大豆质核互作雄性不育研究进展

利用雄性不育进行杂种优势育种是提高大豆产量的有效措施之一。目前发现的大豆雄性不育类型主要包括细胞核雄性不育、光温敏雄性不育和质核互作（细胞质）雄性不育。而对大豆杂种优势利用具有实际应用价值的是质核互作雄性不育。简要回顾了大豆质核互作雄性不育的发现过程,总结了通过三系配套技术实现的大豆杂交育种的现状与关键生产技术等,并从细胞学、分子生物学和蛋白质组学等方面综述了大豆质核互作雄性不育形成机理方面的研究进展。最后提出不同研究单位之间应该加强协作,通过合理的研究材料交流来加快大豆质核互作雄性不育机理的研究,以使其能够被更好地应用于大豆杂种优势育种中。     

细胞质雄性不育系在大豆常规育种中的应用研究

提高育种效率是育种家追求的育种手段之一,大豆细胞核雄性不育系已被应用于轮回选择育种中,但细胞质雄性不育系能否应用于常规大豆育种程序还未曾有报导。此研究以13个细胞质雄性不育系和9个恢复系配制15个杂交组合,利用苜蓿切叶蜂授粉,通过对其后代的选择与鉴定,选育出4个高产、优质大豆新品系。探讨了该方法的育种效率、组合选配与后代选择问题以及杂种优势与后代表现的关系。研究结果显示,该方法能显著提高育种效率,为细胞质雄性不育系在常规大豆育种中的应用开辟了新的途径。     

大豆光温敏感型雄性不育系发现初报

几年来,我们陆续选育出WBY、RBY-1、RBY-2、mspmsp-p2等几个大豆雄性不育系,并将其成功地利用于大豆杂交育种工作中。1988年在筛选无融合生殖资源的试验田里,我们发现了一个光温敏感型雄性不育系。此品种的试验编号为88-428×BY,原     

大豆质核互作雄性不育系W931A及其保持系种子和花药的蛋白质组初步研究

目的:对大豆质核互作雄性不育系W 931 A及其同型保持系W 931 B的种子和花药蛋白质组进行比较性研究,探讨大豆质核互作雄性不育发生的机理.方法:本研究采用SDS-PAGE与LC-MS/MS联用方法.结果:发现不育系W 931 A与其保持系W 931 B种子的蛋白质SDS-PAGE电泳图谱基本没有差异带,二胞花粉期花药SDS-PAGE图谱间有3条差异带.结论:雄性不育基因表达具有时空和器官特异性,与育性有关的蛋白主要在花药中表达.对差异表达的蛋白如ADP-葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶、NBS-LRR疾病抵抗蛋白质的同源物、ATP合成酶b亚基、硫氧还蛋白过氧化物酶、类锌指蛋白等进行功能分析,推测不育系W 931 A的雄性不育可能与淀粉合成受抑制,能量代谢紊乱和细胞凋亡有关.     

一个对播种期反应敏感的不育大豆特征分析

Brim和Young最早发现并报道了大豆雄性不育、雌性可育突变体,即msl系统(Brim and Young 1971)。其特点是雌性大部分可育,雄性几乎完全不育;产生大量双胚苗(Kenworthy等,1973);由减数分裂的异常引起(Albertsen,1976)。此外,在大豆中还发现了其它完全或部分雄性不育突变。这包括Arkansas部分雄性不育(Cavines等,1970;Cavines and Fagala,1973)、ms2突变休(Bernard and Cremeens,1975)和Wabash雄性不育(Chaudhari and Davis,1977)。Palmer证实,在msl位点的4个独立突变均引致雄性不育(Reid G. Palmer等,1978)。作者曾对一个核质互作雄性不育大豆的发现、特征及表现进行了描述,并进行初步遗传分析(Yuhua Peng el al.,1993)。本文对一新的不育材料进行了详细的描述和分析。     

普通小麦中一种雌性不育现象的观察

杂种优势已在许多异花和自花授粉作物中广泛运用, 大大促进了主要农作物的生产. 水稻野败型雄性不育系及光温敏雄性不育系的发现使杂交水稻三系及两系配套及其应用成为现实 , 为杂优利用在理论和实践上提供了许多启示. 小麦提型雄性不育系的引进, 揭开了我国小麦杂优利用研究的序幕. 到目前为止, 相继引进、发现并成功选育了     

