氮肥对稻田土壤反硝化细菌群落结构和丰度的影响

以氮肥田间定位试验为研究对象,利用PCR-DGGE(聚合酶链反应变性梯度凝胶电泳)和荧光定量PCR(real-time PCR)技术,通过对反硝化细菌nirS基因的检测,分析了定位试验第2年稻田反硝化细菌群落结构和丰度的变化。DGGE图谱及依据其条带位置和亮度数字化数值进行的主成分分析(PCA)结果均显示:在氮肥定位试验第2年,与不施肥对照(CK)比较,在水稻各个生育期(分蘖期、齐穗期和成熟期)内,施用氮肥[150kg(N)·hm-2]的稻田根层土或表土中的反硝化细菌群落结构均无明显变化;且稻田根层土或表土中的反硝化细菌群落结构在水稻各个生育期间也均无明显差异。荧光定量PCR结果显示,在水稻生长发育过程中,施用氮肥的稻田根层土或表土中的反硝化细菌nirS基因拷贝数始终显著(P<0.05)高于其对应的不施肥对照。此外,无论施用氮肥与否,根层土中的反硝化细菌nirS基因拷贝数在水稻成熟期时都会显著(P<0.05)降低;但表土中的nirS基因拷贝数在水稻各生育期间无明显变化;且水稻成熟期时施用氮肥和不施肥的稻田表土中nirS基因拷贝数都显著(P<0.05)高于根层土。同时,与对照比较施用氮肥可促进水稻增产44%。研究表明,短期定位试验中施用氮肥能够显著提高稻田土壤反硝化细菌的丰度,但对其群落结构没有明显影响。     

Impact of plant genotype and nitrogen level on rice growth response to inoculation with Azospirillum sp. strain B510 under paddy field conditions

Abstract

Twenty rice cultivars, including three genetically-distinct groups (japonica, indica-1, and indica-2), were evaluated for their response to inoculation with Azospirillum sp. strain B510 in paddy fields with standard nitrogen (SN) and low nitrogen (LN) fertilization. In the SN field, the tiller numbers in most indica-2 cultivars, 37?days after transplanting (DAT), were significantly increased by the B510 inoculation, whereas those in 4 japonica cultivars were significantly decreased. A similar growth response was observed in the LN field, although the impacts of the B510 inoculation were more varied than in the SN field. At 58 DAT, the tiller numbers in most cultivars were lower or unaffected by the B510 inoculation under both SN and LN conditions, except that the tiller number of the Nipponbare cultivar, which is classified as japonica, was significantly higher in the LN field only. These results suggest that the effects of inoculation with Azospirillum sp. strain B510 on the growth of rice plants, especially on tiller numbers at the early growth stage, vary depending on the rice genotype, as well as nitrogen level. Therefore, the plant genotypes, growth stages, and fertilization managements must be considered when a plant-associated bacterium is evaluated for beneficial effects under field conditions.     

Bacterial inoculants for rice: effects on nutrient uptake and growth promotion

Beneficial soil bacteria are able to colonize plant root systems promoting plant growth and increasing crop yield and nutrient uptake through a variety of mechanisms. These bacteria can be an alternative to chemical fertilizers without productivity loss. The objectives of this study were to test bacterial inoculants for their ability to promote nutrient uptake and/or plant growth of rice plants subjected to different rates of chemical fertilizer, and to determine whether inoculants could be an alternative to nitrogen fertilizers. To test the interaction between putatively beneficial bacteria and rice plants, field experiments were conducted with two isolates: AC32 (Herbaspirillum sp.) and UR51 (Rhizobium sp.), and different nitrogen fertilization conditions (0%, 50%, and 100% of urea). Satisfactory results were obtained in relation to the nutrient uptake by plants inoculated with both isolates, principally when the recommended amount of nitrogen fertilizer was 50% reduced. These bacterial strains were unable to increase plant growth and grain yield when plants were subjected to the high level of fertilization. This study indicated that the tested inoculant formulations can provide essential nutrients to plants, especially when the levels of nitrogen fertilizers are reduced.     

