益生菌类饲料添加剂在水产养殖应用中的研究进展

在食品安全备受重视的当下,药物残留和环境污染成为制约水产养殖可持续发展的瓶颈。为帮助水产养殖更好地适应“全面禁抗”的发展趋势,切实保障营养供给和卫生安全要求,开发并应用抗生素替代品成为关键。益生菌类饲料添加剂具有无毒、无残留、无污染、低成本等特点,被广泛用于养殖业中,并且表现出很好的抗生素替代效果,但鲜有应用于水产养殖中的相关报道。因此,文章主要在参考文献和前人研究成果的基础上,对益生菌类饲料添加剂在水产养殖中的应用情况进行综述,力求帮助水产养殖实现稳产保供、绿色高质量发展的目标。     

益生菌在反刍动物饲粮中的应用

抗生素曾经促进了畜牧业的快速发展,但随着抗生素带来的细菌耐药性和药物残留等弊端的显现,人们开始重视绿色、生态、无污染、无残留的益生菌在畜牧业中的开发利用。因此,本文将对益生菌在动物饲粮中的应用进行综述,为进一步研究利用益生菌奠定理论基础。     

饲用益生菌制剂的研究与开发

通过阐明抗生素替代的必要性,强调微生态(益生菌)制剂将是重要的替抗方案;并阐明了抗生素之后的微生态制剂时代开发饲用益生菌制剂的重要意义;指出了替抗微生态(益生菌)制剂的发展方向。     

益生菌补充剂对断奶仔兔饲料效率、生长性能和微生物种群的影响

本研究旨在探讨单株或双株益生菌补充剂对断奶仔兔饲料效率、生长性能和微生物数量的影响。试验选择64只28 d断奶(公母各半)新西兰白兔,随机分为4组,每组4个重复,每个重复4只。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组分别在基础日粮中添加1×10^6 cfu/g枯草芽孢杆菌(BS组)、1×10^7 cfu/g乳酸菌(LA组)及0.5×106枯草芽孢杆菌+0.5×10^7 cfu/g乳酸菌(BL组)。结果显示:LA组在42 d时体重显著增加(P<0.05),BL组较对照组显著提高日增重和饲料转化率(P<0.05)。LA组和BL组的干物质、有机质、粗蛋白质、中性洗涤纤维、总能量消化率均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。公兔回肠内芽孢杆菌和大肠杆菌数量均显著高于雌兔(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,BS组家兔肠道各节段的芽孢杆菌数量均高于对照组(P<0.05),而LA和BL组仔兔肠道乳酸杆菌数量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:日粮单独添加1×107 cfu/g乳杆菌或0.5×10^6 cfu/g枯草杆菌+0.5×10^7 cfu/g乳杆菌可以提高肠道有益菌群数量、营养物质消化率、盲肠发酵、饲料效率和生长性能。此外,仅添加乳杆菌的家兔肠道大肠菌群和粪便评分均有所下降。     

罗杜杂交仔犬与杜罗杂交仔犬生长性能的对比研究

利用罗威纳犬与杜伯文犬不同父母本杂交所产的仔犬,测量罗杜杂交仔犬与杜罗杂交仔犬的体重、体长、体高的生长性能。结果表明,罗杜杂交仔犬与杜罗杂交仔犬的体重、体高与体长都是随着年龄的增长而增长,但2个品种仔犬的生长性能差异都不显著,且全都与母本的体重、体高、体长增长趋势一样。     

纳豆芽孢杆菌对仔犬日增重和肠道菌群的影响

在断奶仔犬日粮中添加1‰和2‰纳豆芽孢杆菌(Bafillus natto),探索其对仔犬日增重和肠道菌群数量的影响.结果表明:与对照组相比,1‰纳豆芽孢杆菌组的仔犬日增重(ADG)提高了7.51%,差异不显著(P>0.05);2‰纳豆芽孢杆菌组的日增重提高了27.48%,差异极显著(P﹤0.01).添加1‰和2‰纳豆芽孢杆菌后,两个处理组粪便的大肠杆菌数量均比饲喂前极显著降低(P<0.01),而对照组的大肠杆菌浓度却比饲喂前升高13.86%,差异极显著(P<0.01).添加1‰和2‰纳豆芽孢杆菌处理组粪便的乳酸杆菌数量比饲喂前增加了8.9%(P<0.05)和18.95%(P<0.01),对照组粪便的乳酸杆菌数量比饲喂前增加了13.27%,差异极显著(P<0.01).表明在断奶仔犬日粮中添加1‰和2‰纳豆芽孢杆菌,能够促进仔犬生长,调节肠道菌群.     

