抚育间伐对人工落叶松断面积和蓄积生长的影响

以汪清林业局的20块人工落叶松为例,对间伐林分的断面积和蓄积进行生长趋势分析,用普雷斯勒公式计算林分的平均生长率,分析不同间伐强度对林分断面积和蓄积的影响,结果表明:间伐林分在间伐初期的断面积和蓄积小于未间伐林分,但随着林龄的增大,间伐林分断面积和蓄积向未间伐林分渐近;间伐强度越大,年平均生长率越大;方差分析表明,不同的间伐强度对林分断面积和蓄积生长的影响差异显著。     

抚育间伐对油松及华北落叶松人工林生长量的影响

以内蒙古蛮汉山林场油松、华北落叶松人工林为研究对象,对间伐林分进行生长趋势分析,结果表明:(1)抚育后明显促进树木直径的生长,并随着林分单位面积株数的减少平均直径增加,同时抚育强度越大,直径平均生长量也越大;(2)间伐对树高生长有一定的促进作用,但不明显,与间伐强度无明显的相关性;(3)在一定密度范围内,抚育能提高林分单株材积生长量,并且随抚育强度增大,林分单株材积生长量呈递增趋势;(4)间伐初期林分单位面积蓄积小于未间伐林分,但随着林龄的增大,间伐林分蓄积向未间伐林分渐近;间伐强度越大,年平均生长量越大.     

抚育间伐对辽东山区3种林型林分总断面积和总收获量的影响

利用几十年的定位观测数据,分析了抚育间伐对辽东山区红松人工林、天然次生蒙古栎林和人工诱导的阔叶红松林3种林型林分总断面积和总收获量的影响。结果表明:与对照区相比,抚育间伐没有提高红松人工林的林分断面积和蓄积总生长量,但极强度和强度间伐能提高红松人工林的林分断面积生长率。林分总断面积随着间伐强度的增加先升高后降低,各间伐强度均能提高林分总断面积,极强度间伐除外。抚育间伐能提高红松人工林林分蓄积生长率,弱度区除外;红松人工林林分总收获量随着间伐强度的增加先升高后降低,各间伐强度均能提高林分总收获量,中度间伐效果最好。抚育间伐能提高蒙古栎林林分断面积和蓄积总生长量、生长率以及林分总断面积和总收获量,各指标随着间伐强度的增加先升高后降低,中度间伐效果最好。抚育间伐能提高人工诱导的阔叶红松林林分断面积和蓄积总生长量、生长率以及林分总断面积和总收获量,林分断面积和蓄积总生长量、林分总断面积和林分总收获量随着间伐强度的增加而升高,林分断面积和蓄积生长率随着间伐强度的增加先升高后略有降低,强度间伐效果最好。可见,合理的间伐强度能够提高3种林型的林分总断面积和总收获量。     

长白落叶松人工林间伐林分的生长模拟

利用黑龙江省孟家岗林场长白落叶松人工林间伐标准地定位观测数据,其于间伐林分断面积与相同年龄、相同立地、相同保留木株数的未间伐林分面积,随时间趋于一致的假设,根据未间伐人工林林分断面积生长的一般预测模型导出了间伐林分的断面积生长预测模型,同时,结合抚育间伐技术批示的确定,进行和林分的动态模拟。     

辽宁省日本落叶松冠幅与胸径树高和林分密度相关模型及合理经营密度的研究

本文在研究树冠冠幅与胸径、树高和林分密度之间的相关模型基础上，利用林木生长发育所需要的营养面积约等于林木树冠面积，胸径生长与树冠营养面积紧密相关的理论，编制了日本落叶松合理经营密度表，为准确地决定间伐抚育的强度、起始期。重复期，以及间伐抚育方法等技术指标提供了依据。     