不同肥料/改良剂对冷泥田水稻生长、养分吸收及土壤性质的影响

【目的】西南地区冷泥田的水稻生长不良可归因于多种障碍因子,包括土壤物理、化学和生物因子。本文针对冷泥田影响水稻生长的土壤化学障碍因子,研究了不同肥料或改良剂对冷泥田水稻生长、养分吸收和土壤性质的影响,旨在为这类土壤的培肥、改良利用和水稻高产提供科学依据和实用技术。【方法】试验地点选在四川省东南地区冷泥田集中的泸县,试验历时2年。试验设无肥对照(CK)、全量化肥(NPK)、NPK+泥炭(NPK+Pe)、NPK+商品有机肥(NPK+COF)、NPK+鸡粪(NPK+CM)、NPK+硅肥(NPK+Si)、NPK+石灰(NPK+L)、NPK+硅钙肥(NPK+Si Ca),NPK+锌肥(NPK+Zn)9个处理。在水稻收获前采集代表性植株样,调查水稻农艺性状,分析水稻对氮、磷和钾的吸收量;水稻收获后采集土壤样品,测定不同处理的土壤p H、全氮、有效磷、速效钾、有机质、还原性物质总量、活性还原物质以及亚铁和亚锰含量。【结果】结果表明,在所有处理中,NPK+L和NPK+Si Ca处理可改善水稻的产量构成因子,稻谷产量比NPK处理显著提高15.40%和10.64%;而其他处理的增产效果则均不显著。NPK+L和NPK+Si Ca处理的土壤p H明显高于其他处理,土壤还原性物质总量和活性还原物质(含Fe2+和Mn2+)含量显著降低;NPK+L和NPK+Si Ca处理可增加土壤养分的有效性,促进水稻对氮、磷、钾养分的吸收,改善土壤的化学性质。同时,土壤分析结果表明,该试验土壤的有效钙和有效硅均缺乏,而NPK+L和NPK+Si Ca处理增加了土壤的有效钙和有效硅,对提高水稻产量有重要贡献。有机肥对土壤相关性质的影响与石灰和硅钙肥相反,特别是鸡粪。施用锌肥对水稻有一定的增产效果,但差异不显著。水稻收获后土壤中氮、磷、钾养分残留量与施肥量和水稻吸收携出量密切相关。【结论】对长期淹水地势低洼的酸性冷泥田来说,石灰和硅钙肥是比较理想的土壤改良剂,能同时起到改善土壤性质和提高作物产量的效果;而有机肥,特别是未腐熟的有机肥或有机物料,则不宜在冷泥田中施用或大量施用。     

cry1Ac/cpti转基因大米水稻土中微生物群落的多样性研究

Two types of cry1Ac/cpti transgenic rice(GM1 and GM2)and their parental non-cry1Ac/cpti rice(CK1 and CK2)were planted in the field at Wufeng,Fujian Province,China for four years to investigate the influence of genetically modified rice on diversity of bacterial and fungal community in the paddy soil.The community composition and abundance of bacteria or fungi in the paddy soil were assessed at different growth stages of rice by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and real-time polymerase chain reaction based on 16S rRNA gene or SSU rRNA gene in the 4th year after the experimental establishment.The composition of bacterial or fungal community changed during rice growth,while no significant differences were observed between the fields cultivated with GM1and CK1,or between the fields cultivated with GM2 and CK2 in either bacterial or fungal community composition.The copy numbers of bacterial 16S rRNA gene in the soils with CK1,CK2,GM1 and GM2 ranged from 5.64×1011to 6.89×1011copies g-1dry soil at rice growth stages,and those of fungal SSU rRNA gene from 5.24×108to 8.68×108copies g-1dry soil.There were no marked differences in the copies of bacterial 16S rRNA gene or fungal SSU rRNA gene between CK1 and GM1 or between CK2 and GM2at any growth stage of rice.Planting cry1Ac/cpti transgenic rice had no significant effect on composition and abundance of bacterial and fungal community in paddy soil during the rice growing season at least in the short term.     

