加拿大蓟天敌─欧洲方喙象的寄主专一性测定

在温度为25-28℃的养虫室内选择具有代表性的菊科植物及豆科、禾本科牧草共10科30种植物对欧洲方喙象进行寄主专一性测定试验,结果表明其食性专一,只取食加拿大蓟,个别成虫或幼虫在饥饿状态下仅少量取食菊科其他植物,但随后即拒绝取食。非选择性试验(饥饿试验)表明欧洲方喙象耐饥饿能力强,不同龄期平均达28d。欧洲方喙象最适宜的生长温度是25℃,高于30℃或低于10℃,生长发育则受到抑制。     

加拿大蓟天敌—欧洲方喙象的寄主专—性测定

在温度为25～28℃的养虫室内选择具有代表性的菊科植物及豆科、禾本科牧草共10科30种植物对欧洲方喙象进行寄主专一性测定试验，结果表明其食性专一，只取食加拿大蓟，个别成虫或幼虫在饥饿状态下仅少量取食菊科其他植物，但随后即拒绝取食。非选择性试验（饥饿试验）表明欧洲方喙象耐饥饿能力强，不同龄期平均达28d。欧洲方喙象最适宜的生长温度是25℃，高于30℃或低于10℃，生长发育则受到抑制。     

杂草生物防治中天敌昆虫寄主专一性测定及其风险分析

本文综述了杂草天敌昆虫寄主专一性测定方法及其影响因素的研究进展。对需测试的非靶标植物选择标准、常用的寄主范围测定方法、影响测定结果的因素及其潜在风险，以及如何改进寄主专一性测定方法等进行了分析和讨论。     

豚草卷蛾的寄主专一性测定

1990～1992年在北京对从澳大利亚引进原产地为北美的豚草卷娥,对有代表性的15科37种主要经济作物、粮食作物、观赏植物及与豚草近缘或形态上相似的植物,进行了食性测定,特别对菊科植物中有经济价值的作物向日葵,在特定环境条件下进行了多种选择、诱导、强迫性等产卵、取食试验。结果表明:(1)常规方法的测定:无论选择性试验还是非选择性试验,豚草卷蛾只在豚草、三裂叶豚草、银胶菊和苍耳上产卵,并完成发育;而在供试的其它寄主上均未发现成虫产卵,也未发现幼虫企图咬食或钻蛀的痕迹。(2)特定方法的测定:豚草卷蛾不选择向日葵植株产卵;仅在混栽区诱导实验中,发现低龄幼虫可转移到茎秆较细或倒伏的向日葵上蛀食并形成虫瘿,并能完成发育,但向日葵不是豚草卷蛾的适口寄主植物。对影响豚草卷蛾取食行为的各种因素综合分析后,作者认为该天敌可在我国长江以南非向日葵作物区释放,在北方向日葵作物区能否释放,尚需进一步研究。     

藜麦田甜菜筒喙象生物学特性初步研究

甜菜筒喙象是一种新发现的严重为害藜麦的害虫,2016年首次在藜麦上大暴发,导致当年北京地区藜麦损失惨重。本研究针对甜菜筒喙象杂草寄主范围广,对藜麦为害严重却难以有效防控的问题,采用种群生态学技术方法,研究成虫产卵特性和杂草寄主在其种群发生中的作用。结果表明,甜菜筒喙象成虫体色多变,既有锈红色,也有棕褐色和黑褐色。成虫夜伏昼出,不喜阳光直射,白天在生长茂密的植株中下部活动;主要选择在茎秆直径5mm、处于营养生长盛期的寄主植株上产卵;株高150cm以上(现蕾盛期-初花期,直径20mm)、生长健壮、茎秆比较坚硬的植株不利于成虫产卵。当藜麦尚未出苗或藜麦苗比较幼小(主干直径5mm)时,成虫主要在早发的幼嫩多汁的藜科杂草上产卵;6月上旬,藜麦进入旺盛生长期,成虫开始在藜麦上产卵,产卵期约为1个月;7月下旬,藜麦进入初花期,茎秆粗壮,成虫主要在苋科杂草上产卵。此外,甜菜筒喙象成虫更喜欢在营养生长旺盛时期的藜麦植株上产卵,其单株产卵痕数量是藜科和苋科杂草的6.06倍和1.55倍;适时铲除田边杂草,有利于减轻藜麦田甜菜筒喙象的发生与为害。研究结果对甜菜筒喙象的有效防控,保障我国藜麦产业的健康发展意义重大。     

