钟冠报春苣苔花发育进程中花色素苷含量的变化

采用超高效液相色谱—四级杆飞行时间串联质谱联用技术（UPLC-Q-TOF-MS）测定钟冠报春苣苔（Primulina swinglei）花发育进程中花色素苷在各花器官组织中的分布、含量及比例。共鉴定出17种花色素苷类物质,分别为矢车菊素、芍药花素、飞燕草素、矮牵牛素及锦葵素及其与葡萄糖、芸香糖、乙酰芸香糖等糖苷组合而成的苷元。研究发现,呈紫色的花瓣中蓝紫色的花色素（飞燕草素、矮牵牛素及锦葵素）比例达到64.0%;呈红色的花筒中红粉色的矢车菊素及芍药花素分别占36.7%和20.0%。开花前总花色素苷含量缓慢上升并趋于稳态,该过程中红粉色的花色素占据比例逐渐减小,而蓝紫色花色素所占比例渐趋增加,这可能与花瓣/花筒的比例渐趋增大有关。而花盛开之后,花色素苷含量急剧降低,可能与花色素苷的降解或稀释相关。     

花毛茛和银莲花花瓣中花青素苷组成及含量与其花色的关系

以10个不同花色的花毛茛(Ranunculus asiaticus)和4个不同花色的银莲花(Anemone cathayensis)为材料,采用目视测色法,RHSCC比色卡比色法,色差仪(CR-400)测定花瓣的花色表型,利用双光束紫外—可见光分光光度计(TU-1901)、高效液相色谱—电喷雾离子化—质谱连用技术(HPLC–ESI–MS)对花瓣中花青素苷的成分及结构进行测定,运用多元线性回归方法分析花色与花青素苷组成之间的关系。结果表明:8个积累花青素苷的花毛茛品种花瓣中检测到5种花青素苷元,即天竺葵素、矢车菊素、飞燕草素、芍药素和锦葵素,这些花青素苷元进一步修饰形成了15种花青素苷。红色系和粉色系品种以芍药素和矢车菊素为主要成分,黄色系品种以天竺葵素或类胡萝卜素为主要成分;经分析矢车菊素苷和天竺葵素苷含量均与亮度L*值呈显著正相关,其中天竺葵素苷的积累对花瓣亮度的贡献更大。银莲花4个品种花瓣中共检测出6种花青素苷元,分别为矮牵牛素、天竺葵素、矢车菊素、飞燕草素、芍药素和锦葵素,它们通过不同糖基化和酰基化修饰形成了20种花青素苷,呈现出丰富的花青素苷多样性。     

Azalea indica flower colour as related to the parameters pH,anthocyanins and flavonol co-pigments

The influence of epidermal tissue pH on flower colour was studied in 104 cultivars of Azalea indica (Rhododendron simsii Planch.). Based on H.C.C. visual colour number, cultivars were classified in 4 colour groups: purple; carmine red; red; white.A method for pH determination using microvolumes (30 μl) on a microelectrode has been perfected. Within each colour group, flower colour was determined within a mean pH environment of 3.04 ± 0.06. Epidermal pH was approximately 0.3 units lower than the pH of the expressed sap of entire petals. Purple colours occurred with co-pigmented malvidin or delphinidin glycosides. Carmine red and red colours were produced by the same cyanidin glycosides that in the case of carmine red were co-pigmented with flavonol glycosides. The lower the content of anthocyanins (cyanidin glycosides) and the higher that of flavonols, the bluer the red (higher H.C.C. number; bathochromic shift of about 20 nm). A carmine red flower colour (± 58 B) may also occur when delphinidin glycosides occur in the absence of flavonol glycosides (pH < 4).Prospects for obtaining a blue flower colour are, because of low epidermal pH, very small.     

Seasonal variation in pigmentation and anthocyanidin phenetics in commercial Eustoma flowers

The seasonal change in petal color and pigmentation of 29 commercial Eustoma cultivars was studied. The flowers are basically divided into four groups according to the major anthocyanidin phenotype in association with petal coloration, i.e., delphinidin (Dp)-based (purple flower), cyanidin (Cy)-based (reddish purple flower), pelargonidin (Pg)-based (pink flower), and none (white flower) groups. The constitution of petal anthocyanidins was not changed by forcing treatment in most of the flowers. Lightness (L^*) and chroma (C^*, color saturation) showed a change along with the increase/decrease of hue angle difference (ΔH^*), thus simultaneously the chromatic tonalities tended to move to redder and bluer, respectively. Floral pigment clustering described two flower groups in a dendrogram, based on anthocyanidin constitutions as phenetic markers, which are apparently the Dp- and Pg-based phenotypes of anthocyanidin syntheses. The Cy-based flowers made a subcluster with the Pg-based flowers, indicating a close relationship in the biosynthesis of the two anthocyanidins, and suggesting the Dp- and Pg-syntheses complement one another.     