水肥管理对稻田CH4排放及其全球增温潜势影响的评估

甲烷(CH_4)是主要温室气体之一,对全球增温的作用仅次于二氧化碳(CO_2)。稻田是CH_4的重要排放源,减少稻田CH_4排放对减缓气候变暖具有直接效应。为此,掌握稻田CH_4排放的规律和特征对控制和减少稻田CH_4排放尤为重要。为了解稻田温室气体排放的主要影响因子及影响程度,估算稻田温室气体全球增温潜势,寻求农田减排措施,我们通过收集已发表的文献建立了稻田CH_4排放的数据库,采用析因分析与回归分析方法对稻田CH_4日排放量和全球增温潜势特征和可能的影响因子进行了分析。结果表明,稻田CH_4日排放量和增温潜势均随土壤有机质背景含量的升高而增加,不同类型稻田CH_4日排放量大小依次为:双季稻晚稻双季稻早稻单季稻稻麦轮作晚稻;晚稻田CH_4的增温潜势大于早稻田。不同肥料处理条件下,稻田CH_4日排放量表现为:秸秆还田配施有机肥化学氮肥≈生物炭。控制灌溉水量可降低稻田CH_4的综合增温潜势,表现为:持续淹水晒田干湿交替控制灌溉。研究结果说明,稻田CH_4的产生与排放过程受土壤有机质含量、肥料管理和水分管理以及轮作制度等多种因素的共同影响,应依据不同土壤条件和种植制度,适当调整肥水管理,以减少稻田温室气体排放,降低其增温潜势。     

Soil purple phototrophic bacterial diversity under double cropping (rice‐wheat) with free‐air CO2 enrichment (FACE)

Soil purple phototrophic bacterial (PPB) communities and their responses to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration and nitrogen (N) fertilizer were investigated under a rotation of paddy rice (Oryza sativa L.) and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Yangmai 14) cultivation in a FACE (free‐air CO₂ enrichment) system. Community structures and abundances of PPB were determined by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and real‐time quantitative PCR respectively, targeting the pufM gene, which encodes a protein in the light reaction centre of PPB. Soil PPB communities were more diverse and larger under rice than under wheat cultivation, which may be attributed to the flooding of the paddy field and soil moisture changes. Elevated atmospheric CO₂ concentration significantly increased the abundance and biodiversity of PPB in soils under rice cultivation, while N fertilizer application rate had less effect on the abundance and diversity. Phylogenetic analysis showed that two common dominant DGGE bands belonged to Bradyrhizobium‐ and Rhodopseudomonas palustris‐like PPB in both rice and wheat soils. The results demonstrated a significant shift in soil PPB communities during the rice‐wheat rotation, and a strong positive response of PPB communities to an elevated atmospheric CO₂ concentration. Our results also indicated that a diverse and abundant soil PPB community could occur in upland crop fields as well as in aquatic environments and paddy‐rice fields. These findings extend our understanding of the ecological significance of PPB in terrestrial soil environments and their responses to future climate change.     