水葫芦象甲的生物学及其寄主专一性

在室温 2 5～ 2 8℃的养虫室内 ,水葫芦象甲雌成虫寿命最长可达 1 6 1d ,最大卵量为 1 0 91粒。产卵期为 2 0～ 1 59d。卵主要产在叶柄内。幼虫孵化后在叶片内和叶柄中取食 ,并向植株基部钻蛀。幼虫期 30～ 4 0d。老熟幼虫在活的水葫芦植株根部化蛹 ,蛹期 2 5～ 30d。在温州自然条件下 ,象甲年发生 2代 ,并有明显的世代重叠现象。以成虫和幼虫越冬。利用 2 3科 4 6种植物进行的寄主专一性测定发现 ,该象甲只为害水葫芦 ,可安全用于水葫芦的生物防治     

安婀珍蝶的生物学及其寄主专一性

对外来入侵植物薇甘菊天敌昆虫安婀珍蝶的生物学及其寄主专一性进行了研究。在温度2 6℃、RH80 %的人工气候箱内饲养 ,安婀珍蝶一个世代历期 92～ 1 0 2d,卵产于薇甘菊叶片上 ,幼虫在四龄前群聚生活 ,六龄后在支持物上化蛹 ,蛹期约 1 1d ,成虫存活约 8d。选择 42科 86种植物进行寄主专一性测定 ,结果表明 :安婀珍蝶对薇甘菊的嗜食程度明显高于其他供试植物 ,且仅能在薇甘菊、飞机草上完成世代     

豚草条纹叶(虫甲)(鞘翅目:叶(虫甲)科)的寄主专一性测定

1987年从苏联、加拿大引进原产北美的豚草天敌—豚草条纹叶(虫甲),在室内用具有代表性的23科72种主要经济作物、粮食作物、观赏植物及与豚草近缘或形态上相似的植物,进行了食性测定。结果表明,豚草条纹叶(虫甲)食性专一,仅取食豚草,不取食其它任何供试植物,在我国可以安全利用。在饥饿条件下,一龄幼虫的耐饥能力为3.1天,雌、雄成虫的耐饥能力分别为14和10.2天。     

一种镰刀菌对空心莲子草的致病力与寄主专一性测定

从罹病的空心莲子草上分离到一种镰刀菌,人工接种条件下,3叶期的空心莲子草幼苗最易发病,叶部次之.在供试的4个菌株中,以YZ-03菌株的致病力最强,该菌株接种空心莲子草幼苗5d后,接种的植株病情指数已达100,8d后幼苗全部枯死;人工接种叶片和茎秆9d后,叶片的病情指数达90.95,接种茎秆的病情指数达85.19.采用27科61种植物对该镰刀菌进行寄主专一性测定,结果表明,该镰刀菌能使莲子草严重发病,也能侵染藜的幼苗,对包括主要农作物在内的其他59种植物均无致病性.     