大豆质核互作雄性不育系W931A及其保持系的差异蛋白质组学比较分析

采取SDS-PAGE与LC-MS/MS联用方法,对大豆质核互作雄性不育系W931A及其同型保持系W931B不同器官的蛋白质组进行比较性研究,获得差异蛋白质组的重要信息,并初步分析差异蛋白的主要功能,以期找到与大豆不育性有关的蛋白质,揭示雄性不育发生机理.研究发现,不育系W931A与其保持系W931 B种子和苗期叶片的蛋白质SDS-PAGE电泳图谱基本没有差异带,二胞花粉期花药SDS-PAGE图谱间有3条差异带.雄性不育基因表达具有时空和器官特异性,与育性有关的蛋白主要在花药中表达.对差异表达的蛋白如ADP-葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶、NBS-LRR疾病抵抗蛋白质的同源物、ATP合成酶b亚基、硫氧还蛋白过氧化物酶、类锌指蛋白等进行功能分析,推测不育系W931A的雄性不育可能与淀粉合成受抑制,能量代谢紊乱和细胞凋亡有关.     

大豆不育细胞质资源的发掘与鉴定

利用质核互作雄性不育系NJCMS1A的4个保持系为核背景测验种（父本）从大豆资源中筛选新不育细胞质,发现与71个不同来源的栽培大豆和17个野生大豆资源杂交所获得的103个杂交组合中有8个组合的后代出现不育株,经进一步的正反交和回交试验,发现来源于山西的野生材料N23168和来源于湖北的栽培品种N21566具不育细胞质。另一方面     

大豆(Glycine max)雄性不育的研究与利用进展

大豆(Glycine max(Linn.)Merr)雄性不育的研究对于开发优质种质资源和杂种优势的进一步利用具有推进作用,在大幅度提高大豆产量中具有现实意义。本综述总结了大豆的雄性不育及杂种优势利用研究概况,并对未来的研究及发展方向进行了预测。首先介绍了大豆雄性不育的类型;第二,以雄性不育研究的典型代表植物水稻和拟南芥为对象对植物雄性不育的分子机理及控制基因按照雄性生殖器官发育过程进行了总结归纳;最后概述了大豆雄性不育的相关研究进展,包括不育基因的遗传及在染色体上的定位,概述了大豆的雄性不育杂种优势利用进展并进行了展望。     

雄性不育性在杂交优势中的利用

经过我国农业科技工作者的不懈努力,我国在利用雄性不育性,培育作物新品种方面取得了可喜的成就。一、雄性不育性在玉米杂种优势上的研究应用自从Rhoades·M·M1931年首先发现玉米雄性不育系以来,世界各地先后发现了多种玉米细胞质雄性不育系.现已发现玉米雄性不育胞质100多种。根据自交系对不育胞质育性恢复的反应不同—现主要划分为T、C、S三大组群。近年来又发现一些新的不育类型,如Y型。据秦泰辰等对Y型不育系的研究,确定Y型不育系在花粉发育期间的解体方式与时间、遗传机制的恢复和抗病上均不同于T、C、S群。     

Insect-mediated cross-pollination in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill]: II. Phenotypic recurrent selection

Recurrent selection is a method for population improvement which has been used in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] to modify traits such as grain yield, seed-protein content, seed-oil content, tolerance to iron-deficiency chlorosis, and seed size. Nuclear male-sterility with insect-mediated cross-pollination has been successfully used in recurrent selection schemes in soybean. However, little attention has been given to selection to increase the agronomic performance of male-sterile plants per se. The objective of this study was to evaluate the response of male-sterile lines segregating for male-sterile alleles ms2, ms3, ms6, ms8, and ms9 to phenotypic recurrent selection for increased seed-set after 3 cycles, using a selected group of male parents. Bees halictidae, anthophoridae, andrenidae, and megachilidae were utilized as the pollinator vector. The results indicated that recurrent selection in a favorable environment was successful to increase the number of seeds per male-sterile plant. Although a differential response was observed among populations, the seed-set observed would justify the use of some specific male-sterile selections as female parents in a hybrid soybean seed production system.     