不同减量氮肥配施紫云英对田面水氮磷流失及水稻生长的影响

为指导水稻田合理施肥,防治稻田面源污染,试验开展了不同氮肥减施比例对紫云英—水稻轮作体系下稻田田面水氮磷流失的影响研究。2020年在浙江建德开展田间小区试验,设置冬闲(CK)和冬种紫云英(CT)2个处理,并在冬种紫云英基础上设置4个减氮比例,分别为0(CT0),10%(CT1),20%(CT2),30%(CT3),共5个处理,每个处理重复3次。在水稻移栽施肥后开始稻田田面水样品采集(包括施肥2周内的连续采样以及2周后相隔7,14,28天的间隔采样),测定田面水氮磷浓度;于水稻成熟后采集土壤和植物样品,测定土壤理化性状以及水稻生长性状和产量。各处理田面水总氮、可溶性氮、铵态氮以及总磷、可溶性磷均在施肥后第1天达到峰值,总氮在基肥后4天内降幅明显,为最大值的4.2%~9.1%,可溶性磷在施基肥5天内降至最大值的4.7%~13.7%。采样期内,CK处理田面水总氮、可溶性氮、总磷和可溶性磷的平均浓度分别为48.87,36.82,0.82,0.64 mg/L,CT0、CT1、CT2、CT3的总氮平均浓度分别为CK的93.9%,78.1%,79.7%,69.7%;可溶性氮平均浓度分别为CK的95.1%,84.1%,85.7%,73.2%;总磷平均浓度分别为CK的90.9%,76.9%,96.2%,81.3%;可溶性磷平均浓度分别为CK的79.4%,73.8%,87.3%,68.7%。与CK相比,CT2、CT3显著提高土壤有效磷含量,增加幅度分别为61.7%和37.0%。比较冬闲处理,翻压紫云英使水稻株高增高0.7%~3.5%,有效穗数增加7.0%~15.2%,水稻增产0.4%~4.9%。与冬闲处理相比,冬种紫云英配合不同比例氮肥减施均能降低稻田田面水氮磷流失风险,其中以30%氮肥减量效果最好;紫云英配合减氮施肥措施能够提升土壤有效磷、全氮含量和水稻产量,其中均以紫云英配合20%减氮施肥效果最好。综合稻田田面水氮磷流失风险、土壤肥力以及水稻产量,紫云英配合20%减氮施肥是较为适合该地区的种植方式。     

利用Illumina高通量测序对复合重金属污染下根际和非根际稻田土壤细菌的研究

There is an increasing concern about rice (Oryza sativa L.) soil microbiomes under the influence of mixed heavy metal contamination.We used the high-throughput Illumina MiSeq sequencing approach to explore the bacterial diversity and community composition of soils in four paddy fields,exhibiting four degrees of mixed heavy metal (Cd,Pb and Zn) pollution,and examined the effects of these metals on the bacterial communities.Our results showed that up to 2 104 to 4 359 bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were found in the bulk and rhizosphere soils of the paddy fields,with the dominant bacterial phyla (greater than 1％ of the overall community) including Proteobacteria,Actinobacteria,Firmicutes,Acidobacteria,Gemmatimonadetes,Chloroflexi,Bacteroidetes and Nitrospirae.A number of rare and candidate bacterial groups were also detected,and Saprospirales,HOC36,SC-I-84 and Anaerospora were rarely detected in rice paddy soils.Venn diagram analysis showed that 174 bacterial OTUs were shared among the bulk soils with four pollution degrees.Rice rhizosphere soils displayed higher bacterial diversity indices (ACE and Chao 1) and more unique OTUs than bulk soils.Total Cd and Zn in the soils were significantly negatively correlated with ACE and Chao 1,respectively,and the Mantel test suggested that total Pb,total Zn,pH,total nitrogen and total phosphorus significantly affected the community structure.Overall,these results provided baseline data for the bacterial communities in bulk and rhizosphere soils of paddy fields contaminated with mixed heavy metals.     