抚育间伐对人工红松林生长效应的影响

利用不同间伐强度后40 a的人工红松林,连续抚育3次的长期定位观测资料,分析了抚育间伐对人工红松单木胸径和材积、林分断面积和蓄积、林分枯损和总收获量的影响。研究结果表明:间伐可以增加单木平均胸径和材积的生长率,且不同间伐强度表现为相同的规律,即中度(33.2%)强度(43.4%)弱度(23.1%)对照(0.0%);间伐后林分的断面积和蓄积生长率,具有相似的自然规律,间伐样地的生长率均高于对照;林木枯损率随间伐强度的增加而降低;间伐后的林分总收获量平均增加11.6%,间伐林分之间差别不明显。在整个研究阶段,不同的抚育阶段表现不同的规律,抚育间伐可以延缓单木胸径和材积生长速度的降幅;而不同抚育阶段内,林分断面积和蓄积生长率均为增长,也就是说,在一定阶段内间伐可以有效地提高林分平均断面积和蓄积生长率;从林分枯损状况来看,应该减少间伐间隔期。     

间伐次数与林分密度的关系以及对日本落叶松大径木林培育产生的效应分析

根据林龄和已经采取的抚育间伐次数,选择日本落叶松(Larix kaempferi)中龄林小班2个,通过布设样地来调查树高、胸径、林木数量等林分因子,分析间伐次数与林分密度的关系以及对蓄积量和径阶的影响。随着间伐次数的增加,林分密度减小,同时林分的平均径、平均高和单株蓄积量增加,且随间伐次数的增多,增加量越大;其中单株蓄积量的变化最为明显,间伐增加1次可提高37.95%,增加2次可提高76.35%。基于抚育间伐而实施的密度控制技术,有效地促进了日本落叶松的生长、提高了单株蓄积量和林分中大径木的数量,是培育日本落叶松大径木林最为核心的技术措施之一。     

雷州刚果12号桉（W5无性系）林分胸径—密度表

林分生长过程中的各项因子,除了随林龄的增大变化之外,同时还受到立地条件、营林措施等因素的影响.林分自然生长发展的过程,是鉴定过去营林效果的有力依据,亦可预报未来生长状况,确定抚育间伐各项技术措施及指标,预测林分的数量成熟,论证主伐年龄,确定轮伐期,规划木材生产,使森林经营管理科学化.而确定林分抚育间伐的方法甚多,如有效受光面积法、树冠率法、生长过程表法等,且在应用上各有千秋,这里取用胸径与密度相关确定抚育间伐强度,更为快捷、简单、明了、科学.     

不同间伐强度对阔叶混交林生长及径级结构的影响

通过对辽东山区阔叶混交林进行抚育间伐试验,结果表明:适度的抚育间伐可促进阔叶混交林林木胸径和蓄积生长,林分平均胸径和蓄积生长率随着间伐强度的增加先升高后降低,其中弱度间伐区林分平均胸径生长率最大,中度间伐区林分蓄积量生长率最大。间伐效果表现在伐后最初几年,随着时间的推移,林分平均胸径和蓄积生长率逐渐降低,各间伐区差异逐渐变小。随着间伐强度和林龄的增加,峰值向大径级位置偏移,分布范围明显地向大径级扩展。由不同间伐强度林分径级分布范围看,伐后4~21a,经过间伐的林分,径级分布峰值比对照区提高1~2径级。与对照区相比,各间伐区林分自然径级最大值、极差和直径离散度均有所增加,总体上表现出随着间伐强度和林龄增加而加大的趋势。综合考虑,中度间伐最有利于提高林分生产力,改善林分直径结构。     

不同间伐强度对核桃楸次生林生长及林下植物多样性的影响

利用核桃楸幼龄次生林2 a的定位观测数据,分析不同间伐强度对林分生长及林下植物多样性的影响。结果表明:抚育间伐能促进保留木的生长,林分平均胸径和单株材积总生长量表现出相同的趋势,即随间伐强度的增加而增加。抚育间伐能提高核桃楸幼龄次生林林分断面积和蓄积总生长量,各指标随着间伐强度的增加先升高后降低,轻度间伐总生长量最大;林分断面积和蓄积量随间伐强度的增加而减少。抚育间伐能提高核桃楸幼龄次生林林下植物多样性,丰富度指数、多样性指数、生态优势度指数和均匀度指数都随着间伐强度的增加而增加,且差异显著。综合考虑,轻度间伐的效果最好。     

