鸡新城疫Ⅴ4疫苗应用效果观察报告

试验结果：（1）接种鸡新城疫Ⅴ4疫苗的鸡群死亡率比未接种鸡群下降18．39百个分点，差异极显著（P＜0．01）；（2）鸡新城疫Ⅴ4疫苗采用饮水免疫接种和拌料免疫接种具有同样的免疫效果，两者的差异不显著（P＞0．05）；（3）将免疫接种鸡新城疫Ⅴ4疫苗的鸡做攻毒测验，保护率达100％。     

金荞麦口服液对实验性鸡支原体感染的疗效研究

以实验性鸡支原体感染鸡为模型，采用不同剂量的金荞麦口服液进行了治疗效果研究。1．5％、1．0％剂量组的相对增重率显著高于感染对照组（P〈0．01），所有用药组的治愈率均显著高于感染对照组（P〈0．01），与药物对照组差异不显著（P〉0．05），各组之间的死亡率差异不显著（P〉0．05）。结果表明，金荞麦口服液连用5d，对鸡支原体感染有一定的治疗效果。     

猪脾转移因子的鸡临床安全性和有效性试验

为明确猪脾转移因子（TF）的鸡临床安全性和有效性，采用自制的3批猪脾TF，分别以0.1和1.0 mL剂量肌内注射1、14日龄肉种鸡和1、7、14、21日龄肉鸡，以0.2和1.0 mL剂量肌内注射8、26周龄肉种鸡，并设立不注射对照组，共有9 800羽鸡用于临床安全性试验；将3批猪脾TF以0.1 mL剂量分别与1.0羽份新城疫病毒（NDV）活疫苗（La Sota株）联合免疫1、14日龄肉种鸡和1、7、14、21日龄肉鸡，以0.2 mL剂量分别与1.0羽份NDV活疫苗（La Sota株）联合免疫8、26周龄肉种鸡，并设立单独免疫对照组，共有6 078羽鸡用于临床有效性试验，采用血凝抑制（HI）试验和淋巴细胞增殖试验，分别测定NDV HI抗体和淋巴细胞刺激指数（SI）。安全性试验结果显示，鸡群肌内注射TF后无应激反应，其精神状况、采食、饮水、粪便、注射部位反应情况均正常，剖检均未发现组织、器官病变，死淘率不高于对照组鸡群，肉种鸡产蛋情况正常；有效性试验结果显示，免疫后14、21 d联合免疫组NDV HI抗体滴度和淋巴细胞SI分别比单独免疫组提高了1.1~1.7、0.243~0.632，差异均显著（P＜0.05）。结果表明，猪脾TF对临床肉种鸡群和肉鸡群安全，并且具有增强临床鸡群免疫功能的作用。本研究为TF的临床应用提供了数据支持。     

复方杜仲口服液对肉鸡生产性能及免疫器官发育的影响

目的：观察肉仔鸡饮用不同浓度复方杜仲口服液（以杜仲、黄芪、连翘为主要成分）对肉鸡生产性能和免疫器官发育的影响．方法：选择AA肉雏鸡400只随机均分4组（每组设A、B重复组），Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组分别为低（0．25％）、中（0．50％）、高（1．00％）浓度复方杜仲口服液组，Ⅳ组为对照组，药物处理组以自由饮水方式连续给药21 d，对照组饮用自来水，观察其对肉鸡的增重、成活率、脾指数、法氏囊指数的影响，结果：7～21日周龄实验鸡体重增加、成活率提高、料肉比降低7日龄低浓度组脾指数和法氏囊指数较对照组均有提高（P〈0．01）；14日中、高剂量组脾指数和法氏囊指数均低于对照组（P〈0．05）；三周龄各组试验鸡脾指数均高于对照组（P〈0．05）；法氏囊指数低浓度组高于对照组（P〈0．05）、高剂量组低于对照组（P〈0．01）。结论：不同浓度复方杜仲口服液对肉仔鸡的生产性能均有良好的作用，对不同周龄和免疫阶段的肉仔鸡脾指数和法氏囊指数有不同的影响     