南方稻田紫云英作冬绿肥的增产节肥效应与机制

本文对我国南方稻田紫云英作冬绿肥以及紫云英与稻草共同利用的增产和节肥效应及其植物营养学、土壤微生物学等相关作用机制进行综述。2008—2019年间开展的11个联合定位试验结果 (n = 930) 表明，冬种紫云英在不减肥或者减肥20%条件下增产效果显著，水稻产量增加幅度分别为6.53%和4.15%；在减施40%化肥时可保障水稻与常规施肥相比不减产。紫云英的增产和节肥效应随种植年限的增加而增强，5个联合定位试验连续7年的监测结果表明，冬种紫云英减施40%化肥条件下，紫云英种植第一年相对常规施肥增产0.87%，至种植第7年增幅为3.98%。紫云英与稻草联合利用是近些年稻区推行的重要技术模式，2016—2019年间开展的7个联合定位试验结果 (n = 342) 表明，紫云英–稻草联合还田相对于单独稻草还田，水稻产量增加了11.71%。本文分别从优化水稻产量构成、促进水稻养分吸收、提升土壤肥力3方面阐释了紫云英作冬绿肥的增产、节肥机制。稻田冬种紫云英可增加水稻有效穗数和每穗实粒数，优化了产量构成。与常规施肥相比，紫云英配施减量化肥的水稻吸氮量增加了6.4%～6.9%，氮肥利用率提高了6.6%～31.1%。稻田种植紫云英使土壤碳、氮库得到培育，土壤活性有机碳含量和碳转化酶活性提高，土壤速效养分、土壤物理性状明显改善。以有机质和全氮为例，相比常规施肥处理，种植翻压紫云英后减施20%和40%化肥处理的土壤有机质含量分别增加3.95%和4.15%，土壤全氮含量分别增加1.22%和1.74%。在紫云英调控土壤微生物及氮转化机制方面，冬种绿肥有利于土壤微生物的生长繁殖，增强与微生物活性密切相关的土壤酶活性，并通过改变土壤微生物的群落结构及功能微生物影响土壤养分循环。紫云英配施减量化肥可提高土壤固氮菌丰度，通过合理的调控措施可优化紫云英的生物固氮作用。硝化作用对冬绿肥的响应在不同类型土壤中有较大差异，碱性水稻土中冬种绿肥可通过抑制硝化作用降低氮素淋失风险，氨氧化微生物群落结构的变化是冬绿肥影响硝化作用的重要机制。通过近十多年来的研究，逐渐明晰了我国南方稻田冬种紫云英的增产、节肥效应及其机制，为今后稻田绿肥的效应与机制研究提供了重要借鉴和参考。     

不同氮肥用量与施肥时期对冷浸田单季稻 生长及农学效率的影响

冷浸田为福建省主要低产田类型之一。基于福建省浅脚烂泥田、青泥田与锈水田主要冷浸田类型,通过田间3个点试验研究不同氮肥用量(105、150与195 kg/hm~2)与施用时期(基蘖肥︰穗肥=10︰0与基蘖肥︰穗肥=7︰3)运筹组合对单季稻生长的影响。结果表明,增施氮肥促进了各类型冷浸田水稻分蘖期分蘖生长速率。不同氮肥组合的锈水田、青泥田与浅脚烂泥田水稻籽粒产量分别较不施肥(CK)增幅14.5%~45.5%、9.4%~13.5%和10.4%~15.9%,但在105 kg/hm~2用量基础上再进一步增施氮肥,籽粒增产效果明显放缓。施用氮肥显著增加了成熟期水稻有效穗数,但对每穗实粒数及千粒重影响不明显。105、150、195 kg/hm~2 3种氮肥用量下各类型冷浸田的农学效率均值分别为17.4、13.3与12.8 kg/kg。除浅脚烂泥田施用穗肥的秸秆产量有显著差异外,其余氮肥不同施肥时期的籽粒与秸秆产量均无显著差异。增施氮肥有提高籽粒氮的趋势,但同时降低了籽粒钾含量。鉴于冷浸田土壤氮素水平较高,单季稻氮肥经济用量宜控制在105~150 kg/hm~2中低水平,超过150 kg/hm~2,农学效率递减,且无明显增产效果。另从人工成本及效益考虑,宜选择基蘖肥︰穗肥=10︰0的施氮方式。     

