不同品种苹果树水分利用效率及有关参数的日变化

以１０年生苹果树为试材,探讨了几个品种的水分利用效率（ＷＵＥ）及有关参数的日变化,结果表明：①对ＷＵＥ而言,充足供水时,新红星＞富士＞红星;土壤干旱时,富士＞红星＞新红星。②土壤干旱时,富士的Ｐｎ和Ｐｎ／Ｃｉ较高,而Ｔｒ较低,说明富士对水分状况的反应较迟钝。③新红星的高Ｐｎ需以较高的Ｔｒ为代价。④无论是充足供水还是土壤干旱,富士的Ｇｓ始终远远小于新红星和红星,这对提高ＷＵＥ十分有利。     

水分胁迫对蔓生紫薇和亮叶忍冬生长及生理特性的影响

 采用盆栽试验法, 研究水分胁迫对蔓生紫薇(Lagerstroemia indica‘Summer and summer’) 和亮叶忍冬(Lonicera nitida‘Maigrun’) 两种木本地被植物生长及生理特性的影响。结果表明: 水分胁迫下,两种植物的生长受到明显抑制, 蔓生紫薇受抑制程度高于亮叶忍冬, 其相对生长量远小于亮叶忍冬。水分胁迫使两种植物净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度下降, 胞间CO₂浓度则前期下降后期上升, 且表现为蔓生紫薇各生理指标的变化幅度大于亮叶忍冬。综合评价两种植物的抗旱性为: 亮叶忍冬> 蔓生紫薇。     

Effect of brassinosteroids on drought resistance and abscisic acid concentration in tomato under water stress

The effect of brassinosteroid (BR) on relative water content (RWC), stomatal conductance (g_s), net photosynthetic rate (PN), intercellular CO₂ concentration (Ci), lipid peroxidation level, activities of antioxidant enzymes and abscisic acid concentration (ABA) in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) seedlings under water stress was investigated. Two tomato genotypes, Mill. cv. Ailsa Craig (AC) and its ABA-deficient mutant notabilis (not), were used. Water stress was achieved by withholding water and both the AC and not plants were treated with 1 μM 24-epibrassinolide (EBR) or distilled water as a control. The RWC, g_s, Ci and PN were significantly decreased under water stress. However, EBR treatment significantly alleviated water stress and increased the RWC and PN. EBR application also markedly increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and superoxide dismutase) while it decreased g_s, Ci and the contents of H₂O₂ and malondialdehyde (MDA). Interestingly, ABA concentration in AC and not plants was markedly elevated after EBR treatment although the increasing rate and amplitude of ABA in not plants treated by EBR was significantly lower than those in AC plants. Our study suggested that amelioration of the drought stress of tomato seedlings may be caused by EBR-induced elevation of endogenous ABA concentration and/or the activities of antioxidant enzymes.     

Genotypic variation in water relations and gas exchange of urban trees in Detroit,Michigan, USA

Increasing tree species diversity has become a key underpinning for communities to improve resilience of urban and community forests. Increasingly, urban forestry researchers are examining physiological traits to aid in selecting trees for urban sites. Knowledge of physiological responses also has implications for understanding species’ resilience to increased stresses associated with climate change. Here, we compare growth, leaf SPAD chlorophyll index, water relations, and gas exchange of seven genotypes of shade trees planted in two locations in downtown Detroit, MI, USA. Genotypes included Redpointe® maple (Acer rubrum ‘Frank Jr.’), Flashfire® maple (Acer saccharum ‘JFS-Caddo2′), Pacific Sunset® maple (Acer truncatum x platanoides ‘Warrenred’), Emerald City® tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipifera ‘JFS-Oz’), Chanticleer® pear (Pyrus calleryana ‘Glen’s Form’), swamp white oak (Quercus bicolor), and Emerald Sunshine® elm (Ulmus propinqua ‘JFS-Bieberich’). Trees were planted in either Lafayette Plaisance Park (Park), a large urban greenspace, or on the median of St. Aubin Avenue (Median), a nearby major thoroughfare. Tree height growth and leaf SPAD index were higher for trees planted in the Park location than on the Median. However, genotypic variation was larger than the effects of location or the interaction of Genotype × Location for most traits. Across measurement dates, midday leaf water potential was lowest for Pyrus trees and highest for Ulmus and Liriodendron trees. Pyrus and Quercus trees had relatively high rates of net photosynthesis (A) and stomatal conductance (g_s) while Liriodendron, Acer saccharum, and Ulmus trees had low rates of A and g_s. Liriodendron trees closed their stomata rapidly as leaf water potential (Ψ_w) declined (isohydric response), while Pyrus and Quercus trees maintained g_s across a range of leaf Ψ_w (anisohydric response). Liriodendron trees also had the highest relative growth rates, suggesting that drought stress avoidance through isohydry is a viable drought tolerance mechanism in urban trees.     