花青苷成分对瓜叶菊花色的影响

 通过测定不同花色瓜叶菊舌状花花色表型和定性定量分析其花青苷成分组成, 探讨不同瓜叶 菊花色表型与其所含花青素类色素类型之间的关系。采用分光色差计(NF333) 测量了不同花色的色相值。用高效液相色谱-光电二极管阵列检测技术(HPLC - PAD) 和高效液相色谱-电喷雾离子化-质谱联用技术(HPLC - ESI - MS) 分析花瓣中花青苷和黄酮醇的组成及含量。分析表明: 花色表型中亮度和花青苷总量之间存在线性负相关。蓝色和红色瓜叶菊花色分别由飞燕草素苷元(Dp) 和矢车菊素苷元(Cy) 为核心的花青苷决定。粉色瓜叶菊含有Cy和天竺葵素苷元( Pg) 为核心的花青苷。紫色瓜叶菊主要含有Dp和Cy为核心的花青苷。瓜叶菊花色亮度与花青苷含量负相关, 瓜叶菊花红色程度和Cy为核心的花青苷含量正相关。瓜叶菊主要由花青素决定其呈色。     

Chemically induced floral morphological mutations in two cultivars of Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth

Two cultivars of Ipomoea purpurea (Morning Glory) differing in flower colour and corolla morphology were investigated for artificial mutagenesis. The violet blue (VB) cultivar bears flowers with a typical gamopetalous corolla. The red purple (RP) cultivar has flowers with an incised corolla at one or more places at the petal union, i.e. incompletely gamopetalous and has petaloid appendages borne on the outer side. It has been described as petalomaniatic. The petaloid appendages were part and parcel of the petal itself. The mutagens used were ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (NMG) and sodium azide (SA). Mutants affecting the petal union and petalomaniatic tendency were discussed. It was possible to induce an incompletely gamopetalous petalomaniatic mutant in cultivar VB as well as the typical gamopetalous corolla morphotype in cultivar RP. Preliminary hybridization studies were made using cv. RP and its white colour mutant as one of the parents and crossed with cv. VB. Hybridization studies revealed that independent loci exist for the incomplete gamopetalous nature of the corolla and its petalomaniatic tendency. The mutants obtained were corolla whorl specific and were described as meristic mutations in I. purpurea.     

睡莲新品种‘粉玛瑙’

‘粉玛瑙’是以睡莲品种‘紫外线’为母本,以‘普林夫人’为父本,经人工杂交选育而成的新品种。中型植株。花半重瓣,放射状星形。花瓣尖部为淡红紫色,基部为黄白色,32 ~ 36枚。花径12.0 ~ 13.8 cm,花柄超出水面12.0 ~ 14.2 cm,萼片4枚。叶面紫褐色,卵圆形,边缘具不规则锯齿,叶径24.3 ~ 25.0 cm × 21.6 ~ 22.3 cm。属于热带睡莲,北方地区不可室外越冬。     

Comparative forcing of Hydrangea macrophylla ‘Bailer’ as a florist's hydrangea

‘Bailer’ (Endless Summer™) is a new, pink- or blue-flowered hydrangea that flowers on new wood continuously throughout the growing season. It is also winter-hardy in northern, temperate climates (USDA Z4). Use of Endless Summer as a florist's potted hydrangea would provide consumers with a dual-use product (flowering potted plant, landscape shrub). The objectives were to determine if Endless Summer could be forced as a florist's hydrangea using two forcing regimes (immediate, standard), two soil pH regimes, and two pinching treatments. ‘Merritt Supreme Pink’ (pink), ‘Blue Danube’ (blue), and Endless Summer (blue, pink) were forced under immediate (no cold treatment, short- and long-day photoperiods) and standard (6 weeks cold, 4 °C to overcome dormancy) conditions. Since commercial liners were not yet available, cuttings of Endless Summer were used in the immediate forcing experiment. Days to visible flower bud, first color, full flower were recorded, as well as height, no. of branches, no. of flowers, and flower size. In the immediate forcing experiment, only Endless Summer produced flowers. Cultivars differed significantly (P < 0.001) for days to visible flower bud, days to first color, days to full flower, and height. The number of flowers and flower size were not significantly different among pink cultivars. In the standard forcing experiment, Endless Summer reached days to visible flower bud, days to first color, and days to full flower significantly earlier than either comparison, although it exhibited weaker stems and less intense flower pigmentation. Pinching (blue pH) had a significant effect on all traits except the days to full flower and flower size, although no pinching treatment was significant for pink pH. Photoperiod was significant only for the days to visible flower bud (pink pH), days to full flower (blue pH), and final height (blue pH). Further research is needed before Endless Summer can be grown as a dual-use florist's potted hydrangea with acceptable quality.     

