Early detection of graft incompatibility in apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) using phenol analyses

The study investigated the role of phenols in apricot graft incompatibility. Assays of phloem with cambium from 1-year-old apricot trees of cultivars Marlen, Leskora and Betinka which were grafted on the rootstocks of different genetic origin: M-LE-1, Lesiberian, MY-KL-A, Tetra, Penta, Green Gage, Julior, MRS 2/5 and Isthara were analysed with HPLC (together 23 scion/stock combinations). The phloroglucinol, catechin, p-coumaric acid and further non-identified phenols with the retention time 23–25 and 30 min were determined. The content of individual phenol compounds was related to specific cultivar/rootstock combination. The minimum number of statistical significant differences in the phenol content between tissues above and below graft union was established in homospecific combinations (P. armeniaca/P. armeniaca). Cultivars Marlen, Leskora and Betinka differ in the degree of compatibility or incompatibility with rootstocks. The pattern of non-identified phenol 23 in different graft combinations is similar to catechin and p-coumaric acid.     

Determination of Graft Compatibility of Pear Cultivars Grafted on Different Rootstocks by Carbohydrate Analyses

In modern pear cultivation, clonal quince and pear rootstocks are preferred because they are easy to maintain and harvest. Also, they form dwarf plants and improve fruit quality compared to pear seedling rootstocks. However, graft incompatibility can be involved between different species or genera. The aim of the study was to determine the graft compatibility of the ‘Deveci’ and ‘Williams’ pear cultivars with different pear and quince rootstocks by carbohydrate analysis. Carbohydrate accumulation in the graft union was also observed with iodized potassium iodide (KI) staining. In terms of rootstocks, there were no differences in starch and carbohydrate content, but statistically differences were found in sugar contents. Significant differences were also found between cultivars and graft union in terms of the examined traits. Sugar content was highest in OHxF 333 and lowest in seedling rootstocks. There were no statistical differences in the starch content between the graft unions of the ‘Deveci’ cultivar, while starch accumulation was higher above the graft union than below and graft union in the ‘Williams’ cultivar grafted on the quince rootstock. In the study, it was determined that there were higher carbohydrate accumulation in the scion and graft union than below the graft union in ‘Williams’ grafted quince rootstocks, which was also confirmed by staining with KI. As a result of the study, it was concluded that carbohydrate accumulation analysis can be used to determine the graft compatibility of the pear cultivars with the different quince and pear rootstocks.

     

Screening of cold-resistant seedlings of a Chinese wild grape (Vitis piasezkii Maxim var. pagnucii) native to loess plateau of eastern Gansu province,China, as rootstocks

Seedlings of a Chinese wild grape (Vitis piasezkii Maxim var. pagnucii) native to loess plateau of Eastern Gansu province, China, were evaluated to screen cold-resistant rootstocks in Lanzhou area. After 14-year investigation two selections of LDP-191and LDP-294 were screened as rootstocks for two table grape cultivars, ‘Fujiminori’ and ‘Red Globe’, respectively. The two graft unions demonstrated very high cold-resistance as well as good graft compatibility. Furthermore, they could survive through low temperatures in winter without soil coverage together with good fruit quality of the cultivars grafted.     

Screening wild Eriobotrya species as rootstocks for loquat

Summary

Six wild species of Eriobotrya were evaluated as rootstocks for domesticated loquat. Twelve-month-old seedlings of Oak leaf loquat (an Oak Leaf loquat ‘Zaozhong No. 6’ hybrid) and wild Fragrant loquat (E. fragrans Champ) had higher root-to-shoot fresh weight (FW) ratios than other wild species. When the domesticated loquat, ‘Zaozhong No. 6’, was grafted onto seedlings of six different wild loquat species, differences in compatibility were observed. Graft compatibility was lower for all combinations compared to ‘Zaozhong No. 6’ grafted onto domesticated loquat seedlings. When wild Henry loquat was used as a rootstock, delayed incompatibility was observed. Differences in soluble sugar contents (SSC) between scion and rootstock were observed, and there was a significant negative correlation between graft compatibility and the difference in SSC values. The influence of the rootstock on anatomical changes at the graft union were observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Wild rootstocks also influenced scion growth, fruit bearing, and fruit quality. Graft combinations which used wild Fragrant loquat as the rootstock had increased cold tolerance and improved scion growth. Wild Fragrant loquat therefore appears to have value as a rootstock for domesticated loquat.     