大蒜白斑病菌生物学特性及其寄主范围

通过测定大蒜白斑病菌菌丝在不同条件下生长情况和采用菌丝块接种离体叶片方法研究了病原菌的生物学特性及寄主范围。结果表明,病菌在PSA平板上培养,5~35℃范围内均能生长,最适生长温度为20~30℃,pH值4~10均可生长, pH值为6~8时生长最佳;在Czapek液体培养基中培养,病菌对所测试碳源中的淀粉利用效果最好,而对甘露醇利用最差,在测试氮源中,对谷氨酸利用最佳,对尿素利用最差;菌丝的最低致死温度为55℃、10min。病菌寄主范围测定结果显示,该菌可侵染所有供试植物,且发病率均为100%,其中发病程度以分葱、韭菜、马铃薯、番茄、烟草和玉米较重,严重度达到4级,而辣椒、甘蓝型油菜和苋菜发病较轻,严重度仅为1级。     

Characterization and host range evaluation of Pseudomonas viridiflava from melon, blite, tomato, chrysanthemum and eggplant

The fluorescent bacterium Pseudomonas viridiflava (Burkholder) Dowson was identified as the causal agent of bacterial leaf blight of melon, tomato, blite, eggplant and of pith necrosis of chrysanthemum plants. Koch's postulates were fulfilled on greenhouse-grown or on potted plants under controlled environmental conditions. Twenty seven cultivated and one weed species, when artificially inoculated, were found to be susceptible to a strain of the bacterium isolated from cucumber. In cross-inoculation tests on potted plants, each strain induced the disease symptoms, independently of the host of origin. To our knowledge, melon and blite have not been previously reported as natural hosts of P. viridiflava. Also this is the first record of the bacterium as a foliar pathogen of melon, tomato, eggplant and blite and as a stem pathogen of chrysanthemum in Greece.     

肾形肾状线虫（Rotylenchulus reniformis）浙江杭州 群体形态学和分子特性及寄主范围

 肾形肾状线虫（Rotylenchulus reniformis）是一种重要的蔬菜线虫,寄主范围和分布很广。本文根据形态学特征和形态测量将来自浙江省杭州市蔬菜上的肾状线虫群体鉴定为肾形肾状线虫,为浙江省首次报道。该群体的形态学特征及形态测量值与模式标本基本吻合,个别形态测量值(比值)有变异。通过对该肾形肾状线虫群体的rDNA中ITS区和编码28S RNA基因中的D2D3区的PCR扩增和序列测定,明确二序列长度分别为808 bp和786 bp;序列分析发现该群体ITS序列与肾形肾状线虫种内一些两性生殖群体的亲缘关系较近,同源性高达99.5%～100%,而与一孤雌生殖群体同源性为92.4%;编码28S RNA基因中的D2D3区与已报道群体的同源性达到99.4%,相似度较高;本研究还发现杭州肾形肾状线虫群体的寄主涉及11个科16个属的果蔬。     

Molecular phylogenetic,morphological, and pathogenic analyses reveal a single clonal population of Septoria lycopersici with a narrower host range in Brazil

Septoria leaf spot, caused by Septoria lycopersici, is considered one of the most important diseases of tomato in Brazil. Despite its importance, the disease agent is still poorly studied. Septoria isolates collected from different production regions of Brazil were characterized by molecular, morphological, and pathogenic methods. A set of 104 isolates was sequenced for the DNA Tub, Cal, and EF1-α loci. Ten isolates were selected, according to geographical region of origin and type of leaf lesion (typical or atypical), for morphological characterization and for evaluation of aggressiveness on tomato cultivar Santa Clara. To evaluate the pathogen host range, cultivated and wild Solanaceae plants were inoculated with four selected isolates. The results showed that all isolates grouped with the type isolate of S. lycopersici in maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference trees. The isolates were morphologically similar. All isolates selected for pathogenicity testing on tomato were able to induce typical symptoms of the disease, but differed in their aggressiveness. A total of eight species of Solanaceae were also identified as potential alternative hosts for S. lycopersici. This information will provide a more accurate assessment of the risks involved with the introduction of new crops, especially of the genus Solanum, in areas where the species is already present. In addition, it will provide the basis for the establishment of more efficient methods in the management of Septoria leaf spot of tomatoes in natural conditions and in the different production systems.     