菊花和除虫菊毛状体的比较

 利用扫描电镜和荧光显微镜观测了菊花（Chrysanthemum morifolium）和除虫菊（Pyrethrum cinerariifolium）叶片与花序表面毛状体的类型、分布与密度及其在荧光下的颜色差异。结果表明：菊花和除虫菊表面同时存在形态各异的头状腺毛和T–形非腺毛两类毛状体。头状腺毛主要分布在菊花的叶片两面、管状花花冠外表面和舌状花花冠远轴面,子房表面几乎不存在或很少;而除虫菊除舌状花花冠近轴面外,叶片与花序的其它部位均有分布,且以子房部位密度最高。T–形非腺毛在两者叶片、苞片和花梗表面均有分布,管状花和舌状花表面则没有。紫外光下菊花和除虫菊叶片的头状腺毛均呈蓝色,但在除虫菊管状花顶部和舌状花远轴面还观测到一些浅绿色的头状腺毛,管状花子房表面的头状腺毛因发育阶段的不同而呈现由红到蓝的变化。所有T–形非腺毛在紫外光下均呈蓝色,蓝色荧光下呈黄色。讨论了这些差异与抗虫性之间的关系。     

春兰新品种‘福娃梅’

 春兰‘福娃梅’是以‘春剑大富贵’为母本,以春兰原生种‘宋梅’为父本采用常规杂交育种的方法培育出的新品种。花为浅绿色,味香,花瓣为荷形梅瓣,蚕蛾兜捧,小如意舌,偶有反卷,舌上红点分明,花葶高出叶面,多为一葶双花,植株生长势旺,极易繁殖,适应性和抗病性强,为优良的盆栽花卉品种。     

杜鹃花花色浅析

杜鹃花是著名观赏花卉,具有极高的园林应用价值。从花瓣内部结构和花色素种类2方面概述杜鹃花花色的形成原因;对杜鹃花的花色、花冠内斑点和开放进程中的花色变化进行整理和归纳;分析花色素、pH值、金属离子和光照对杜鹃花花色的影响。     

Inflorescence architecture of olive

The influence of flower position on the inflorescence on opening day, gender, and petal persistence was studied in three olive cultivars: Manzanillo, Mission, and Frantoio. In each cultivar, 45 inflorescences were checked every morning from flower opening to petal fall. Perfect flowers opened mainly in the beginning of the flower opening period, and staminate flowers opened later. Flower position on the inflorescence had a highly significant effect on the opening day in all cultivars. Terminal flowers and the flowers located on the primary branches opened earlier than the flowers located on the secondary branches. Flower position had also a highly significant effect on gender in Manzanillo and Mission. In Manzanillo, the secondary branches had fewer perfect flowers than the primary branches. In Mission, the secondary branches had no perfect flowers at all. Among the primary branches, the branch arising immediately next to the terminal flower had the latest flowers to open and the lowest percent of perfect flowers. In Manzanillo, perfect flowers had significantly longer petal persistence than staminate flowers. To study flower competition within the inflorescence, the distal half of 120 inflorescences, on which the flowers tend to be perfect, in three trees of Manzanillo were removed about 1 month before full bloom. There was a highly significant effect on the percent of perfect flowers that opened on the proximal half. Flower competition may be a reason for pistil abortion in flowers located on secondary branches.     

切花菊3个品种的飞燕草素苷合成能力分析

为了评价不同切花菊品种花瓣飞燕草素苷合成能力,以3个粉色系切花菊品种为材料,采用飞燕草素前体二氢杨梅素2 mg · mL-1溶液对花瓣进行离体添加培养,建立菊花飞燕草素苷超高效液相UPLC分析技术,并用于菊花花瓣中飞燕草素苷的鉴定。结果表明,菊花花青苷可采用0.1 mol · L-1盐酸甲醇及同体积的10%甲酸水提取,0.22 μm膜过滤。通过洗脱条件的优化可在9 min内实现飞燕草素苷与其他花青苷的分离,当飞燕草素在2.5 ~ 40 mg · L-1范围内时与色谱峰面积具有良好的线性关系,相关系数为0.997。3个粉色系菊花品种均具有催化二氢杨梅素合成飞燕草素的能力,且飞燕草素含量均在220 μg · g-1 FW以上,表明3个品种均可作为蓝色花色转基因候选品种。     