不同砧木上沙田柚、晚白柚和五布柚的早期表现

对嫁接在29种砧木上的沙田柚、晚白柚及五布柚(共66个砧穗组合)的早期表现进行了比较研究。结果表明,以酒饼簕和枳为砧能使柚矮化;以某些柚和酸橙为砧使柚乔化;对其他一些砧木不同柚品种的反应各异。以枳橙为砧的晚白柚和五布柚生长中庸,嫁接后第3年便开花结果,由此认为枳橙为有希望的早结柚类砧木。     

A pear rootstock trial in Israel

The pear cultivars ‘Spadona Estiva’, ‘Coscia’, ‘Beurré Superfin’ and a ‘Bartlett’ clone of South African origin (termed ‘Bartlett Sport’) were tested on 5 quince rootstock types, 5 Pyrus species and on 5 or 30 cm long interstocks of the pear cultivars ‘Bergamotte Esperen’ and ‘Spadona Estiva’ on quince MA, while ‘Dr. Jules Guyot’ was used as an interstock on ‘Bartlett’ seedlings.At the age of 10 years only ‘Spadona Estiva’ showed no signs of decline on quince rootstocks, ‘Coscia’ showed moderate decline, while the remaining cultivars had already declined severely. When the trunk circumference of ‘Beurré Superfin’ trees on the various quince clones was taken as an indicator for the degree of graft incompatibility, a negative correlation was found between this parameter and cyanogenic glycoside content in the stem bark of ungrafted quince plants belonging to the same clones. Pear interstocks on quince MA rootstocks did in some cases increase crops compared to the same quince alone, but did not prevent the decline of ‘Beurré Superfin’ and Bartlett Sport' on quince.The most vigorous and most prolific rootstock was Pyrus betulaefolia. However, with ‘Spadona Estiva’ differences in vigor between the rootstocks were only small and crops on the Israeli quince CI 7 were similar to those on Pyrus betulaefolia, but fruit size was larger on quince. Cropping of this cultivar at the age of 4 years was closely related to the intensity of flowering, whereas with ‘Coscia’ this relation was much less evident.Leaf fall in autumn and the opening of the vegetative buds of ‘Beurré Superfin’ in spring were earlier on quince than on Pyrus rootstocks.     

Peach/myrobalan plum graft incompatibility in the nursery

Various peach/myrobalan graft combinations were compared in nursery trials. Two peach cultivars (Prunus persica L. Batsch) grafted on five myrobalan x myrobalan (Prunus cera- sifera L. Ehrh.) clones were observed during the first year of growth after budding. Graft combinations, comprising the same peach cultivars grafted on other myrobalan x myrobalan clones that had shown symptoms of ‘translocated’ graft incompatibility in some replicated trees during the first year, were observed during the second year of growth. The time taken for the appearance of symptoms of incompatibility was determined. The degree of incompatibility was determined from growth rates, leaf dry weight per unit area, and leaf pigment content. Root carbohydrate content was measured at leaf fall. The sanitary state of plant material was determined to explain differences in severity and/or time for symptom appearance, observed between some replicates. No relationship was found between the sanitary state of plant material and the severity or speed of expression of peach/myrobalan incompatibility. When incompatibility was expressed during the first year of growth, modifications in growth rates, leaf dry weight per unit area and leaf pigment content preceded the expression of visible symptoms on leaves by several weeks. In one peach cultivars, in which graft combinations showed symptoms of ‘translocated’ graft incompatibility in some replicates during the first year after budding, all replicates showed such symptoms during the second year. Therefore, the variation observed during the first year appeared to result from a delayed expression of incompatibility. Significant differences in speed and/or severity of incompatibility expression were shown between the two peach cultivars for any given rootstock.     

Carbohydrate profiles in the graft union of young sweet cherry trees grown on dwarfing and vigorous rootstocks