干旱胁迫对杂交鹅掌楸无性系光合特性的影响

以5个杂交鹅掌楸无性系(NE04、NE22、NE23、NE25、NE78)1a生扦插苗为试材,研究了干旱胁迫对各无性系叶片净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和气孔导度(Gs)等光合特性的影响。结果表明:各无性系随胁迫程度加剧,Pn、Tr和Gs逐渐下降,而Ci则呈先降后升的趋势,但各指标变化幅度因无性系不同而异。Pn下降是气孔因素与非气孔因素双重作用的结果,轻度干旱胁迫下主要是由气孔限制引起的,而严重干旱胁迫下非气孔限制是Pn下降的主要原因。采用隶属函数法对上述指标进行综合分析,可得出其抗旱能力从大到小依次为:NE25NE78NE22NE04NE23。     

Water relations of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) as affected by phenological stages and water regimes

Pistachio is a drought tolerant fruit tree that can be cultivated in rainfed and irrigated conditions. The water requirements of the tree, however, are considerable so in most of the commercial orchards deficit irrigation is a common practice. Regulated deficit irrigation in pistachio trees has been described in several works, which reported that the phenological stage of shell hardening, so called stage II, is the most drought tolerant. This paper proposes that such drought resistance is related to changes in water relations linked to the phenological stages, even in conditions of no water stress. In order to evaluate such changes, the daily pattern of stem water potential and gas exchange (net photosynthesis, P_n, and leaf conductance, g_s) was measured, determining also the pressure–volume curves, in three different phenological stages of mature pistachio trees (Pistacia vera cv Kerman on P. terebinthus L. rootstock.). The daily pattern of stem water potential and gas exchange were performed in three different irrigation treatments: control, regulated deficit irrigation and rainfed. The pressure–volume curves were made only in the control and rainfed treatments. Significant differences were found in the daily pattern of stem water potential in all the phenological stages considered, while only in the last one the net photosynthesis was affected by water stress. The daily pattern of gas exchange at the beginning of the season was not affected by the evaporative demand, with a constant value when radiation was not limiting. Moderate levels of water stress during the last measurement date reduced the maximum values of g_s and P_n resulting also in a clear change in the pattern of the daily curve, with maximum values only at the beginning of the day. The relationships between stem water potential and gas exchange parameters were different during stage II and almost the same in stages I and III. The parameters drawn from the pressure–volume curves also indicated a change in the elastic modulus of the leaf cells in stage II. In addition, differences in the osmotic adjustment (OA) index suggested different degree of osmotic adjustment of the phenological stages in the response to water stress. The results showed that different mechanisms of drought resistance are operating in the different phenological stages in pistachio trees.     

Reponses of mamey sapote (Pouteria sapota) trees to continuous and cyclical flooding in calcareous soil