不同益生菌组合对断奶仔猪生产性能的影响

近年来许多研究表明，在动物生产体系中，益生菌产生的大部分有益效应与其改变肠道菌群的组成和活性的能力有关，即产生微生物之间的直接竞争和营养素竞争的机制。作为动物饲料添加剂竞争排斥性策略是用复合菌来改善动物健康和幼畜的肠道发育，在禽类中已初见成效，但在猪只中并未广泛应用。当新的竞争性排斥原则应用于猪时，进一步选择抗逆性强的菌种和配合力强的不同益生菌最佳组合来突破限制益生菌饲料添加剂发展的瓶颈，才可以在养猪业中发挥更大作用。此次试验在前人研究的基础上，采用从健康猪肠道分离的乳酸菌以及引进的几种芽孢杆菌、酵母菌组成不同的益生菌组合，探讨其对断奶仔猪生产性能的影响，为研发安全、高效的微生物添加剂筛选出优良的组合。现报道如下。     

纳豆芽孢杆菌对仔犬日增重和肠道菌群的影响

在断奶仔犬日粮中添加1‰和2‰纳豆芽孢杆菌(Bafillus natto),探索其对仔犬日增重和肠道菌群数量的影响。结果表明:与对照组相比,1‰纳豆芽孢杆菌组的仔犬日增重(ADG)提高了7.51%,差异不显著(P>0.05);2‰纳豆芽孢杆菌组的日增重提高了27.48%,差异极显著(P(0.01)。添加1‰和2‰纳豆芽孢杆菌后,两个处理组粪便的大肠杆菌数量均比饲喂前极显著降低(P<0.01),而对照组的大肠杆菌浓度却比饲喂前升高13.86%,差异极显著(P<0.01)。添加1‰和2‰纳豆芽孢杆菌处理组粪便的乳酸杆菌数量比饲喂前增加了8.9%(P<0.05)和18.95%(P<0.01),对照组粪便的乳酸杆菌数量比饲喂前增加了13.27%,差异极显著(P<0.01)。表明在断奶仔犬日粮中添加1‰和2‰纳豆芽孢杆菌,能够促进仔犬生长,调节肠道菌群。     

断奶仔犬饲料中添加血浆蛋白粉的生物学意义

断奶仔犬的饲养管理是犬管理环节的“重中之重”,因为断奶是犬出生以后最大的应激因素,将对仔犬产生一系列不良影响,主要表现在:生长缓慢,发育不正常;被毛粗糙;引起腹泻;易患疾病。针对断奶仔犬的特点,人们一直寻找一种既能降低和防止断奶对仔犬的应激,又能提高断奶仔犬的生产性能的饲料或添加剂,而血浆蛋白粉为解决这一问题提供了有效的饲料资源。1血浆蛋白粉的概述血浆蛋白粉(Spray-driedanimalplasma)是一种新型的蛋白质饲料,是动物血液(一般是猪血或牛血)分离出红血球后的血浆经喷雾干燥后而制成的粉状产品。1.1血浆蛋白粉的加工工艺血…     

Survey of undesirable behaviors displayed by potential guide dogs with puppy walkers

This research aimed to identify the frequency and type of undesirable behaviors observed by guide dog puppy walkers and management strategies used by them during the puppy-walking period.All members of 36 puppy-walking families (N = 96), recruited from the National School of Guide Dogs for Blind People in Florence (Italy), completed an 80-item questionnaire. This sampling represented homes caring for 28 Labrador retrievers, 6 Golden retrievers, and 2 German shepherd dogs. Of these dogs, 47.2% (n = 17) were males and 52.8% (n = 19) females, and 66.7% (n = 24) were between 7 and 12 months old.Three categories of undesirable behaviors were recorded. First, behaviors considered inconsequential to the guide dog role were: digging (11.8%, n = 11); chewing objects (4.4%, n = 4); stealing or begging for food (3.1%, n = 3); licking people (5.9%, n = 5); getting on furniture (4.4% n = 4); defending territory (2.8%, n = 2); and coprophagia (5.9%, n = 5). Second, the following behaviors considered easily resolvable through training were recorded: lack of recall (8.9%, n = 10); pulling on lead (11.8%, n = 11); jumping up (28.1%, n = 30); barking at other dogs (5.9%, n = 5); chewing the leash (1.5%, n = 1); and house soiling (5.9% (n = 5). Third, these potentially disqualifying behaviors were observed: scavenging (17.7%, n = 17); aggressive barking, growling, and biting (10.4%, n = 10); and fear of thunderstorms (6.2%, n = 6); loud noises (32.3%, n = 31); men (2.1%, n = 2); women (3.1%, n = 3); and people with unusual clothes (6.2%, n = 6). None of the puppies was reported to be fearful of children.Overall, 67.7% (n = 66) of respondents recorded at least 1 undesirable behavior. However, only few of them might lead to disqualification. The results suggest that most of the puppies were well socialized to people and not fearful.Puppy walkers could contribute to the early assessment of potential behavioral problems, which are a major cause of disqualifying guide dogs.     

