樱桃新砧木——马哈利‘CDR-1’的选育

樱桃新砧木马哈利‘CDR-1’属于马哈利樱桃种(Prunus mahaleb),为自然杂交种。‘CDR-1’萌芽力和成枝力强;抗根癌病能力优于中国樱桃和考特砧木;‘CDR-1’砧甜樱桃比酸樱桃及中国樱桃砧甜樱桃早果1～2 a;‘CDR-1’砧甜樱桃矮化效果达到中国樱桃砧甜樱桃的70%;有较强的耐盐碱性。适宜在陕西渭北、关中、陕南等同类地区栽植。     

Studies on genetic variation in cherry germplasm using RAPD analysis

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) variation among eight cherry species and two interspecific progenies were analyzed. Out of 130, 48 arbitrary oligonucleotide primers were screened for PCR amplification to generate polymorphisms. The phylogenetic analysis was carried out using two distance-matrix methods and a dendrogram was generated to show the relationships among species and cultivars. The results showed that there were 840 amplified loci in total; 23 sweet cherry and four sour cherry cultivars were clustered together with 569 and 247 polymorphic loci respectively which accounted for 67.74% and 29.40% of the total variation. Prunus tomentosa T., Prunus fruticosa var. aucta P. and Prunus humilis B. formed a monophyletic group. A relationship between Prunus pseudocerasus L. and Colt, which formed another closely related group, was observed while Prunus avium L., Prunus cerasus L. and other cherry species were more divergent. The range of genetic distance was from 0.0623 to 0.2719 among the Prunus species, which were genetically distinct. The topology of the tree was generally in agreement with taxonomic classification. The results indicated that with the exception of the sweet cherry variety “Hongdeng”, there were one or more cultivar-specific RAPD markers in cherry species and cultivars. Using these specific markers, cherry species and varieties could be identified and there is therefore the potential to select for good characteristics of hybrids at an early stage.     

西北干旱地区西伯利亚杏选育若干数量性状的确定

调查西北干旱地区西伯利亚杏实生群体29个数量性状相关性、变异性和分布特征.结果表明:与经济性状核、仁相关的数量性状有嫩枝长、叶柄长、叶柄宽、叶形指数、果体、果皮厚、果重、核体、核皮厚;变异系数以雌蕊发育程度最大,高达85.3%,其次变异系数>20%的依次为果重、嫩枝长、出核率、出仁率、果皮厚、核重、果厚、仁重、仁形指数.将相关性、变异性相结合,确定将雌蕊发育程度、嫩枝长度、叶形指数、果体、果重作为西伯利亚杏选育的间接主要数量性状指标.     

Comparison of the use of morphological,protein and DNA markers in the genetic characterization of Iranian wild Prunus species

In this study, the genetic diversity of four Iranian wild Prunus species including Prunus eleagnifolia, Prunus hauskenchtii, Prunus scoparia and Prunus lycioides were investigated using morphological, protein and DNA markers. DNA markers included nuclear and chloroplast SSRs and self-incompatibility (S) allele amplification. At the morphological level, leaf width showed significant differences between the four wild Prunus species. Concerning fruit and kernel characters, their values are relatively similar indicating the high degree of homoplasy described in Prunus. Nuclear SSR markers have been the most abundant markers with a higher polymorphism in comparison with morphological, protein and chloroplast SSR markers. Results also indicated the high variability present in the S locus. On the other hand, the correlation between the clustering based on DNA markers and protein were in general low. Dendogram performed using nuclear and chloroplast SSR indicated a more diffuse clustering between the wild almond species probably due to the natural introgression of genes observed in these wild almond species. Data from the analysis of the total protein seems to be more accurate to establish taxonomy relationships in these very close wild species.     

Phenotypic variability and genetic structure in plum (Prunus domestica L.), cherry plum (P. cerasifera Ehrh.) and sloe (P. spinosa L.)

In the present study, phenotypic variability of 80 plum (Prunus domestica L.) varieties maintained in the French National Plum Collection was evaluated with 19 quantitative traits. In addition, genetic diversity and genetic structure was studied in three plum species (P. domestica L., Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. and Prunus spinosa L.) using chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) markers and five single sequence repeat (SSR) loci. Based on phenotypic traits, some varieties, such as mirabelle plums, grouped together. Bayesian structure analysis was used to identify different genetic groups, whereby damson plums were clearly distinguished from greengage plums. When examining the three species together, a higher level of cpDNA allelic richness was found in P. cerasifera and in P. spinosa than in P. domestica where only five cpDNA haplotypes were detected in the national plum collection, with one main haplotype that accounted for 80% of the varieties studied. P. domestica cpDNA haplotypes tended to group together with P. cerasifera haplotypes whereas most of P. spinosa haplotypes formed a separate cluster. SSR markers were somewhat able to distinguish the three species. These results provide some clues as to the origin of plum and the various plum varieties. Our results also provide useful information for the management of plum genetic resources.     