Discovery of new male-sterile cytoplasm sources and development of a new cytoplasmic-nuclear male-sterile line NJCMS3A in soybean

Most of the cytoplasmic-nuclear male-sterile (CMS) lines of soybean were developed only from a limited cytoplasm sources and performed not as good as required in hybrid seed production, therefore, to explore new male-sterile cytoplasm sources should be one of the effective ways to improve the pollination and hybridization for a better pod-set in utilization of heterosis of soybeans. In the present study, total 80 crosses between 70 cultivated and annual wild soybean accessions and three maintainers (N2899, N21249, and N23998) of NJCMS1A were made for detecting potential new sources with male-sterile cytoplasm. The results showed that in addition to the crosses with N8855.1 (the cytoplasm donor parent of NJCMS1A) and its derived line NG99-893 as cytoplasm parent, there appeared three crosses, including N21566 × N21249 and N23168 × N21249, with male-sterile plants in their progenies. According to the male fertility performance of backcrosses and reciprocal crosses with the tester N21249, the landrace N21566 and annual wild soybean accession N23168 were further confirmed to have male-sterile cytoplasm. Accordingly, it was understood that the source with male-sterile cytoplasm in soybean gene pool might be not occasional. The results also showed that the genetic system of male sterility of the newly found cytoplasm source N21566 was different from the old cytoplasm source N8855.1, while N23168 was to be further studied. Based on the above results, the derived male-sterile plants from [(N21566 × N21249) F₁ × N21249] BC₁F₁ were back-crossed with the recurrent parent N21249 for five successive times, and a new CMS line and its maintainer line, designated as NJCMS3A and NJCMS3B, respectively, were obtained. NJCMS3A had normal female fertility and stable male sterility. Its microspore abortion was mainly at middle uninucleate stage, earlier than that of NJCMS1A and NJCMS2A. The male fertility of F₁s between NJCMS3A and 20 pollen parents showed that 7 accessions could restore its male fertility and other 13 could maintain its male sterility. The male sterility of NJCMS3A and its restoration were controlled by one pair of gametophyte male-sterile gene according to male fertility segregation of crosses between NJCMS3A and three restorers. The nuclear gene(s) of male sterility in NJCMS3A appeared different from the previously reported CMS lines, NJCMS1A and NJCMS2A. The development of NJCMS3A demonstrated the feasibility to discover new CMS system through choosing maintainers with suitable nuclear background.     

温敏型雄性不育亚麻的研究

通过在自然条件下对亚麻雄性不育材料的特征特性和不育性表现的研究表明, 该不育材料农艺性状优良, 雄性不育特征明显. 温度对不育性有重要影响, 一定温度范围内, 高温能使育性提高, 结果率和结实率增加, 低温使育性下降, 结果率和结实率下降, 同时还发现不同材料对温度的敏感程度不同, 通过对杂交后代育性分离的分析, 表明几     

Pollen and coenocytic microspore germination in male-fertile and malesterilemsl soybean

Summary Light and fluorescence microscopy were used to study coenocytic microspore germination from male-sterile (ms1 ms1) soybean plants. Anther squashes from male-sterile plants revealed that a low frequency of natural coenocytic microspore germination occurred in male-sterile anthers of four independent lines; [ms1-North carolina (T260H),ms1-Urbana (T266H),ms1-Tonica (T267H), andms1-Ames (T268H)]. Abnormalities such as giant tubes, branched tubes, tubes with swollen areas, and multiple tubes were observed from coenocytic microspores from all four lines. The Urbana line, however, demonstrated a higher percentage of coenocytic microspore germination than did the other three lines. Flowers of the Urbana line from both malefertile and male-sterile plants, as well as gynoecia pollinated with coenocytic microspores from sterile plants, were used for in vivo studies. Pollen-tube growth appeared normal in male-fertile plants. In contrast, coenocytic microspore tubes rarely were observed in gynoecia from male-sterile plants or in gynoecia from malefertile plants that had been artificially cross-pollinated withms1 ms1 plants. Few tubes from coenocytic microspores were observed in the vicinity of the micropylar region. A low frequency of seed set was achieved in the greenhouse on Urbana male-sterile plants grown in the absence of male-fertile plants. Thus, we believe either that some gametes from coenocytic microspores are able to participate in fertilization at low frequency or that apomixis occurs inms1 ms1 plants.Joint contribution: Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and Journal Paper No. J-12310 of the Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Station, Ames IA, 50011 USA. Project 2471.     

