胡萝卜带式穿流干燥的均匀设计试验研究

用胡萝卜对带式穿流干燥机的主要参数：风温、层厚、穿流风速、输送带线速度进行试验研究。使用了试验设计方法中新的方法—均匀设计,其特点是试验次数少,回归方程可靠度高,预测准确度高。确定热风温度75℃、物料层厚83 mm、风速1.0 m/s和线速500 mm/min可作为胡萝卜的带式穿流干燥机最佳参数组合。     

稻谷深床干燥工艺参数对干燥比能耗的影响

摘要：为降低稻谷干燥能耗并提高其生产效率,在全面分析已有相关指标基础上,提出了可反映热力特性的稻谷深床干燥新指标效能比。利用深床干燥试验台进行稻谷干燥单因素试验和五因素五水平二次正交旋转组合试验,建立了试验因子与效能比间关系的回归数学模型,分析了各因素对效能比的作用规律,利用频数分析法进行干燥工艺参数优化,得到了比能耗具有95%概率低于2000 kJ/(kg?h)的参数范围：热风温度56.2～57.7℃,表现风速0.89～0.96 m/s,谷层厚度35.3～37.0 cm,初始含水率21.31～21.86%,干燥时间2.87～3.16 h。为稻谷干燥机的节能设计与操作提供参考。     

5HCCX-1.6型多单元带式干燥机干燥过程的计算机模拟

多单元带式干燥机干燥过程的计算机模拟研究,有利于优化其干燥工艺参数,提高干燥效率,减少能耗,保证物料的干燥品质。该文利用面向对象的高级程序语言Visual C++建立了玉米多单元带式干燥的深床干燥数学模拟程序,并编制人机交互界面,预测干燥设备内的物料和干燥介质状态参数。同时用Matlab软件对数据进行处理,分析了热风温度、相对湿度以及风速等干燥工艺参数对干燥过程的影响,结果表明热风温度对干燥速率影响最大,其次是风速,热风相对湿度影响最小。为验证模型的准确性,选用5HCCX-1.6型多单元带式干燥设备进行试验研究,结果表明该模拟程序能较好的预测该类干燥设备的干燥过程,并对实际生产有一定的指导作用。     

间接加热式列管回转干燥机传热系数模型构建

传热系数是列管回转干燥机设计和热工计算所必须的至关重要的设计参数之一,其精度的高低决定了干燥机尺寸、结构设计以及操作参数的合理性。目前还没有一种能够确切描述其加热管与物料颗粒传热过程的可靠而实用的传热模型。该文在对列管回转干燥机传热机理分析的基础上,提出了列管与颗粒间换热的基本构成为：列管管壁与气体介质间对流、气体介质与颗粒间的导热以及列管管壁与颗粒间的辐射换热;通过对列管回转干燥机内料层膨胀的试验研究,分析了颗粒对列管气膜边界层的影响;在此基础上,建立了预测列管外壁与颗粒间总传热系数的数学模型,并以2 mm直径的陶瓷球为物料,在6个转速条件下测量了管壁与颗粒间的换热系数,对模型进行验证;试验结果表明,模型预测的误差小于13%,可满足工程计算的精度要求。研究结果可为列管回转干燥机传热机理的深入研究提供参考。     

循环式粮食干燥机的智能控制系统

为了有效地控制干燥机的温度、水分等因素，提高干燥效率，针对国内干燥机控制系统存在的不足，设计出基于单片机和复杂可编程逻辑器件CPLD技术的一体化控制系统，采用了温度、水分、仓位等多个传感器来检测有关信息，进行干燥机的智能控制。该系统可完成温度传感器的设定，水分传感器的校准和修正，干燥机15项运行参数的设置，能进行水分、温度和故障的自动检测与报警，燃烧机的自动控制等。也可实时将测量的谷物水分值传送给计算机，便于多台干燥机的集中监控，及进行统计分析。该系统经实践检验，实现了干燥机正常可靠的各项操作和多种干燥作业，达到了高效干燥的智能化控制，且系统易于扩展，谷物品质好。     

基于Shannon-Wiener指数的干燥过程中物料含水率均匀性计算及验证

为了改善带式干燥机内流场结构,提高干燥机内水分均匀度,在计算流体力学(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)理论的基础上,利用FLUENT软件包模拟并探讨堆积厚度、热风流速、热风温度和热风含水率对干燥后物料含水率的影响,并辅以试验验证。在Shannon-wiener指数的基础上计算干燥机内含水率均匀度,并与传统水分均匀性(Mu)计算方法和CFD计算的平均值作比较。利用FLUENT软件包数值模拟并试验验证了2种导流板(普通导流板和翼型导流板)的干燥效果。结果表明:试验测得各测孔的风速与数值模拟的结果吻合。4类因素中堆积厚度对含水率均匀度影响最大,厚度为80 mm的槟榔层的含水率比厚度为40、60 mm的更均匀。含水率均匀度曲线的趋势相似,但含水率均匀度与CFD计算结果更接近。水分均匀性指数曲线显示堆积厚度为80 mm的试验水分均匀性远高于其他试验,当物料厚度为80 mm时,进口热风温度70℃,热风流速1.5 m/s,进口热风含水率0.24的试验条件更有利于水分均匀地分布。翼型导流板使得槟榔含水率从0.285降到0.215,水分均匀性指数提高至0.926,干燥效率提升。     