免疫多糖在幼龄黄羽肉鸡饮水中的应用试验

本试验旨在研究在幼龄黄羽肉鸡饮水中添加免疫多糖对其生产性能、死亡率、抗体水平和垫料的影响。在本试验中，2000只均重37．9克幼龄黄羽肉鸡被随机分为两组，对照组饮用自然水，试验组在饮水中添加200g／kg免疫多糖，饲养在铺有锯末垫料的开放式围栏中，试验期4周，采用商业饲料，自由采食。结果表明：试验组在提高体增重和降低饲料系数方面差异显著（P〈0．05）；死亡率远低于对照组（P〈0．05）；垫料质量的感官评分高于对照组；且32日龄试鸡的抗体水平较高。本试验结果显示在黄羽肉鸡饮水中添加免疫多糖，可使试鸡获得较高的体增重，较低的料肉比，抗体滴度提高和保持较好的垫料质量。     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征弱毒活疫苗免疫猪脾脏转移因子的制备及其活性分析

从猪繁殖与呼吸综合征(PRRS)弱毒活疫苗免疫猪脾制备转移因子(TF),检测其免疫活性,为开发新型免疫增强剂和有效防制PRRS提供科学依据。用PRRSV弱毒活疫苗免疫健康育成猪,无菌采集脾,通过透析法从脾提取TF。应用磺基水杨酸法、茚三酮反应和硝酸-钼酸铵试验等方法检测TF的主要成分,经高效液相色谱法测定TF中氨基酸种类及其含量;通过鸡红细胞吞噬试验和MTT法,检测TF对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬功能和外周血淋巴细胞增殖活性的调节作用。进而将9头4周龄健康仔猪随机分为A、B和C组,每组3头。A组每头猪左、右侧耳后分别肌内注射1头份PRRSV疫苗和1mL TF;B组每头猪注射1头份PRRSV疫苗与1mL TF的混合液;C组每头猪注射1头份PRRSV疫苗与1mL生理盐水混合液。免疫后20d,通过MTT法检测每组猪外周血淋巴细胞(PBLC)的增殖活性。制备的TF内无蛋白质成分,含有核酸和18种氨基酸,每毫升TF含核酸21.5μg、总氨基酸3.479mg。TF能显著增强小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞对鸡红细胞的吞噬能力和PBLC增殖活性。当TF与PRRSV疫苗分开或混合注射给4周龄仔猪后,能够显著提高仔猪PBLC的增殖能力。从PRRS弱毒活疫苗免疫猪的脾制备了TF,其能显著提高巨噬细胞的吞噬功能和外周血淋巴细胞的增殖活性。     

茯苓散对免疫低下小鼠免疫功能的影晌

用氢化可的松注射液制造免疫功能抑制小鼠模型,以左旋咪唑及黄芪多糖为阳性对照,设计茯苓散高（200mg／kg）、中（100mg／kg）、低（50mg／kg）3个剂量组（以茯苓多糖计）。给各组分别灌注生理盐水或药物,连续14d。试验从3个方面6个试验进行茯苓散药效学方面的考察,即巨噬细胞功能测定（小鼠巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞试验、茯苓散对小鼠非特异性免疫功能的影响一碳粒廓清法）、细胞免疫功能测定（茯苓散对小鼠免疫器官的影响、茯苓散对二硝基氟苯诱导小鼠迟发型变态反应的影响）、体液免疫功能测定（抗体生成细胞检测、血清溶血素的测定）。结果显示,茯苓散3个剂量组均能显著提高免疫低下小鼠吞噬细胞的吞噬活性（P〈0．05）,吞噬细胞功能结果为阳性;茯苓散中、高剂量组能刺激脾脏、胸腺质量的增加（P〉0．05）,也能显著促进免疫低下小鼠的迟发型变态反应（P〈0．05）,细胞免疫功能结果为阳性;茯苓散3个剂量组均能显著提高小鼠的抗体生成细胞数（P〈0．05）,且显著增强小鼠血清凝集素水平（P〈0．05）,体液免疫功能结果为阳性。其中中剂量组效果最好,表明茯苓散对免疫低下小鼠的免疫功能有一定的增强作用。     