大白花杜鹃三个天然居群的表型多样性分析

以云南会泽县驾车乡分布的3个大白花杜鹃(Rhododendron decorum)天然居群为试材,选取90个植株的15个表型性状进行变异系数、Shannon-Weaver多样性指数分析、相关分析以及方差分析,研究了居群间和居群内的表型变异程度及规律,以期揭示大白花杜鹃天然居群的表型变异规律。结果表明:大白花杜鹃的株高、冠幅、叶片长、雄蕊数在居群间变异较为丰富。15个表型性状的变异系数(CV)范围在5.10%～27.44%,表明大白花杜鹃居群内表型性状离散程度不高。对大白花杜鹃的Shannon-Weaver指数分析表明,大白花杜鹃各居群具有丰富的多样性,总体表型多样性指数为3.385。     

利用刃天青试剂快速检验普通白菜种子活力的研究

为了探索简单、快速、非破坏性检测普通白菜种子活力的方法,以苏州青、上海青种子为试材,44℃条件下人工老化处理0、2、4、6 d,测定种子活力指标及刃天青浸泡液颜色变化、吸光度,并进行相关性分析。结果表明:2个普通白菜品种的种子活力变化趋势相同,均随着种子老化程度的增加发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数明显下降;随着种子老化程度的加剧,刃天青浸泡液颜色从蓝色到粉色再到无色,吸光度亦明显下降;老化种子的发芽率与刃天青浸泡液吸光度、蓝色孔比例呈极显著正相关,相关系数均在0.96以上;老化种子的活力指数、发芽指数与刃天青浸泡液吸光度呈显著或极显著正相关。     

梅PGIP基因的克隆及全序列分析

 通过PCR扩增, 从梅基因组中得到1条全长1 192 bp的多聚半乳糖醛酸酶抑制蛋白( PGIP)基因序列。该序列包含有1个完整的开放阅读框和1个内元。比对结果表明, 克隆到的序列与桃、马哈利樱桃中相应序列一致度分别为96%和95% , 其蛋白质序列与桃、马哈利樱桃的蛋白质序列一致度分别为97%和94%。该蛋白质序列中包含着一段亮氨酸重复序列。     

番茄353份种质资源表型性状遗传多样性分析

对番茄353份种质资源的13个质量性状和16个数量性状进行变异水平评价、相关性分析及主成分分析。结果表明:供试材料的表型性状具有丰富的遗传多样性,在质量性状中Shannon-Wiener多样性指数最高的是生长势(1.50);数量性状中最高的是叶片长(2.07)和叶片宽(2.07),变异系数最大的是裂果率(73.08%);各性状间存在复杂的相互关系;前9个主成分的累计贡献率为64.83%,包含了全部指标的大部分信息。基于表型性状,采用系统聚类组间聚合的方法在遗传距离为17.5处将供试的353份资源划分为6个组群,第5组群包含138份资源,主要特点为果实圆形,生长习性为有限生长;第6组群包含203份资源,主要特点为单果质量小,生长习性为无限生长。     

离子注入诱变鸡冠花M1代形态变异的研究

对经离子注入处理后的3个品种的变异鸡冠花M1代的生长发育和形态变异进行了研究。结果表明:JTM变异的生长发育期比原品种有提早趋势,花冠变紧凑,株高、冠幅、叶形指数和分枝上也有显著变异;YH变异的真叶初始期、出苗期略比原品种早,而抽冠、初花和盛花比原品种晚,花色由鲜红变为深红,株高、冠幅、叶形指数、叶片数、分枝、主花穗长上也有显著变异;ZTH变异的生长发育期与原品种相比略提早,花型变为圆头状,花色有变异为黄色的,株高、分枝和主花穗长上有显著变异;变异均结种子,且有很高的观赏价值。     

Morphological and molecular variability in some Iranian almond genotypes and related Prunus species and their potentials for rootstock breeding