亚麻胶喷雾干燥的试验研究

研究了喷雾干燥的工艺参数喷液流量、介质温度对亚麻胶含水率、粘度和乳化性的影响。试验表明，上述工艺参数不影响亚麻胶的乳化性，但对含水率和粘度影响显著。建立了含水率及粘度与喷液流量、介质温度和介质流量之间的数学模型，并在保证亚麻胶质量的条件下得出了优化工艺条件：喷液流量690 mL/min，介质温度186.5℃，介质流量95.5 m³/h，此时成品亚麻胶含水率为10.89%，粘度为74 mPa·s。     

热泵冷风干燥鲢鱼的挥发性盐基氮和脂质氧化品质模型

为深入了解带热泵的冷风干燥机干燥鱼类产品的特点,以鲢鱼为研究对象,确定冷风干燥工艺参数对风干鱼品质劣变的影响,并建立相关模型,通过U10*（103）均匀设计试验,在不同热泵干燥工艺参数（温度、空气旁通率、风速）下,对决定风干鲢鱼品质劣变的挥发性盐基氮（total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N）和脂质氧化硫代巴比妥酸（thiobarbituric acid,TBA）值变化情况进行研究,并以TVB-N和TBA值作为风干鲢鱼制品品质判断指标。经统计分析,分别得到冷风干燥鲢鱼样品中TVB-N和TBA的回归方程。结果表明：在试验水平范围内,温度是影响风干鲢鱼制品中TVB-N和TBA的主要因素。由模型方程确定腌制鲢鱼冷风干燥工艺的最优参数分别为温度15.5℃、空气旁通率0.6（考虑能耗）、风速1.65 m/s,此条件下干燥的鲢鱼TVB-N和TBA值最小,品质最好,能耗较低。研究结果为控制热泵冷风干燥过程中鲢鱼的质量品质提供参考。     

生物多孔介质热风干燥数学模型及数值模拟

为了研究生物多孔介质在热风干燥过程中的热质传递机理以及其内部应力应变分布规律,根据生物多孔介质中温度、水分及应力之间复杂的耦合关系,基于菲克扩散定律、傅立叶导热定律和热弹性力学理论,建立了对流干燥条件下,含湿多孔介质内部传热传质过程热-湿-力双向耦合的数学模型。采用有限差分法编制相应的计算程序,对其进行数值计算,数值结果与马铃薯和胡萝卜对流干燥试验结果之间的相对误差均小于5%;进一步分析了干燥特性曲线,以及温度、干基含水率和应力应变的时空分布;最后分析了风温、风速等干燥条件以及多孔介质厚度对干燥过程的影响,结果表明:在一定试验条件下,风温越高,风速越大,切片厚度越薄,干燥时间越短。研究为改善生物多孔介质热质传递现象物理机理的理解提供参考。     

隧道式挂面烘房干燥介质特征分析

为了解隧道式挂面烘房干燥介质（空气）流向、流速、温度、相对湿度的动态变化及分布特征,明确干燥介质参数之间的影响,该研究以5排60 m隧道式烘房为研究对象,利用Kestrel 4500型多功能便携式气候仪在线动态分析挂面干燥过程中干燥介质的流向、流速、温度、相对湿度。结果表明,挂面干燥过程中,风速、温度和相对湿度在烘房的4个干燥区段之间存在显著性差异。隧道式烘房的空气流动分布不均匀,风向主要偏向排潮口一侧,风速则表现为锯齿状波动式降低;温度呈现先上升后下降的趋势,在30～45 m干燥区内最高,均值为45.55℃;相对湿度逐渐降低。风速显著影响烘房内的温度和相对湿度。在15～30 m和30～45 m干燥区内,风速与温度极显著正相关（P＜0.01）;在0～15 m、15～30 m和30～45 m 3个干燥区内,风速与相对湿度极显著负相关（P＜0.01）。风速对烘房内的温度和相对湿度在各干燥区段的影响方向和大小有所不同。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

In-situ enrichment and analysis of atrazine-degrading microbial communities using atrazine-containing porous beads

We examined the community composition of microbes that colonized atrazine-containing beads buried in agricultural soils that differed in atrazine treatment history. Bacterial abundance was 5-40-fold greater in atrazine-fortified beads. In beads containing 20 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ buried in soil with a history of atrazine application (conditioned soil), the abundance of Actinobacteria increased approximately 80-fold whereas in control soil, Actinobacteria were enriched only 10-fold and the gamma-Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes increased by 60- and 25-fold, respectively. The gamma-Proteobacteria were enriched by 120- and 230-fold in beads containing 200 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ in conditioned and control soil, respectively. The results demonstrate that BioSep^® beads are a suitable matrix for recruiting a diverse subset of the bacterial community involved in atrazine degradation.