绿肥配施化肥对岩溶区水稻土壤细菌群落结构的影响

  【目的】  研究绿肥翻压对岩溶区稻田土壤养分状况和土壤细菌群落特征的影响,为岩溶区绿肥替代化肥提供理论依据和数据支撑。  【方法】  绿肥–水稻轮作田间试验连续进行了3年,供试绿肥为紫云英(桂紫7号)。试验共设置3个处理:单施化肥(CK)、单种绿肥(MV)和绿肥配施化肥(MF)。利用Illumina Novaseq PE250高通量测序技术测定了0—20 cm土壤细菌群落,分析了施肥方式对岩溶区水稻土壤细菌群落多样性和群落特征及共现网络模式的影响。  【结果】  与CK相比,MV和MF处理增加了土壤有机碳、全氮和碱解氮含量,降低了土壤pH、速效钾含量和C/N值。不同施肥处理的稻田土壤细菌多样性指数均无显著性差异。岩溶区稻田土壤优势细菌菌群为绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、硝化螺旋菌门(Nitrospirae)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)和酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)等。在属水平上,地杆菌属(Geobacter)、厌氧绳菌属(Anaerolinea)、RBG-16-58-14等为岩溶区石灰性稻田土壤的优势菌属。与CK相比,MF处理显著增加了新鞘脂菌属(Novosphingobium)、互养棍状菌属(Syntrophorhabdus)、苯基杆菌属(Phenylobacterium)的相对丰度,降低了脱硫酸盐菌属(Desulfatiglans)的相对丰度。共现网络分析表明,CK和MV处理的细菌共现网络结构相似,而MF处理增加了土壤细菌网络复杂性及变形菌门、拟杆菌门等富营养性细菌的相对丰度。RDA分析结果表明,土壤速效钾、交换性钙离子和全氮是影响土壤细菌群落组成变化的关键环境因子。  【结论】  绿肥翻压配施化肥,可提高土壤养分和富营养性细菌的相对丰度,效果优于单施化肥和单种绿肥处理,对于维持岩溶区稻田生态系统的可持续发展有重要意义。     

Long-term fertilization with pig-biogas residues results in heavy metal accumulation in paddy field and rice grains in Jiaxing of China

Pig-biogas residue is widely used as organic fertilizer for rice (Oryza sativa L.) in China. To evaluate the risk of heavy metal contamination in paddy soil and rice grains caused by long-term pig-biogas residue fertilization, this study was conducted in paddy fields which had been fertilized continuously with pig-biogas residue for 8 years. We found that pig-biogas residues contained high concentrations of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn). As a result, the concentrations of these four metals in paddy soils and rice grains sampled from biogas residue fertilized fields were significantly higher than those from control fields. In addition, in biogas residue fertilized fields, the concentrations of these four metals rapidly increased in the tillage layer compared with those in deep soil layers, and biological availability was significantly higher than in control fields. Moreover, we found that the accumulation of these four metals in paddy soils and rice grains increased in the second year compared with the first year. To reduce heavy metal accumulation in rice grains, we screened for rice genotype among 20 local rice genotypes. We found obvious genotypic differences in grains’ accumulation of heavy metals, and identified some rice genotypes which had low accumulation of multiple heavy metals. These low-accumulating genotypes predicate the possibility to reduce heavy metal accumulation in rice grains grown in pig-biogas residue fertilized fields.     

减量施肥对水稻生长及氮素利用率的影响

通过在不同肥力水平土壤上设置不同幅度的氮肥减量试验,研究其对水稻产量及氮肥利用率的影响,为巢湖流域坡岗地区氮肥的减量施用提供依据。结果表明:在巢湖流域坡岗地区中高肥力水平土壤上减少30%的常规施氮量、中低肥力水平土壤减少10%的常规施氮量,虽然单位面积有效穗数下降,但水稻结实率、每穗粒数和千粒重明显增加,不会造成水稻显著减产。两种肥力水平土壤上,氮素收获指数均以常规施氮量处理最低,减量施肥、分期施氮可以促进氮素从茎、叶、根部向谷粒的转移;减量施肥,中高肥力土壤上氮素回收率提高9.99～16.52个百分点,中低肥力水平土壤上提高6.0～12.15个百分点。     

Influences of Nitrification Inhibitor 3,4-Dimethylpyrazole Phosphate on Heavy Metals and Inorganic Nitrogen Transformation in the Rice Field Surface Water