In this study, in order to know the variability for a rootstock breeding program genetic diversity and relationships among 55 Iranian almond genotypes and seven related Prunus species were investigated. Morphological and molecular analyses were used. Principal component analysis showed that three components explained 67.6% of the total morphological variation for the first year and 68.06% for the second year of the study. Leaf traits were predominant in the first component and contributed most of the total variation. Leaf length and width, as well as, leaf area were highly correlated with each other and correlated to vigor. Also a negative correlation was found between leaf length/width ratio and vigor. Ward's method was used to construct cluster from morphological data which allocated individuals into their respective species. Out of 100 pre-screened RAPD primers, 16 with reproducible bands and maximum polymorphism were selected. Two-hundred and sixty bands were scored of which 250 of them were polymorphic. Average value of polymorphism per primer was 95.81% and maximum value for polymorphism (100%) was obtained from TIBMBA-14, TIBMBA-17, TIBMBB-05, TIBMBB-08, TIBMBD-09, and TIBMBD-10. On the other hand, the minimum value was obtained from TIBMBB-16 (86%). Primer TIBMBB-5 gave the maximum number of bands (25 fragments) and the minimum obtained from TIBMBE-18 (11 fragments). Genetic similarity based on Jaccard's coefficient ranged from 0.28 to 0.79 with an average of 0.53. Molecular analysis revealed a high degree of separation among samples regarding their geographical origin. Correlation between two approaches was low (R = −0.38). High molecular and morphological variability indicated that this collection includes rich and valuable plant materials for almond rootstock breeding.     

岷江百合天然群体的表型多样性

 以岷江百合(Lilium regale Wilson)的7个天然群体为研究对象,对其株高、花瓣长、叶片数、花朵数、叶片长和叶片宽等6个表型性状进行多样性分析。结果表明：岷江百合表型性状在群体间存在广泛变异,6个性状群体间的F值为4.878～34.915,达显著或极显著水平;群体内只有叶片长和叶片宽达极显著水平,其他4个性状均不显著。6个性状的平均表型分化系数(VST)为61.5%,群体间变异（26.2%）大于群体内变异（20.0%）,说明群体间变异是百合表型性状的主要变异来源。岷江百合表型性状与地理因子的相关分析表明：株高、花朵数和叶宽与纬度成显著正相关,而其它性状与地理因子的相关性均不显著。利用群体间欧氏距离进行的UPGMA聚类分析结果表明,7个岷江百合天然群体可以划分为两类,说明性状的表型特征并没有依地理距离而聚类。     

腊梅的无性繁殖技术研究

采用单因素随机区组法,研究了不同浓度下的植物生长调节剂ABT溶液对腊梅的无性繁殖的影响。结果表明:以100 mg/L ABT处理后的腊梅扦插成活率、质量指数和株高均最高。该试验结果为西南地区梅花的繁育、资源评价等方面提供一定的理论依据和参考价值。     

蟠桃种质SSR标记的遗传多样性分析

以38个蟠桃品种和9个其他类型桃品种为试材,利用24对位于桃参考图谱上8个连锁群的SSR引物进行了蟠桃种质资源遗传多样性研究。24对SSR引物共获得179个扩增位点,其中多态性位点171个,多态率达95.53%。蟠桃资源平均Nei’s基因多样性指数(He)为0.242 5,平均Shannon信息指数(I)为0.379 8;南方蟠桃品种群多态性位点百分率为74.30%,Nei’s遗传多样性指数为0.203 8,Shannon信息指数为0.316 3;北方蟠桃品种群的遗传多样性相对较高,多态性位点百分率为91.06%,Nei’s遗传多样性为0.244 9,Shannon信息指数为0.382 4。群体间存在较小的基因分化系数(Gst=0.065 9),遗传变异有很大一部分是来自群体内,可能与其较大的基因流Nm=7.086 1有关。UPGMA聚类分析结果表明,相似系数为0.66～0.95,在相似系数为0.67时,所有南方品种聚于同一类群,北方品种除新疆蟠桃、黄肉蟠桃及香金蟠外也聚于同一类群,聚类结果支持蟠桃多起源假说。     

Genetic and environmental variation for corolla traits in Portulaca grandiflora

A commercial seed lot of Portulaca grandiflora was sampled and the variation for several flower traits was analysed. A genotypic component of variance was estimated for the traits petal length, petal width, and petal number. The heritability for petal number was high (64 · 3), for petal width was intermediate (31 · 3), and for petal length was low (12–3). The environmental variance was partitioned into three components, but more than 90% of it was unaccountable. A significant positive correlation between petal length and petal width was found. A covariance analysis was used to test for genetic variance for petal length and petal width after the effects of covariance had been removed. No relationship was found between total corolla area and flower production. Thus, selection for larger flowers is not expected to reduce the number of flowers produced. Selection responses are predicted for different selection differentials and the assumptions are discussed. The results suggest that selection for increased petal number will be very effective.     