Physiological and growth responses of ‘Pantin’ and ‘Magana’ mamey sapote (Pouteria sapota) trees to continuous and cyclical flooding were studied in a series of experiments. Trees were grown in containers in a very gravelly loam soil and were subjected to continuous flooding of the root zone for 30–66 days (Experiments 1 and 2) or alternating flooding–unflooding cycles for 50 days (Experiments 3–5). For all experiments, the control treatment consisted of nonflooded trees. Net CO₂ assimilation (A) and stomatal conductance (g_s) decreased within 3 days of continuous flooding and internal CO₂ concentration was significantly higher in leaves of flooded than nonflooded plants. In the cyclic flooding experiments, trees were flooded in 3- to 6-day cycles and then unflooded for the same time periods. Stomatal conductance and A decreased within 3 days of flooding, leaf epinasty occurred between days 5 and 10, leaf senescence and abscission occurred between days 15 and 30, and branch dieback and tree death occurred between days 30 and 60. Three cycles of 3-day flooding and 3-day recovery of trees had little effect on leaf gas exchange of ‘Magaña’ trees. Similarly, ‘Pantin’ trees survived 3 cycles of 6 days of flooding interspersed with 3–6 days of recovery despite consistent decreases in g_s and A during flooding. Stomatal conductance and A of both mamey sapote cultivars decreased within a few days of flooding and this species appears to have intermediate flooding tolerance compared with other tropical fruit crops based on tree survival.     

外源水杨酸(SA)与甜菜碱(GB)对干旱胁迫下辣椒开花结果期光合特性的影响

以“云椒2号”为试材,采用盆栽控水法,研究外源水杨酸(SA,200mg·L^-1)和甜菜碱(GB,100mmol·L^-1)对干旱胁迫下辣椒开花结果期光合生理特性的影响。结果表明:在干旱胁迫下,外源GB、SA处理的辣椒叶片净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)和胞间CO2浓度(Ci)有明显增高,各处理的日平均净光合速率值为GB>SA>干旱。通过相关分析得出净光合速率与环境影响因子的关系,干旱胁迫下,净光合速率与气孔导度呈正相关,而外源GB、SA处理的净光合速率与气孔导度、蒸腾作用呈正相关。     

干旱胁迫对卷柏光合日变化的影响

以卷柏为试材,从卷柏的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度与大气CO2浓度比值(Ci/Ca)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和水分利用效率(WUE)5个生理指标入手,研究了不同程度的干旱胁迫对卷柏光合日变化的影响。结果表明:正常浇水的卷柏光合速率日变化曲线为双峰,具有明显午休现象;干旱胁迫使得卷柏的光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率降低,对植株的光合日变化影响明显;轻度干旱胁迫条件下,卷柏的光合作用日变化与CK基本一致;中度干旱胁迫条件下,卷柏光合速率日变化曲线仍表现出双峰现象,但全天净光合速率值明显下降;重度干旱胁迫条件下,卷柏光合速率日变化曲线的"双峰"和"午休"现象消失,气孔导度、蒸腾速率的数值变化范围较小,且接近于零。     

果树水分亏缺指标的探讨

探讨了以叶片水势((?)_L)、气孔阻力(Rs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)作为果树水分亏缺指标的可行性.结果表明:黎明前(?)_L与上午10时左右的净光合速率(Pn)Tr以及果实直径、土壤水分含量明显相关;晴朗天气下,上午10时左右的Rs、Tr对水分亏缺反应明显,与(?)_L、Pn、果实直径增长、土壤含水量明显相关.三个指标较好地反映出与树体水分亏缺相联系的生理过程及土壤含水量,可作为评估树体水分状况适宜程度的良好指标.研究也证明:相同条件下,树体各部分三指标的大小不同,根据灌溉应满足树体水分竞争代谢“弱者”的原则,(?)L的取样部位应为树冠上部枝条的下位叶,而Rs、Tr则为内膛无果短梢叶.     

持续淹水处理对寒富苹果抗逆性酶及光合作用影响初探

针对多雨地区及低洼地果园生产上面临的涝害问题,对'寒富'苹果抗逆性方面进行研究.以3 a生盆栽'寒富'苹果为试材,持续淹水处理后,测定'寒富'苹果根系和叶片抗逆性酶(POD、SOD、PAL)活性以及叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度,胞间CO2浓度.随着淹水时间的延长,POD、SOD、PAL活性都呈先升高后降低的趋势.叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度,都随着淹水时间的延长显著下降,而胞间CO2浓度显著上升,根系活力总体上呈下降趋势,但在处理3 d左右有所回升,根系活力于淹水3 d稍有升高,但整体呈下降趋势.在淹水处理过程中,'寒富'苹果树体保护性酶系都表现出积极的响应,在处理前期都表现出上升趋势,在处理后5 d～7 d达到最大值,随后随着处理时间延长而降低.处理18 d后植株死亡.     