小麦质不育系及其保持系花药中SOD同工酶和脂质过氧化作用初步研究

对小麦Ｔ型和Ｐ型细胞质雄性不育系及保持系花药中ＳＯＤ活性、ＳＯＤ同工酶及脂质过氧化作用的研究结果表明，单核期不育系花药中的ＳＯＤ活性比保持系略低，ＳＯＤ同工酶带数与保持系相同。到二核期和三核期不育系花药中缺少一条ＳＯＤ同工酶带，ＳＯＤ活性也比保持系明显降低。不育系花药在三个发育时期的ＭＤＡ含量均明显高于保持系。同时发现在三核期不育系旗叶减少一条ＳＯＤ同工酶带。体内活性氧清除能力降低及脂质过氧化用加     

以半冬性甘蓝型油菜为亲本增强春性甘蓝型油菜杂种优势

以春性恢复系与半冬性品种(系)杂交后选育的16份新春性恢复系及其4个亲本系[2个半冬性甘蓝型油菜品种(系)和2个春性甘蓝型恢复系]、2个春性甘蓝型不育系为材料, 利用SSR、SRAP和AFLP分子标记技术分析材料间的遗传差异, 同时利用以上2个春性不育系分别与12个新春性恢复系和1个春性亲本恢复系Ag-5进行NCII双列杂交, 测定其杂种优势及杂种表现。16份新恢复系中除931和帐23外, 其余的14份新恢复系与2个不育系的遗传距离均大于其春性亲本恢复系与相应不育系的遗传距离, 说明导入半冬性品种遗传成分能扩大春性恢复系与不育系间的遗传差异; 配制的26个杂交组合中, 其双亲中不育系所对应保持系单株产量为高亲值的组合有15个, 其中13个组合单株产量超亲优势都强于所对应不育系与亲本恢复系Ag-5所配杂交组合, 说明导入半冬性品种遗传成分可增强甘蓝型春油菜杂种优势; 12个新恢复系分别与2个不育系所配24个组合中18个组合的单株产量都分别超过所对应不育系与亲本恢复系Ag-5所配杂交组合, 说明导入半冬性品种遗传成分能提高甘蓝型春油菜杂种的产量; 新恢复系与2个不育系杂交后代的抗病性均强于其亲本恢复系与相应不育系杂交后代的抗病性, 说明导入半冬性品种遗传成分能提高春性甘蓝型油菜杂交种抗菌核病的能力。研究结果表明, 半冬性甘蓝型油菜品种可能为春油菜杂交育种提供有价值的遗传资源。     

Identification,characterization and geographic distribution of male-sterility restorer and maintainer lines from diverse pearl millet germplasm

Summary To determine the distribution and geographic specificity of sterility maintainers in pearl millet, Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke, 428 diverse pearl millet germplasm accessions representing variation from 12 countries were crossed with a male-sterile line 5141A. The F₁ hybrids were classified as male-fertile or male-sterile based on the seed set on bagged ear heads and an other morphology. Among these, 87 (20.3%) were classified as male-fertile, 32 (7.5%) as male-sterile, 282 (65.9%) as segregating for male-fertile/male-sterile and 27 (6.3%) behaved as male-fertile in the rainy and male-sterile in the postrainy season. Restorer lines were distributed in all the countries studied except Cameroon and USSR. Maintainer lines were observed from six countries but were concentrated in India. These maintainer lines differ from one another in several morphological and agronomic characters such as flowering, plant height, spike length and grain size. They may prove to be useful sources of material for generating new male-sterile lines. The restorers can be used to produce commercial hybrids.Submitted as J.A. No. 719 by the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Topics (ICRISAT).     

小麦质不育系花药及雌蕊邻苯二酚氧化酶同工酶分析

小麦细胞质雄性不育系、保持系花药三个不同发育时期的邻苯二酚氧化酶同工酶存在明显差异,不育系中的同工酶谱带数多于保持系.考虑到小麦细胞质雄性不育系的细胞核与保持系相同,但具有与保持系不相同的不育细胞质,故邻苯二酚氧化酶同工酶可能与植物的雄性不育特性有某种联系.雌蕊中的邻苯二酚氧化酶同工酶在不育系与保持系间基本相同,这可能与雌蕊中不育系、保持系间的核质组成相同有关,这一事实似乎从另一侧面说明了邻苯二酚氧化酶与不育特性存在着某种联系.     

玉米不同类型细胞质的雄性不育系对小斑病菌T小种抗性反应

本文报道了近几年国内育种单位育成的36个不育系,对小斑病菌 T 小种的抗性鉴定结果。通过温室苗期和田间穗期的接种反应表明,21个感病的不育系,其细胞质属 T 型或与之相似的类型。在15个抗病的不育系中,已知细胞质名称的有 C 型和双26A (称为“双”型)、“唐徐”型。后两者均属 S 组不育胞质类型。