Development of beeted seedlings in three Picea abies (L) karst. stands

Development in height, diameter and basal area was studied for beeted and for originally planted Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) seedlings. The study was carried out as a survey in three unthinned stands in southern Sweden. Beeted seedlings were separated from those originally planted by differences observed in the number of annual rings at stump height. In all stands height and diameter were smaller and growth rates in height and basal area were lower for beeted than for originally planted seedlings. The lower growth rates for beeted seedlings may be explained as effects of inter‐tree competition. The oldest stand was thinned at the time of inventory. 40% of the thinned trees were beeted representing 18% of the thinned volume.     

林分断面积生长模拟理论与技术研究

林分断面积是众多测树因子中的核心因子。文中对林分断面积生长规律及其模拟技术研究进展进行了综述, 分析了自然生长林分与间伐林分断面积生长的异同, 并重点从生长方程的选取、断面积模型的分类研制、研制途径及间伐指标、林分自变量及密度指标以及单木竞争指标等5个方面探讨了林分断面积模拟研究进展, 指出林分断面积生长模拟理论与技术领域存在的问题及未来研究重点, 以期为相关研究提供借鉴与参考。     

Natural mortality in thinning and fertilisation experiments with pine and spruce in Sweden

Natural mortality in a 30-year period was examined in thinning and fertilisation experiments with 48 blocks in Scots pine (Pinus sylvstris L.) and 23 blocks in Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) with up to 12 different treatments. Of about 90,000 living trees at start of the experiments 18.7% were registered as dead by natural mortality in the 30-year observation period. In non-thinned stands about 20% of the volume growth disappeared by natural mortality, in thinned stands about 10%. In normally thinned pine stands (repeated thinning from below with moderate intensity) the annual mortality of the basal area at start of an average 7-year period was 0.34%. In spruce stands, on more fertile sites, the corresponding figure was about 0.6%. In an effort to model the mortality, severe damage not leading to final felling was identified in 1.7% of the observation periods. It was assumed that this part of the mortality, representing 24% of the total volume mortality, could be recovered by active thinning. The probability for severe damage increased sharply with stand top height, as shown in a logistic regression. The more sparse mortality was expressed as a function of site fertility, stand density, disturbance by thinning and form of treatment (thinned from above or below or non-thinned). The naturally dead trees were approximately of mean size in normally thinned stands while the self-thinning in non-thinned stands tended to occur amongst smaller than average trees. Diagrams were presented for basal area development and stem number reduction in the non-thinned stands.     

Effect of thinning intensity on tree growth and temporal variation of seed and cone production in a Pinus koraiensis plantation

Thinning of Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc.) is used to facilitate timber and cone production. The present study in Northeast China investigated the effects of thinning intensity on individual tree growth, temporal variation in cone yield, and seed quality in Korean pine plantation. In 2005, five thinning intensity levels (none, extreme, heavy, moderate and light) were set in 15 permanent plots in a 32-year-old Korean pine plantation at Mengjiagang Forest Farm, Jiamusi City, Heilongjiang Province. We recorded tree growth and seed cone production from 2013 to 2016, i.e., from 8 to 11 years after thinning. Except for height growth, thinning increased tree growth (diameter at breast height and crown size) and improved cone yield. The extreme thinning treatment (to 300 trees per hectare) resulted in the largest tree diameter, tree volume, crown size and 4-year cone production per tree. The highest cone yield per tree in the mast year (2014) was observed when stands were thinned to 500 trees per hectare (heavy thinning). Although the best cone and seed quality and the largest cone and seed mass per tree were recorded in the heavily thinned stand, no significant differences were found between heavy and moderate thinning stands (750 trees per hectare). At the stand level, the moderately thinned stand had the highest basal area, stock volume and seed cone production per stand. Our results suggest that thinning to 750 trees per hectare will improve timber and cone productivity in 40-year-old P. koraiensis stands.     