果实的有无对桃叶片净光合效率及相关生理反应的影响

 将‘燕红’桃在果核硬化期和果实最后迅速生长期留果对照和去果比较, 去果(库) 后叶片(源) 净光合速率( P_n) 、气孔导度( G_s) 和蒸腾速率( E) 降低, 叶片温度( T_leaf ) 升高, 对细胞间隙CO₂浓度(Ci) 无显著影响。去果对Pn、Gs、E和Tleaf的影响主要发生在9: 00～16: 00之间, 且在中午前后一段时间里影响最显著。研究叶片P_n与G_s之间的关系表明, 当G_s值小于60 mmol·m ^{- 2} ·s^{- 1}时, 二者呈极显著正相关。此外, 留果对照和去果处理间叶片Pn差值与T_leaf差值呈显著或极显著的正相关。去果降低库力, 减少叶片G_s并导致叶片温度的增加可能是源叶P_n降低的关键因素。     

Acclimation to partial shading or full sunlight determines the performance of container-grown Fraxinus ornus to subsequent drought stress

Cultivation techniques in the nursery aimed to improve tolerance to abiotic stresses after planting in the landscape may have great ecological value. Here we tested the hypothesis that the irradiance at which plants grow in the nursery may impact on their responses to a subsequent drought stress. Measurements of relevant morpho-anatomical, physiological and biochemical traits were conducted in Fraxinus ornus, a member of the Oleaceae family of increasing interest as an urban tree. Leaves developed under moderate shade displayed a lower ability to preserve water balance, thus suffering from a greater decline in net CO₂ assimilation than leaves acclimated to full sunlight, when subsequently exposed to drought stress. Shaded leaves also displayed an inherently lower capacity to dissipate excess radiant energy through nonphotochemical quenching, thus suffering from greater oxidative damage than sun leaves under drought. These results indicate that sunlight irradiance at which container-grown ash trees grow in the nursery may tightly affect the tolerance to subsequent drought stress. This may have great value for enhancing the establishment of container-grown plants in the landscape, as fully leaved plants may suffer from severe drought stress during early stages of acclimation in the landscape.     

Transpiration,photosynthetic responses,tissue water relations and dry mass partitioning in Callistemon plants during drought conditions

Callistemon is an Australian species used as ornamental plant in Mediterranean regions. The objective of this research was to analyse the ability of Callistemon to overcome water deficit in terms of adjusting its physiology and morphology. Potted Callistemon laevis Anon plants were grown in controlled environment and subjected to drought stress by reducing irrigation water by 40% compared to the control (irrigated to container capacity). The drought stress produced the smallest plants throughout the experiment. After three months of drought, the leaf area, number of leaves and root volume decreased, while root/shoot ratio and root density increased. The higher root hydraulic resistance in stressed plants caused decreases in leaf and stem water potentials resulting in lower stomatal conductance and indicating that water flow through the roots is a factor that strongly influences shoot water relations. The water stress affected transpiration (63% reduction compared with the control). The consistent decrease in g_s suggested an adaptative efficient stomatal control of transpiration by this species, resulting in a higher intrinsic water use efficiency (P_n/g_s) in drought conditions, increasing as the experimental time progressed. This was accompanied by an improvement in water use efficiency of production to maintain the leaf water status. In addition, water stress induced an active osmotic adjustment and led to decreases in leaf tissue elasticity in order to maintain turgor. Therefore, the water deficit produced changes in plant water relations, gas exchange and growth in an adaptation process which could promote the faster establishment of this species in gardens or landscaping projects in Mediterranean conditions.     