In composite (scion–rootstock) dwarfing fruit trees, an overgrowth at the graft union is often observed, the severity of which is correlated with degree of dwarfing. The graft union of dwarfing sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) rootstocks may limit soluble sugar transport or starch mobilization, leading to localized accumulation. Soluble sugars and starch were measured in the tissues surrounding the graft union of young ‘Rainier’ (2002) and ‘Lapins’ (2003) sweet cherry trees on ‘Gisela 5’ (‘Gi 5’; dwarfing) and ‘Colt’ (vigorous) rootstocks. Separate rootstock shank, rootstock, graft union, and scion tissues were analyzed for both starch and soluble sugar content throughout the growing season in both years. Starch concentrations did not vary among locations within the graft union for ‘Rainier’ on either the dwarfing or vigorous rootstock, or for ‘Lapins’ on the dwarfing stock. However, for ‘Lapins’ on ‘Colt’, starch was highest in the rootstock shank and declined vertically (rootstock shank ? rootstock > union > scion). Soluble sugar concentrations were generally similar to or higher in scions on ‘Gi 5’ than on ‘Colt’, and were similar to or lower in the rootstock and rootstock shank on ‘Gi 5’ than on ‘Colt’. Results suggest that rootstock has a significant effect of localized accumulations of carbohydrates above and within the graft union of ‘Gi 5’ and below the graft union of ‘Colt’.     

Identification by isoenzymes of five cultivars of Citrus medica grafted on four rootstocks

Summary

Four enzymatic systems: esterase, acid phosphatase (both rapid and slow types) and peroxidase were studied on five cultivars of Citrus medica grafted on four rootstocks. The results showed that the analysis of esterase banding patterns permitted a clear distinction of the cultivars because esterase patterns were reproducible and were not affected by the rootstocks. In some instances differences in peroxidase patterns and staining intensities could be observed in certain combinations of scion/rootstock of the same cultivar.     

Stenting of roses; a method for quick propagation by simultaneously cutting and grafting

A method was developed for quick propagation of roses under conditions prevailing in The Netherlands, based on cutting and grafting in one action and called “stenting” (to stent), being a contraction of the dutch words “stekken” (to strike a cutting) and “enten” (to graft). A piece of stem of the cultivar with one leaf and a dormant bud is grafted on a single internode of the rootstock. Formation of the graft union and of adventitious roots occur simultaneously, resulting in a complete plant in 3 weeks.Absence of buds on the rootstock is essential to diminish wild suckering. Factors influencing the percentage of successful stentlings were investigated. With R. chinensis ‘Indica Major’ as a rootstock, the best results were obtained with mature internodes 6–8 mm in diameter after application of 5000 mg 1^?1 IBA. Pre-treatment of the rootstock internodes by application of IBA and storage at 4° C for 3 weeks improved rooting. Comparison of grafting by hand and by machine showed that machine-grafting offers good possibilities.The influence of the cultivar, after cutting or stenting, on root-formation and root-growth was studied. Grafting on seedling rootstocks (bench-grafting) and stenting proved to give similar results. In the first year after stenting, R. chinensis ‘Indica Major’ was a better rootstock for the cultivar ‘Cocktail 80’ than R. canina ‘Inermis’, while ‘Inermis’ was better for ‘Motrea’.Rose culture can be improved by using cultivars stented on a convenient rootstock. Stenting can be applied around the year, is ideal for screening new scion/stock combinations and to investigate the interaction between shoots and roots.     

Rootstock effect on growth of apple scions with different growth habits

Apple scions with diverse growth habits were grafted on various size-controlling rootstocks and morphological characteristics were measured after 6 years of growth in the field. Scion had more influence than rootstock on monthly growth rate. Across all rootstocks, scions with spreading growth habits grew rapidly in April and May and achieved most seasonal growth earlier than scions with upright growth habits that grew slowly early in the season. In all growth habits and rootstocks, growth rate slowed appreciably but did not cease by August and growth did not terminate earlier for any one scion–rootstock combination. Across all scions, the dwarfing rootstock, M.9, consistently had the lowest and seedling rootstock had the greatest tree height and trunk diameter. However, no one size-controlling rootstock consistently influenced dates of bud break and full bloom, shoot elongation rate, or duration of growth. Tree growth form was not fundamentally affected by rootstock. Significant interactions indicated that effects of size-controlling rootstock on components of shoot growth will vary with apple tree growth habit. These effects on phenology and development can be significant to growers and may assist breeders in developing new apple cultivars.     

The Effect of ‘Latent’ Virus Infections on the Yield of Maiden Trees on 20 Apomictic Apple Seedling Rootstocks

Five years’ experiments with apomictic apple seedling rootstock selections budded with apple cultivars have shown that incompatibility in Malus sieboldii, M. sargenti, M. hupehensis and their derivatives is mainly due to high sensitivity of the species rootstocks to viruses latent in commercial apple cultivars. The yields of maiden trees from rootstocks which were budded with material that was virus-free, infected with ‘latent’ viruses and infected with ‘latent’ viruses plus rubbery wood virus were 67%, 28% and 16%, respectively. There were, however, differences in the sensitivity reaction between the rootstocks tested. Fairly good compatibility with scions infected with ‘latent’ viruses was observed in the M. sieboldii root- stock selections 4542, 4556 and 4608 and in M. hupehensis.     

Physiological alterations modulated by rootstock and scion combination in cashew under salinity

In this study we evaluated the influence of rootstocks and scions on physiological disturbances that are induced by salinity in cashew (Anacardium occidentale) plantlets. Two cashew genotypes, CCP 09 and BRS 226, were utilized as rootstocks and scions, resulting in four scion/rootstock combinations by reciprocal grafting. The plantlets were irrigated in absence (control) or in presence of 50 or 200 mM NaCl for 15 days under greenhouse conditions. The plantlets with BRS 226 as rootstocks demonstrated higher transpiration and greater accumulations of Na⁺ and Cl⁻, proline and free amino acids in leaves compared to plantlets that having CCP 09 as rootstocks. The K⁺ content in roots and leaves of all four combinations was not influenced by salinity or by different scion/rootstock combinations. The self-grafting of the BRS 226 genotype showed the highest stability for chlorophyll and Rubisco, exhibiting the highest tolerance to salinity. The scion genotype did not affect any of the studied physiological parameters. The studied physiological disturbances induced by salinity in cashew plantlets were more influenced by rootstock than by scion and these changes were also dependent on compatibility between scion and rootstock.     

AFLP and SSR marker analysis of grape rootstocks in Indian grape germplasm

Twenty-one rootstock accessions were analyzed with seven grape microsatellite (SSR) primers and seven AFLP primer combinations. SSR primers detected 56 alleles across 21 genotypes and primer heterozygosity varied from 0.617 to 0.856. Similarly 252 AFLP bands were obtained with seven primer pairs. The average similarity index for different rootstocks was relatively low and ranged from 0.068 to 0.36 for AFLP data and from 0.13 to 0.36 for SSR data. A combination of three SSR primers was sufficient to distinguish 21 rootstocks. In cluster analysis majority of rootstocks belonging to same species grouped together. Although the dendrograms obtained with two marker systems were not identical, rootstocks belonging to same species or having common parents were grouped together in both the dendrograms.     

甜柿砧穗组合嫁接亲和力研究

用数种砧木对引自日本的16个甜柿品种进行嫁接亲和力比较试验,并辅以同位素示踪和嫁接苗生长情况的观察,结果表明,用君迁子和浙江省的几种野柿作完全甜柿砧木,多有不亲和现象出现,而作不完全甜柿的砧木,则多数表现亲和性良好。从浙江省的野柿中选出77号和56号两种类型,可作‘前川次郎’和‘一木系次郎’等完全甜柿的砧木,嫁接亲和力良好。     

葡萄叶片中生理生化物质含量与嫁接亲和力关系的研究

以华东葡萄、秋葡萄、毛葡萄、掌裂草葡萄4种野生葡萄为砧木，嫁接红富士品种，测定他们的叶片干物重、水势、可溶性糖、氮与钾含量，研究其与亲和力的关系。结果表明：葡萄叶片干物重、含氮及含钾量与嫁接亲和力无关；水势低的接穗嫁接在水势高的野生砧木上，易成活；砧、穗间可溶性糖含量的差异程度越小，亲和力越强。     

Eggplant relatives as sources of variation for developing new rootstocks: Effects of grafting on eggplant yield and fruit apparent quality and composition

We propose the utilization of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) interspecific hybrids derived from crosses with closely related species as an approach for developing new improved rootstocks for eggplant. Here we investigate rootstock effects on fruit yield, apparent quality and proximate and mineral composition of S. melongena ‘Black Beauty’ (BB) scions grafted on interspecific hybrid rootstocks developed from crosses of S. melongena with Solanum incanum L. (SI × SM) and Solanum aethiopicum L. (SM × SA). The results are compared with non-grafted (BB control) and self-grafted (BB/BB) controls and with S. melongena ‘Black Beauty’ scions grafted onto Solanum torvum Sw. (STO) and Solanum macrocarpon L. (SMA) rootstocks. All treatments were grown in a soil naturally infested with root-knot nematodes (mostly Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood). SI × SM and SM × SA interspecific hybrids had high germination (≥90%) and total graft success (100%). Contrary to what occurred with all other treatments, no plants from scions grafted onto these hybrid rootstocks died during the experiment. In particular, the SI × SM hybrid rootstock conferred the highest vigour to the scion, which resulted in the highest values for fruit earliness and early and total yield. Little difference was observed among treatments for apparent fruit quality traits, except for a greater fruit calyx length and prickliness of fruit grafted onto SMA rootstocks. A similar result was obtained for fruit composition where phenolics content was higher in fruit from plants grafted onto SMA rootstocks. Grafting eggplant onto interspecific eggplant hybrids, especially on the SI × SM hybrid, has proved advantageous for eggplant production, as the high vigour and good compatibility of the rootstock with scion results in improved early and total yield without negative effects on apparent fruit quality or composition. Interspecific hybrids represent an alternative to the commonly used STO rootstock, which is a wild species with irregular germination.     

葡萄杂交后代对葡萄根瘤蚜抗性的遗传分析

利用室内离体根接种鉴定法,研究了6个杂交组合后代601个株系对葡萄根瘤蚜抗性的遗传特性,以期为葡萄抗根瘤蚜砧木育种提供理论依据。结果表明,亲本中SO4、5BB、1103 P、河岸葡萄580、燕山葡萄0947、香槟尼1148抗根瘤蚜,而贝达和山葡萄对根瘤蚜敏感;6个杂交组合后代的葡萄根瘤蚜抗性分离呈连续性分布,表现出数量性状遗传的特性;在双亲组合过程中,美洲种群组成比例的多少,与其后代根瘤蚜抗性强弱呈正相关,表现为基因的累加作用;杂交后代的葡萄根瘤蚜抗性呈现普遍下降的趋势;葡萄根瘤蚜的抗性在传递过程中表现向弱的方向回归,在葡萄砧木育种工作中,选择葡萄根瘤蚜抗性强的亲本是育种工作的首要任务。     

基于分子检测技术的番茄和茄子嫁接番茄砧木培育方法

摘要：为了获得能够同时作为番茄和茄子嫁接的砧木，选用自主培育的多抗番茄砧木组合26个，国内优良番茄嫁接砧木品种4个和国外引进番茄嫁接砧木3个，分别进行抗病基因包括抗根结线虫的Mi1和Mi-2、抗颈腐根腐的Frl、抗枯萎病的I-2/5和抗黄萎病的Ve1基因的分子标记检测；同时还测定了砧木品种根、茎的主要生理指标，包括壮苗指数（茎粗/株高）、根系质量和下胚轴长度等。结果表明：番茄砧木嫁接试验中，番茄接穗的嫁接成活率和移栽成活率均在95.0%以上，茄子接穗的嫁接成活率和移栽成活率均在85.0%以上。筛选出的HC483、HC484、HC490、HC493、HC494、HC495、500-2、B2和Y1共9个砧木品种综合表现较为突出，而且以这些番茄砧木培育得到的种苗长势旺盛、根系发达且抗多种病虫害。     

砧木对葡萄树体生长和内源激素的影响

以5种砧木分别嫁接‘瑞都红玉’和‘瑞都香玉’葡萄为试验材料,以接穗自根苗为对照,比较不同砧穗组合的树体生长特性、品质特性和内源激素动态变化规律,为葡萄适宜砧穗组合的筛选提供理论基础和参考依据。结果表明（1）以SO4、5BB和110R为砧木的接穗品种生长量大于以3309M和1103P为砧木的,但是110R小脚现象严重。（2）以SO4和5BB为砧木提高了‘瑞都香玉’的果实成熟度,5种砧木均显著提高了‘瑞都红玉’的可滴定酸含量,降低了固酸比,提高了‘瑞都红玉’的口感酸甜平衡性。（3）新梢生长期和转色期是促生长类激素分泌的高峰期,以110R和SO4为砧木的组合叶片和新梢中激素含量水平较高,以5BB为砧木的组合新梢中含量较高,且其叶片和新梢的ZR/GA3在新梢生长期处于高水平。‘瑞都红玉’/SO4在新梢生长期的ABA含量最低,与其长势强相吻合。以SO4为砧木的组合ABA含量从转色期到果实成熟期不升反降,有利于新梢的二次生长。110R、SO4和5BB组合的ZR/GA3在新梢生长期和转色期高于3309M和1103P组合,ABA/ZR + IAA + GA3低于3309M和1103P组合。研究结果表明,冬葡萄和河岸葡萄的后代SO4和5BB砧木的嫁接亲和力强,其接穗在新梢生长期和转色期促生长类激素水平相对高,嫁接植株生长旺盛,果实品质优良。