山西霍山五角枫不同海拔种群的表型多样性研究

 为了揭示山西五角枫（Acer mono Maxim.）不同海拔种群表型变异程度和变异规律,采用巢式方差分析、主成分分析、相关分析、聚类分析等方法对7个种群200个个体的叶片、果实和种子22个表型性状进行多样性分析。结果表明：五角枫不同种群表型性状存在着丰富的遗传差异,种群间表型分化系数为42.61%,表型变异系数（CV）在7.98% ~ 33.41%之间,7个不同海拔种群的Shannon-Wiener信息指数和Simpson遗传多样性指数分别为2.0164和0.8316,表明五角枫具有较高的表型多样性。主成分分析结果表明,4个主成分对变异的累计贡献率达94.39%,其中果实、叶片贡献率大于种子贡献率。22个表型性状及表型多样性指数与土壤中的钾、磷、pH、速效氮、速效钾、速效磷、土壤有机质、含水量表现出显著或极显著的相关性,说明微生境对其遗传变异的影响。利用群体间欧式距离进行系统聚类分析,可以将7个五角枫种群分为两大类。     

樱桃主栽品种的遗传多样性分析

利用24对SSR引物对30个樱桃主栽品种进行遗传多样性分析, 以了解樱桃产区的资源多样性状况, 为种质资源的开发和利用提供帮助。结果表明: 樱桃产区具有丰富的遗传变异。SSR的遗传多样性指数的分布范围为1.3647～2.9964, Simp son指数分布范围为0.6111～0.9326。30个品种的分子数据聚类结果均呈现一定的地理分布规律。根据系统聚类分析将30个樱桃品种分为两大类: 欧洲甜樱桃和中国樱桃, 与传统分类学的结果相符。同时在两大类内又将品种进行细分, 第Ⅰ类分为3组, 第Ⅱ类分为2组,其结果与地理分布有一定的相关性, 能够反映樱桃的遗传特点及区域特性。     

中国樱桃地方种质资源表型性状遗传多样性分析

以源自中国樱桃主产区7个群体,80份地方种质资源为试材,采用巢式方差及聚类分析法对其叶片、果实及果核26个表型性状进行多样性分析。结果表明:(1)质量性状之间存在较大的多样性差异,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数范围在0.61~1.64之间,其中果实形状、果皮颜色、叶片及果核剖面形状等表现出较高的遗传多样性。(2)数量性状无论是在群体间还是群体内均表现出极显著差异,14个数量性状的平均变异系数为9.93%,其中果柄长度的变异系数最高(24.80%),果核顶面观指数最低(6.61%)。在7个群体中,云南的种质材料变异系数最大,为12.92%;安徽的最小,为7.42%。(3)对14个数量性状的主成分分析表明,前5个主成分的累积贡献率达80.9434%,能反应数量性状的基本特征。(4)基于Nei’s遗传距离的聚类分析以及主坐标分析将80份材料分为2个大类,分布于山东、河南和安徽群体的种质资源聚为一类,为华北类群,分布于四川、云南、贵州和重庆群体的聚为另一类,为西南类群。研究结果表明不同地理分布群体的中国樱桃表型多样性存在差异,而这种遗传差异可能是由于来自不同的驯化位点而造成的。     

甜樱桃遗传图谱的构建及果皮红色性状QTL分析

 以甜樱桃（Prunus avium L.）黄红皮品种‘雷尼’为母本,红皮品种‘8-100’为父本杂交获得的90株F1代群体为试材,利用RAPD、ISSR和SSR分子标记进行遗传分析,构建了含8个连锁群共50个分子标记（30条RAPD、15条ISSR、5对SSR标记）的遗传图谱,全长634.67 cM,标记间的平均距离12.69 cM。用基于混合线性模型的QTL Network 2.0软件分析其果皮红色性状的QTL以及基因与环境的互作,发现了两个加性效应QTL和1对上位性互作QTL分布在Chr1和Chr7染色体上,两个加性效应的遗传贡献率（H2）分别为32.28%和47.52%,1对上位效应的遗传贡献率（H2AA）为37.87%,加性和上位性的效应位点与环境互作均为0。研究结果表明樱桃果皮红色性状的遗传受两个加性效应QTL和1对上位性互作QTL的影响。     

甜菜块根农艺性状的遗传变异及相关性和主成分分析

以25个新疆甜菜品系（种）为材料,对块根8个主要农艺性状进行变异系数、相关性和主成分分析。结果表明：根头长度的变异系数较大为29.14%,根宽的变异系数最小为7.86%。在相关性上,糖甜菜根宽、根颈周长、根头长与根重呈极显著正相关;甜菜含糖率与根体长度呈极显著的正相关。主成分分析结果表明,前3个主成分对含糖率变异的累计贡献率达到85.21%,对根重变异的累计贡献率达到88.53%。首先对变异大的性状进行选择是非常重要的,在含糖率性状选择上,应注意选择根颈长度、根颈周长、根体长度大,根沟较深的品系（种）。在根重性状选择上,应注意选择根宽、根颈周长、根颈长度大,根沟较浅的品系（种）。