Trade-offs between seedling growth,thinning and stand stability in Sitka spruce stands: a modelling analysis

The forest industry is increasingly adopting alternative silvicultural systems, involving regeneration beneath an existing forest canopy, rather than clear-felling and replanting. To apply these silvicultural systems in windy regions such as Britain and Ireland, it is essential that the interactions between thinning intensity, stand stability and seedling growth are properly understood. Here, we present a modelling analysis of the three key relationships between: (i) stand density and the proportion of incident radiation transmitted through a forest canopy as a stand is thinned; (ii) transmitted radiation and seedling growth, and (iii) stand density and stand stability. These relationships were examined using separate models of radiative transfer (MAESTRO), seedling growth, and stand stability/wind risk (ForestGALES). Output from the three models was synthesised to calculate whether a given stand thinned to a pre-defined stability limit would allow sufficient light to penetrate the canopy for seedling growth. A minimum transmittance of 20% was identified as a requirement for seedling growth, which corresponds to removing 45% of stand basal area. A thinning of this intensity left some stands susceptible to unacceptable wind damage, especially in old or previously thinned stands on soils where rooting is impeded. The results emphasised the fact that rooting conditions, thinning history and age of intervention are major constraints on the silvicultural options. In general, older stands are not suitable for conversion to continuous cover forestry (CCF) systems, and the transformation process should begin at pole stage, when heavy thinning does not leave the stand unstable. The analysis approach used here illustrates the potential for combining models to address complex forest management issues.     

Effects of selective thinning on growth and development of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) forest stands in south-eastern Slovenia

We studied the effects of two types of selective thinning on beech stands formed by a shelterwood cut in 1910 — with lower number of crop trees and higher thinning intensity (T1) and higher number of crop trees with lower thinning intensity (T2). The stands were thinned in 1980, 1991 and 2001. Despite a lower stand density after thinning, the annual basal area increments of thinned stands in both thinning periods (1980–1991 and 1991–2002) were around 20% higher compared to those of the control (unthinned) stands. The mean annual basal area increment of dominant trees was 30–56% larger in the thinned plots compared to the control plots. Of 176 initial crop trees in the T1, 72% were chosen again during the last thinning. In the T2, 258 crop trees were chosen in the first thinning, and only 62% of these trees were chosen again during the last thinning. Only crown suppression and diameter classes of crop trees significantly influenced their basal area increment when diameter classes, crown size, crown suppression, and social status were tested. In the thinned stands, the dominant trees are more uniformly distributed if compared to the dominant trees in the control plots. Finally, the herbaceous cover and the species diversity were higher in the thinned plots.     

日本落叶松林分和基因资源保存林研究

笔者通过了1989~2004年间对日本落叶松林分和基因资源保存林研究,试验结果表明林分间生长差异大,从日本落叶松112个林分中选肓出最优良林分11个,14a生材积比对照提高22.5%。现保存有111个林分,共有4689株林木。     

不同林龄日本落叶松与华北落叶松生长的比较

从树高生长、胸径生长和材积生长方面,对4a生、8a生、10a生、25a生和38a生的日本落叶松和华北落叶松进行比较分析。结果表明：各年生日本落叶松生长优于华北落叶松,整体上日本落叶松也优于华北落叶松,并且其高生长、胸径生长和材积生长随着林龄的增加而逐渐增加。     

日本落叶松与天然萌芽阔叶树人工混交培育效果的分析

通过对日本落叶松与天然萌生阔叶树人工混交林的调查分析,结果表明:日本落叶松与天然萌芽阔叶树人工混交培育降低了培育成本,提高了生态效益,混交林培育28a后,林分生长稳定,生产力较高;混交林中的植物种类丰富,数量较多,各层次的物种多样性指数均好于人工营造的日本落叶松与白桦针阔混交林和日本落叶松纯林;日本落叶松与天然萌生阔叶树人工混交林,对恢复森林生态原始林貌有一定促进作用。