Agricultural intensification has led to the use of high inputs of chemical fertilizers into rice-cultivated lands, and nitrogen and heavy metals in runoff loss from land were a major environmental problem. It is important to mitigate nitrogen and heavy metal pollution for the water body. The nitrogen and heavy metal transformation in the rice field surface water was studied by applied combined organic and inorganic nitrogen fertilizer plus the nitrification inhibitor 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) in the sandy loam paddy soil and blue clayey paddy soil. The results showed that, the application of DMPP in the rice field in organic and inorganic fertilizer combined application models decreased the heavy metal average concentration of total Cu, Zn, and Cd by 22.1 to 30.2, 33.1 to 36.9, and 10.9 to 17.5% in surface water, respectively. Furthermore, in the sandy loam paddy soil and blue clayey paddy soil, the nitrate, nitrite, and total inorganic nitrogen concentrations decreased by 44.4 and 59.6, 90.3 and 88.6, and 14.2 and 25.4% in the rice field surface water with the DMPP addition, in the organic and inorganic fertilizer combined application models in the rice field, respectively. DMPP could be used as an effective nitrification inhibitor to decline the potential nitrogen and heavy metals runoff loss in the combined application models of organic and inorganic fertilizers in some rice fields, minimizing the nitrogen and heavy metal transformation risk from agricultural fields to the water body and being beneficial for protecting the ecological environment.     

Effects of Inoculation of Phototrophic Purple Bacteria on Grain Yield of Rice and Nitrogenase Activity of Paddy Soil in a Pot Experiment

Phototrophic purple bacteria (PPB) are one group of dinitrogen (N₂)-fixing bacteria often found in the anoxic and photic zone of paddy soil. In the present study, the effects of inoculation of PPB on grain yield of rice and changes in their populations and nitrogenase activity were investigated with and without surface application of rice straw in a pot experiment. As an inoculant, Rhodopseudomonas palustris strain KN122 isolated from a paddy soil was selected, and the cell suspension was inoculated into the floodwater once or three times during the cultivation. As a result, the inoculation of PPB increased the grain yield of rice. Compared to the control, the grain yield was 9% higher in the inoculated plot without rice straw application. The treatment was more effective in combination with rice straw application. In the plots where PPB were inoculated with rice straw, grain yields were 21% (single inoculation) and 29% (triple inoculation) higher. Populations of PPB in the plots without rice straw application significantly increased by the inoculation, unlike those in the plots with rice straw application, except for the bulk soil. Phototrophic and heterotrophic nitrogenase activities (acetylene-reducing activity) associated with the soils or residues of the rice straw were not affected by PPB inoculation throughout the experiment. This indicates that the inoculation of PPB into floodwater may not be effective for enhancing N₂ fixation in paddy soils and that the beneficial effect of PPB inoculation on the grain yield of rice may be due to unidentified functions of PPB other than biological N₂ fixation.     

不同施氮水平下配施硅肥对水稻根部周围土壤微生物群落结构的影响

为研究不同水平氮肥、硅肥配施对水稻根部周围土壤微生物群落结构影响,为水稻的硅肥、氮肥合理配施提供参考.以Na2SiO3作为硅肥硅源,设置了 6组硅肥、氮肥处理组,采用变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)技术探究不同施氮水平下配施硅肥处理对水稻根部周围土壤细菌、真菌和古细菌群落结构的影响.结果显示在施加低氮和中氮处理组中...     

硅基材料包膜肥对红壤区双季稻生长和土壤肥力的影响

选择了高肥力田、低肥力田,通过早、晚双季稻连续2年4季的大田试验,研究了施用硅基材料包膜肥对双季稻动态生长、产量、土壤肥力、微生物量、酶活性的影响。结果表明:不论是高肥力田还是低肥力田,与传统施肥相比,一次性基施硅基材料包膜肥能提高双季稻的最大分蘖数3~6枝·兜~(-1),提高成熟期叶片的叶绿素含量,提高成熟期双季稻的生物产量7.8%~22.4%,提高年均产量3.0%~14.7%,并且在低肥力田上效果显著。与传统施肥处理相比较,施硅基材料包膜肥可以显著提高双季稻成熟期土壤中的矿质态氮含量,提高幅度为28.3%~37.7%。包膜肥对土壤中微生物群落没有影响,在低肥力田施用80%的包膜肥其土壤酶活性综合指数最高。由此可见,施用硅基材料包膜肥在南方水稻上完全可以替代分次施用常规肥料,并且在高肥力田减少20%肥料用量的情况下仍然等效,达到了减肥增效和节本省工的目的。     