溪荪新品种‘纯心’

‘纯心’是从溪荪自然杂交实生后代中选育出的浅紫花色的新品种,5年生植株盛花期株高68 cm,茎高60 cm,株丛冠幅56 ~ 58 cm。每株丛花葶数15 ~ 25,单葶花2或3朵,花径9.8 cm。花形紧凑,外花被浅紫色,边缘渐白色,内花被近白色,花柱整体白色,在中轴线的两侧是浅藕荷色。花期6—7月,果期9—10月,连续花期20 d左右。适宜在中国北方地区推广应用,东北地区可露地栽培。     

Comparison of flower color with anthocyanin composition patterns in evergreen azalea

In evergreen azaleas, major anthocyanins were detected from petals of wild species and cultivars by HPLC analysis. Depending on flower color, all samples were divided into three groups: red, purple or white, using the Japan color standard for horticultural plants. The chromatic components a* and b* values of red group samples showed a convergent distribution, whereas those of purple group samples showed a wider distribution. According to the HPLC analysis, red group samples had two to four major anthocyanins, and those of the purple group had two to six major ones. In contrast, no anthocyanins were detected in the white group petals, although anthocyanidins were detected. These results suggest that the anthocyanin constitution of the purple group flowers is more varied than that of the red group flowers, and this wider variety among purple flowers contributes to extending the diversity of flower color in evergreen azalea.     

蝴蝶兰新品种‘天宝红’

 蝴蝶兰新品种‘天宝红’是以‘超群火鸟’为母本,以‘宝岛玫瑰’为父本,杂交选育而成。其株形匀称,叶长卵圆形,倒二叶平均叶长为（22.64 ± 0.94）cm,叶宽为（7.65 ± 0.21）cm;平均花横径为（10.8 ± 0.46）cm,花色鲜红,唇瓣深玫瑰红,花粉苞片雪白,花瓣质地厚,花正面朝向,花序排列整齐,花穗能自然弯曲,无需人工造形,具有较高的观赏价值,花期长,耐低温。     

Genetic and environmental variation for corolla traits in Portulaca grandiflora

A commercial seed lot of Portulaca grandiflora was sampled and the variation for several flower traits was analysed. A genotypic component of variance was estimated for the traits petal length, petal width, and petal number. The heritability for petal number was high (64 · 3), for petal width was intermediate (31 · 3), and for petal length was low (12–3). The environmental variance was partitioned into three components, but more than 90% of it was unaccountable. A significant positive correlation between petal length and petal width was found. A covariance analysis was used to test for genetic variance for petal length and petal width after the effects of covariance had been removed. No relationship was found between total corolla area and flower production. Thus, selection for larger flowers is not expected to reduce the number of flowers produced. Selection responses are predicted for different selection differentials and the assumptions are discussed. The results suggest that selection for increased petal number will be very effective.     

杜鹃花新品种‘紫金粉玉’

‘紫金粉玉’是‘玉麒麟’与‘火花’杂交育成的杜鹃花新品种。花色为淡粉色;花径9.5~10.5 cm;花瓣5裂,裂深;雄蕊部分瓣化,上部裂片有醒目的深粉色斑点,花心绿色。植株长势强健,株形紧凑;耐高温高湿,适宜长江中下游地区棚室盆栽。自然始花期较早,为2月上中旬,持续20~25 d。     

异源表达拟南芥赤霉素2–氧化酶基因对矮牵牛形态发育的影响

拟南芥赤霉素2–氧化酶基因AtGA2ox1在矮牵牛（Petunia hybrida）中过量表达导致转基因植株开花延迟,株形明显矮化,花冠变小,花冠表皮细胞变小,但花色变化不明显。施用多效唑对矮牵牛花冠的影响与过量表达AtGA2ox1一致。用拟南芥茎特异性表达基因At3g56700的启动子驱动AtGA2ox1在矮牵牛中表达时,转基因植株的表型变化在株系间存在明显的差异,但外源基因在茎中的表达量都明显高于叶和花中的,果实和种子的发育未受影响,通过对转基因后代的筛选可以获得株形矮化,其它性状的发育受影响较小的转基因株系。     

蝴蝶兰新品种‘汕农凤凰’

 蝴蝶兰新品种‘汕农凤凰’株形匀称,叶色青绿,生长势较强。花色鲜红,花瓣基部白底间红线条喷点,花横茎9.8 cm;花朵数8朵以上,花序排列整齐。