绿斑病藻寄生对夏橙光合日变化的影响

 以盆栽的2年生‘奥灵达’夏橙为试材, 用LI-6400型便携式光合测定系统研究了绿斑病藻寄生的夏橙叶片光合日变化规律。结果表明: 轻度病叶(严重度为5% ) 净光合速率( Pn) 、气孔导度(Gs) 、蒸腾速率( Tr) 和胞间CO₂ 浓度(Ci) 的日变化与健康叶片相似, Pn和Gs日变化呈双峰型曲线,Tr日变化呈单峰型曲线, Ci在午前直线下降, 午后维持一段时间的较低水平, 而后逐渐回升, 光合作用有明显的“午休”现象, 主要受气孔因素控制; 中度病叶(严重度为40% ) 和重度病叶(严重度为80% )的光合日变化与健康叶片明显不同, Pn、Gs和Tr的日变化曲线整体大幅度下降, 变幅和峰值均小, 而Ci在午前下降缓慢, 午后一直保持较高水平, 光合作用主要受非气孔因素控制。     

匍匐翦股颖夏季光合生理生态日变化规律初探

晴天利用Li-6400光合仪研究了田间自然条件下匍匐翦股颖品种普特(Putter)的光合作用日变化特性.结果表明:净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔导度(Gs)的日变化曲线均呈"双峰"型,存在明显的光合"午睡"现象.水分利用效率(WUE)和胞间CO2浓度(Ci)的日变化进程都呈下降趋势.根据Pn、Ci、气孔限制值(Ls)的变化方向,推测匍匐翦股颖的光合"午休"主要受气孔因素限制.相关分析结果表明,Pn、Tr与光合有效辐射(PAR)都呈显著正相关,相关系数分别为R=0.674和R=0.852,与大气温度(Ta)都呈现不显著正相关关系,与相对湿度(RH)都呈现不显著负相关关系.从相关系数的大小来看,各生态因子与Pn的相关性大小排序PAR＞Ta＞Ca＞RH.各生理因子与Pn的相关性大小排序为:Tr＞Gs＞Ci＞WUE.     

Sana Physiological responses of two grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivars to CycocelTM treatment during drought

The plant growth regulator Cycocel^TM [(2-chloroethyl)trimethylammonium chloride] can be used to produce drought tolerance in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) due to a reduction in the ratio between vegetative growth and fruit production. To evaluate the physiological responses of two grapevine cultivars to drought and Cycocel^TM treatment, a factorial experiment was conducted in a greenhouse. The factors included irrigation frequency (at 5-, 10-, or 15-day intervals corresponding to no, mild, or severe drought stress), Cycocel^TM concentration (0, 500, or 1000 mg l^–1), and cultivar (‘Rasheh’ or ‘Bidane-Sefid’). Stomatal conductance (g_s) the net rate of CO₂ assimilation (A_net), the rate of transpiration (T_r), and chlorophyll a and b concentrations decreased in plants exposed to mild or severe water-deficit stress, whereas carotenoid, proline, and total soluble sugar concentrations increased compared to plants with no drought stress. The relative water content (RWC) of leaves declined only under severe drought stress. A reduction in intercellular CO₂ concentrations (C_i) occurred under mild drought stress; however, under severe drought stress, C_i values increased. Under mild drought stress, the reduction in the net rate of photosynthesis was related to stomatal closure, whereas under severe drought stress, non-stomatal factors were dominant. Water-use efficiency (WUE) improved under mild drought stress relative to non-stressed plants, but under severe drought, it declined. Foliar applications of Cycocel^TM resulted in increased A_net, g_s, T_r, and WUE values, as well as proline and soluble sugar concentrations. ‘Rasheh’ was more tolerant to drought stress than was ‘Bidane-Sefid’. Foliar applications of Cycocel^TM, particularly at 1000 mg l^–1, mitigated the negative effects of drought stress by increasing A_net, WUE, RWC, compatible solute concentrations, such as proline, soluble sugar, and chlorophyll a and b concentrations.     