一例剖腹产母犬及仔犬的护理

一头4岁龄史宾格母犬于2005年3月12日发情,3月21日和3月23日交配两次。该母犬5月21日上午出现产前征兆,扒窝,烦躁,于17点45分开始产第1头仔犬,至当晚20点50分产下第4头仔犬后,由于第5头仔犬胎位不正,至5月22日上午9点30分由兽医人工助产,仔犬死亡。10点10分产下第6头仔犬后,第7头仔犬又出现胎位不正。此时母犬体力出现下降,呼吸急促,兽医决定实施剖腹产,手术于17点20分至19点10分进行,剖腹后拿出4头仔犬,其中2头死亡,2头存活。     

杜伯文幼犬生长发育规律的初步研究

杜伯文犬于1876年首次在德国培育成功,因聪颖、胆大、灵活、忠诚而闻名于世,是世界上享有很高声誉的工作犬品种之一。笔者随机选取某警犬基地相同饲养管理条件下的F1代幼犬20头(7公13母),进行了2～9月龄的生长发育观察研究。现将经过和结果报告如下:一、材料与方法(一)材料来源     

Unusually rapid growth and adult stature in an American hairless terrier puppy

A puppy was evaluated for rapid growth and large stature. Extensive diagnostic evaluation suggested a growth hormone independent disorder. As the sole detected abnormality was elevated leptin concentration, an obesity syndrome causing leptin resistance was speculated to explain the puppy's condition but was not confirmed. Except for large body size, the puppy remained clinically normal.     

Long-term risks and benefits of early-age gonadectomy in dogs

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the long-term risks and benefits of early-age gonadectomy, compared with traditional-age gonadectomy, among dogs adopted from a large animal shelter. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. ANIMALS: 1,842 dogs. PROCEDURE: Dogs underwent gonadectomy and were adopted from an animal shelter before 1 year of age; follow-up was available for as long as 11 years after surgery. Adopters completed a questionnaire about their dogs' behavior and medical history. When possible, the dogs' veterinary records were reviewed. Associations between the occurrence of 56 medical and behavioral conditions and dogs' age at gonadectomy were evaluated. RESULTS: Among female dogs, early-age gonadectomy was associated with increased rate of cystitis and decreasing age at gonadectomy was associated with increased rate of urinary incontinence. Among male and female dogs with early-age gonadectomy, hip dysplasia, noise phobias, and sexual behaviors were increased, whereas obesity, separation anxiety, escaping behaviors, inappropriate elimination when frightened, and relinquishment for any reason were decreased. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Because early-age gonadectomy appears to offer more benefits than risks for male dogs, animal shelters can safely gonadectomize male dogs at a young age and veterinary practitioners should consider recommending routine gonadectomy for client-owned male dogs before the traditional age of 6 to 8 months. For female dogs, however, increased urinary incontinence suggests that delaying gonadectomy until at least 3 months of age may be beneficial.     

曾经有一头可爱的小狗

昨天晚上在单位上网到8点多才回去,从车库出来,看到出口处有一团毛茸茸的东西,开始以为是谁扔的一件衣物,走近了才发现是一头小狗在睡觉呢.昨晚的月亮大而且明亮,它全身蜷成一团躺在出口廊柱的阴影下面,见有人过来,并无慌乱,只是抬头看我,睁着两只黑漆漆的眼睛,天真无邪的那种,淡黄的毛色,在夜色里感觉十分温暖.     

The prevention of undesirable behaviors in dogs: effectiveness of veterinary behaviorists' advice given to puppy owners

The management of puppies is considered of great importance in raising well-behaved adult dogs. This research aimed to assess the effectiveness of advice provided by a veterinary behaviorist regarding puppy-raising practices.Forty-six puppy owners received advice by a veterinary behaviorist concerning puppy raising during the puppy's first visit to a veterinarian. A control group was composed of 43 different dogs whose owners were not counseled by a veterinary behaviorist during the puppy's first veterinary visit. Owners were interviewed about their dog's behaviors at the time of their 1-year booster vaccination visit. The 89 dogs were clinically healthy, between 11 and 18 months old, 53% females and 47% males, of various or mixed breeds.Dogs whose owners received advice displayed less undesirable behaviors than the control group, such as: house soiling (2% vs 23%; χ² = 19.50; P < .01), mounting (26% vs 49%; χ² = 12.11; P < .05), nonstop playing (0% vs 12%; Fisher's exact test P < .05), mouthing of people (11% vs 37%; χ² = 7.15; P < .01), begging for food (17% vs 42%; χ² = 5.31; P < .05), or demanding food from the table (0% vs 12%; Fisher's exact test P < .05). Moreover, the experimental group showed less aggressive behaviors toward unknown people (26% vs 2%; Fisher's exact test P < .01) and dogs (16% vs 2%; Fisher's exact test P < .05).The advice provided was effective in diminishing the incidence of undesirable behaviors in the dogs studied. The positive effect of a behaviorist's advice is remarkable given that the puppies in the experimental group had remained with their mother and littermates for less than 2 months, which is believed to be a high-risk condition for development of behavioral disorders.