南宁市朱槿曲叶病毒病病原分子鉴定和寄主范围研究

［目的］ 明确南宁市朱槿曲叶病毒病的病原及其寄主范围,初步了解各朱槿品种的抗病性。［方法］ 对采自南宁市区的朱槿病株分离物进行分子鉴定及寄主范围测定;进行朱槿曲叶病毒病发生情况调查,根据发病率高低和症状轻重对南宁市常见的朱槿品种抗病性进行初步评价。［结果］ 基因克隆与序列比较结果表明,该病的病原为木尔坦棉花曲叶病毒（Cotton leaf curl Multan virus, CLCuMV）,其DNA A全长含2 737个核苷酸,伴随有卫星DNAβ分子,分子大小为1 346个核苷酸;研究发现该病毒可以通过B型烟粉虱传播,烟粉虱接种和PCR检测试验〖JP2〗结果表明,该病毒可侵染朱槿、红麻、棉花、西菲葵、黄蜀葵等5种供试的锦葵科植物,表现典型曲叶症状;初步调查评价结果,‘朱砂红朱槿’、‘泰国黄朱槿’、‘重粉朱槿’、‘锦球朱槿’和‘马旦朱槿’属于高度感病品种;‘阿美丽坚朱槿’、‘乳斑朱槿’属于感病品种;‘大红朱槿’、‘大红花’和‘粉喇叭’属于中抗品种;‘红龙朱槿’、‘红喇叭’、‘青杆吊钟’和‘七彩朱槿’属于高抗品种。［结论］ 上述结果可为有效控制朱槿曲叶病毒病提供依据。     

Alternaria eichhorniae, a biological control agent for waterhyacinth: mycoherbicidal formulation and physiological and ultrastructural host responses

The bioherbicidal efficacy of different alginate formulations of Alternaria eichhorniae 5 (isolate Ae5), a virulent Egyptian isolate, was compared on waterhyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes). The fungus was formulated as alginate pellets containing mycelium alone, mycelium plus culture filtrate or culture filtrate alone. Each formulation was applied with and without a hydrophilic humectant (Evergreen 500). These formulations were evaluated for disease incidence (DI), and disease severity (DS). Maximum DS, but not DI, was obtained with the alginate pellets of mycelium plus culture filtrate. Alginate formulations supplemented with the hydrophilic polymer were more effective in promoting disease. Physiological changes associated with the treated waterhyacinth plants were determined 3, 6 and 9 days after treatment. Waterhyacinth plants treated with alginate pellets of mycelium plus culture filtrate of Ae5 had the lowest levels of pigments, carbohydrates and relative water content. Infection of waterhyacinth with Ae5 led to a significant increase in total phenols of leaves as compared to control. Penetration of waterhyacinth leaves by the fungus occurred only through the stomata, and the invading hyphae were located in the intercellular spaces of leaf tissues. Cytological changes noted in infected cells included changes in chloroplast, nucleus and mitochondria. Invagination of the plasma membrane, particularly at plasmodesmata was also noticed in infected cells. The associations between the infection process, the physiological disorder and the ultrastructure of infected leaves are discussed.     

中国草蛉科天敌昆虫及其生防应用研究进展

草蛉是一类重要的捕食性天敌昆虫,在蚜虫、介壳虫、粉虱、蓟马和螨类等农业害虫的生物防治中发挥着积极作用。虽然利用草蛉进行生物防治在我国已有近50年的历史,但针对不同农业生态系统及不同害虫物种,有关草蛉优势天敌物种的精准开发利用仍受到分类鉴定、生物学习性和捕食潜能等基础科学问题研究不足的制约。本文总结了草蛉科的基础生物学习性、地区优势物种与栖境选择、捕食潜能、草蛉与猎物及植物的互作关系和田间应用现状,提出了改善草蛉生防应用成效中的关键问题,对我国具有生防应用前景的草蛉种质资源发掘进行了评述,以期为推动我国草蛉天敌物种的发掘及其在生物防治中的应用提供参考。