Photosynthetic responses of greenhouse tomato plants to high solution electrical conductivity and low soil water content

SUMMARY

Greenhouse tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Capello) were grown in a peal-moss based substrate and supplied with nutrient solutions of high (4.5 mS cm^-1) or low (2.3 mS cm^-1) electrical conductivity (EC) and under high (95 ± 5%) or low (55 ± 8% of capillary capacity) soil water content, to elucidate how EC and soil water status affect plant photosynthesis and related physiological processes. Two weeks after beginning the treatments, photosynthesis (Pn) was measured during changes of photo-synthetic photon flux (PPF) from 0 to 1200 u.mol m^-2 s^-1 using a gas exchange method. The rectangular hyperbolic model (Pn = P_max KI (1-KI)^-2 -r) provided a good fit for the photosynthetic light-response curve. High EC treatment changed the curve by increasing the initial slope (quantum yield) and decreasing photosynthetic capacity at high PPF. However, soil water deficit not only decreased the photosynthetic capacity, but also decreased quantum use efficiency. Depression of Pn was attributed to decreased stomatal (gs) and mesophyll (_gm) conductances, but g_s was depressed more than g_m. The ratio of _gm/(g_m + g_s), an indicator of water use efficiency and a measure of relative control of Pn by carboxylation and C02 supply, was higher for high-EC treated plants. Chlorophyll content was increased by high EC treatment, and was consistent with quantum yield. Leaf water potential was decreased by high EC and/or low soil water content and the decreases in leaf water potential ultimately accounted for the Pn depressions. The effects of high EC and soil water deficit were additive on photosynthesis and most related physiological processes.     

The response of different almond genotypes to moderate and severe water stress in order to screen for drought tolerance

In order to screen almond genotypes for drought tolerance, three different irrigation levels including moderate and severe stress (Ψs = −1.2 and −1.8 MPa respectively) and a control treatment (Ψs = −0.33 MPa) were applied for five weeks to six different cultivated almond seedlings. A factorial experiment was conducted with a RCBD which included 3 irrigations factors, 6 genotype factors and 3 replications. Seeds were prepared from controlled pollination of the bagged trees (after emasculation and flower isolation using isolator packets in the previous year). Genotypes included: homozygote sweet (Butte), heterozygote sweet (SH12, SH18, SH21 and White) and homozygote Bitter (Bitter Genotype). Leaf and root morphological and physiological traits including; midday relative water content, midday leaf (xylem) water potential, shoot dry weight and growth, total leaf area, leaf size, total leaf dry weight, specific leaf area, leaf greenness (SPAD), stomatal size and density, root and leaf nitrogen content and chlorophyll fluorescence were measured throughout the study. Results showed the six genotypes had different reactions to water stress but all genotypes showed an ability to tolerate the moderate and severe stresses and they showed different degrees of response time to drought stress. Almond seedling leaves could tolerate Ψ_w between −3 and −4 MPa in short periods. Water availability did not significantly affect stomatal density and size of young almond plants. The analysis of leaf anatomical traits and water relations showed the different strategies for almond genotypes under water stress conditions. Although almond seedlings even in severe stress kept their leaves, they showed a reduction in size to compensate for the stress effects. All genotypes managed to recover from moderate stress so Ψ_w = −1.2 could be tolerated well by almond seedlings but Ψ_w = −1.8 limited young plant growth. Leaf greenness, leaf size, shoot growth, shoot DW, TLDW and stomatal density were not good markers for drought resistance in almond seedlings. Root DW/LA, lower stomatal size and lower SLA might be related to drought resistance in cultivated almonds. Butte had the least resistance and White showed better performance during water stress while other genotypes were intermediate. Bitter seedlings showed no superiority in comparison with other genotypes under water stress conditions except for better germination and greater root DW which might make them suitable as rootstocks under irrigation conditions.     

水分胁迫下抗旱性不同的两种苹果属植物光合特性的变化

 水分胁迫使苹果属植物叶绿素一蛋白质(Chl-Pro)结合度松弛，净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度下降，胞间CO₂浓度先降后升，SOD、CAT活性先升后降，类胡萝卜素、抗坏血酸含量大幅度降低，0₂^-.产生速率、H₂0₂含量增高；这些参数下降和上升的幅度均为：平邑甜茶>新疆野苹果。水分胁迫下平邑甜茶和新疆野苹果幼苗叶片的PIl与其Chl-Pro、0₂^-.、H₂O₂间均呈显著负相关。表明水分胁迫对苹果属植物光合速率的影响除受气孔因素限制之外，在胁迫后期由活性氧代谢失调所诱导的非气孔因素成为限制光合速率的主要因素之一。