配施有机肥对潜育化水稻土的培肥效果

为探索潜育化水稻土的培肥措施,通过田间试验研究了有机无机肥配施对潜育化低产水稻土产量和土壤养分有效性的影响。结果显示:连续2季施用有机肥后,潜育化水稻土产量显著提高,以早稻配施紫云英-晚稻配施猪粪处理的产量最高。添加有机肥降低了潜育化水稻土耕层土壤p H值。早稻配施紫云英,晚稻配施猪粪处理的有机质提高明显,比NPK处理提高了15.22%;早稻配施紫云英,晚稻配施猪粪处理的潜育化水稻土全氮含量比单施化肥处理提高4.19%;早稻配施紫云英,晚稻单施化肥处理的潜育化水稻土有效磷含量提高最多,比NPK处理提高了4.92%;相比于NPK处理,早稻配施紫云英,晚稻单施化肥处理的土壤速效钾含量比两季均单施化肥处理提高了13.2%。因此,潜育化水稻土适当配施有机肥可以提高土壤养分有效性,增加水稻产量,可以作为培肥改良潜育化水稻土的参考方法。     

过氧化钙及硅钙肥改良潜育化稻田土壤的效果研究

【目的】潜育化水稻土是我国最主要的低产水稻土类型,长期渍水导致的土壤缺氧及活性还原物质过度积累是其最主要特征,这严重影响了水稻的根系发育和产量提高。本研究以鄱阳湖区潜育化稻田土壤为对象,通过田间试验研究过氧化钙和硅钙肥单施或配施对潜育化稻田土壤的改良效果,旨在为探索潜育化稻田的轻简化改良方法提供理论依据。【方法】田间试验于2012 2013年在鄱阳湖区潜育化双季稻田进行,试验设单施化肥(T1)、化肥+硅钙肥(T2)、化肥+过氧化钙(T3)和化肥+硅钙肥+过氧化钙(T4)4个处理。通过2年4季的田间试验研究了过氧化钙和硅钙肥单施或配施对鄱阳湖区潜育化稻田水稻产量、土壤还原物质总量及土壤物理化学性质的影响,分析了过氧化钙和硅钙肥改良潜育化稻田土壤的效果和应用前景。【结果】过氧化钙和硅钙肥单施或配施均可以提高潜育化稻田的水稻产量,二者配施每季可以提高水稻产量1.06 t/hm22.06 t/hm2,并可促进磷、钾养分向籽粒转移。施硅钙肥对土壤还原物质总量没有明显影响,而施过氧化钙可以显著降低土壤还原物质总量,二者配施可以减少耕层土壤还原物质总量1 cmol/kg以上。随着土层的加深,土壤还原物质总量呈增加的趋势。硅钙肥与过氧化钙配施可以明显提高小于10 mm的中小团聚体的含量。施硅钙肥或过氧化钙对土壤养分含量没有明显影响,但二者配施可以明显提高土壤有机碳、速效磷的含量,但对腐殖质碳、速效钾和全氮含量影响不明显。【结论】施用硅钙肥可以提高潜育化稻田的水稻产量,但对土壤还原物质总量没有明显影响。施用过氧化钙既可以提高水稻产量,又可以降低潜育化稻田的潜育化程度。而硅钙肥和过氧化钙配施不仅可以明显提高水稻产量、降低潜育化稻田的潜育化程度,还可以改善土壤养分供应状况和土壤结构。因此,施用过氧化钙和硅钙肥可以作为改良鄱阳湖区潜育化稻田土壤的一种参考方法。