山楂叶总黄酮对黄羽肉鸡生长及肉品质的影响

研究选择21日龄快大型岭南黄羽肉鸡为试验动物，以山楂叶总黄酮为饲料添加剂，验证山楂叶总黄酮替代抗生素对黄羽肉鸡生产性能及肉品质的影响。结果表明：（1）日粮中添加山楂叶总黄酮显著提高了黄羽肉鸡4～6周龄的平均日增重（P〈0．05）和采食量（P〈0．05），降低了料重比（P〈0．05）；但对7～9周龄试验鸡的平均日增重、采食量和料重比影响不明显。（2）日粮中添加山楂叶总黄酮，显著提高了胸肌和腿肌的肉色色度百分比（P〈0．05），降低了胸肌的滴水损失（P〉0．05）：其中D组和E组与对照组相比均达到显著性差异（P〈0．05），但对黄羽肉鸡胸肌的剪切力和pH值影响不显著（P〉0．05）。从添加水平对肉鸡生产性能及肉品质的影响看，4～9周肉鸡日粮中以添加20mg／kg效果最佳，而且山楂叶总黄酮各添加水平组与抗生素组相比无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。     

头孢噻呋对实验性感染鸡白痢沙门氏菌病的药效学研究

研究了头孢噻呋对实验性感染鸡白痢沙门氏菌的防治效果。结果显示，头孢噻呋体内疗效良好，治疗组与预防组的治愈率、有效率、相对增重率均不同程度高于感染对照组（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）；头孢噻呋的治疗效果高剂量组与中剂量组无显著差异（P〉0．05），高剂量组与低剂量组差异显著（P〈0．05）；头孢噻呋的中剂量组与头孢曲松、氨苄西林组的疗效相比均差异显著（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。实验结果表明，头孢噻呋按0．1mg／只的剂量肌肉注射，每日一次，可对鸡白痢沙门氏菌病起到有效的防治效果。     

禽传染性支气管炎脂质体、壳聚糖/DNA疫苗免疫效果比较研究

将制备的禽传染性支气管炎脂质体／DNA疫苗和壳聚糖／DNA疫苗，分别以肌肉注射（i．m）和滴鼻、点眼（i．n）两种途径免疫健康雏鸡，以裸DNA疫苗为对照，采用流式细胞仪（FACS）及间接ELISA分别对免疫鸡外周血中CD4^＋、CD8^＋T淋巴细胞数及特异性IBV血清抗体IgG的动态变化进行检测，并于免疫后35d进行攻毒，结果显示：（1）CD4^＋T淋巴细胞数，所有试验组在免疫后1～3周左右均高于对照组（P〈0．01或P〈0．05），各试验组间，脂质体／DNA疫苗肌肉注射途径在免疫后10d后高于壳聚糖／DNA疫苗，但仅在第15天差异显著（P〈0．05），而滴鼻、点眼途径则相反；（2）所有试验组CD8^＋T淋巴细胞数仅在免疫后第15天与对照组差异显著（P〈0．05），各试验组间无显著差异；（3）所有组间特异性IBV血清抗体IgG动态变化差异不显著；攻毒后脂质体／DNA疫苗肌肉注射组无鸡只死亡，其他试验组有4％或8％死亡率，均显著低于对照组（12％）。由此可见，脂质体和壳聚糖均为DNA疫苗良好的佐剂或载体，且脂质体／DNA疫苗肌肉注射的免疫效果优于壳聚糖／DNA疫苗。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein