediocin PA-1与溶菌素主要通过破坏细菌细胞壁与细胞膜,从而达到抑菌效果。LysM peptidoglycan-binding domain-containing protein可识别含有N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖(GlcNAc)残基的肽聚糖,上调抗菌肽的表达;辅助蛋白主要参与细菌素的合成,聚酮合酶主要参与抗生素的合成,二者通过参与抑菌物质的合成间接发挥抑菌作用。【结论】本研究成功分离并鉴定植物乳杆菌GX20200417-1的5种抑菌蛋白;植物乳杆菌GX20200417-1可能通过其代谢产物中的多种抑菌蛋白协同发挥抗菌作用。     

苦参生物碱提取物对奶牛乳房炎病原菌的体外抗菌活性研究

为了研究苦参生物碱提取物对奶牛乳房炎病原菌的体外抗菌活性,试验采用浓度系列稀释法,应用苦参生物碱提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、无乳链球菌和停乳链球菌进行体外抗菌活性研究。结果表明:苦参生物碱提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、无乳链球菌和停乳链球菌最低抑菌浓度(MIC)分别为12.50,3.13,1.56,0.78 mg/m L,最低杀菌浓度(MBC)分别为12.50,6.25,1.56,1.56 mg/m L。说明苦参生物碱提取物对引起奶牛乳房炎常见的4种致病菌均有良好的抑菌和杀菌效果,为防治奶牛乳房炎中药有效成分的开发提供理论依据。     

硫酸头孢喹肟的体外抗菌作用

硫酸头孢喹肟(Cefquinome)属第4代头孢菌素类抗生素,具抗菌谱广、抗菌活性强的特点。本试验测定了硫酸头孢喹肟对5种细菌的体外抗菌活性。结果显示:该药对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、链球菌(包括无乳和停乳链球菌)、多杀性巴氏杆菌、胸膜肺炎放线杆菌的抗菌活性较强,其最小抑菌浓度(MIC)范围分别为1~2、≤0.031~0.25、≤0.031~0.125、≤0.031~0.5、≤0.031μg/mL。     

水貂源乳酸菌的分离鉴定及其抑菌性研究

通过革兰染色、菌落形态观察、生化分析鉴定、牛津杯抑菌试验对分离到的1株乳酸菌进行研究。结果显示,经16 S r DNA序列测定,比对分析该株乳酸菌与鼠李糖乳杆菌、乳酸乳球菌乳亚种、唾液乳杆菌、乳链球菌、哥伦比亚肠球菌和鼠乳杆菌高度同源。乳酸菌抑菌试验检测显示,对大肠杆菌、沙门菌、蜡样芽孢杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌具有很强的抑菌效应。同时该株乳酸菌对水貂肠道上皮细胞有一定的粘附能力。结果表明,该株乳酸菌株产生菌能够粘附于水貂肠道上皮细胞上并具有较强的抑菌活性。     

我国农业部公布允许使用的饲料级微生物

<正>1干酪乳杆菌(Lactobacillus casei)2粪链球菌(Streptococcus faecalis)3乳酸片球菌((pediococcus acidilacticii)4纳豆芽孢杆菌(Bacillus natto)5乳链球菌(Streptococcus lactis)6产朊假丝酵母(Candida utilis)7植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus Plantarum)     

奶牛隐性乳房炎的检测及病原菌的分离鉴定与药敏试验

试验对内蒙古包头市某奶牛场饲养的451头生产奶牛的1 728个乳区进行检测、病原菌分离鉴定及药敏试验.结果显示,患隐性乳房炎的奶牛252头,阳性率为55.9 %;有效乳区1 728个,阳性乳区480个,乳区阳性率为27.8 %.从检测为隐性乳房炎阳性的乳区乳汁中分别分离到金黄色葡萄球菌、链球菌、大肠杆菌、棒状杆菌、沙门氏菌和表皮葡萄球菌,检出菌中传染性致病菌金黄色葡萄球菌和链球菌的检出率高.从药物敏感性试验结果看,头孢唑啉和沙星类药物除了沙门氏菌以外对其他菌均高度敏感,常用药物呈现出不同程度的耐受性;狼毒中草药对链球菌有一定的敏感性,对葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌的抑菌效果不好,对棒状杆菌和沙门氏菌没有抑菌作用;乳炎金针为中西药合剂,对6种致病菌抑菌效果都比较好.     

鱼腥草素注射液抗菌作用的试验研究

合成鱼腥草素注射液对引起奶牛乳房炎的常见致病菌有一定的抗菌效果。它对无乳链球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌浓度，在牛奶培养基中为0．5mg／ml，在肉汤培养基中为0．25mg／ml。同时以青霉素G为对照，在肉汤培养基中对无乳链球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌浓度分别为0．006国际单位和0．1国际单位／ml；在牛奶培养基中，对无乳链球菌和金黄色葡萄菌球菌的抑菌浓度分别为0．025国际单位／ml和0．04国际单位／ml。试验表明：鱼腥草素对两种细菌具有同等的抑菌效果，而青霉素对无乳链球菌的抑菌效果明显优于金黄色葡萄球菌。在牛奶培养基的抑菌浓度均高于相应的在肉汤培养基的抑菌浓度。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein