Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of the apple flesh and peel of eleven cultivars grown in Brazil

The total phenolic, flavanol, monomeric anthocyanin contents and the antioxidant activity of flesh and peel of 11 apple cultivars from Brazil were investigated. Concentrations of the parameters measured differed significantly among the apple cultivars and were highest in the peel compared to the flesh. Total phenolic content (mg GAE/100 g fresh matter) ranged from 128.3 (Golden Delicious) to 212.0 (Epagri-F₅P₂₈₃) in the flesh and 304.6 (Golden Delicious) to 712.6 (Catarina) in the peel. Total flavanol content (mg CAE/100 g fm) varied from 11.7 (Epagri-SJ11) to 28.2 (Epagri-F₄₃P₂₃) and from 32.4 (Epagri-SJ11) to 147.7 (Catarina) in the flesh and peel, respectively. COOP-24 peel had the highest total anthocyanin content. The Epagri-F5P283 and Epagri-F43P23 flesh and Catarina peel had the highest antioxidant activity while Golden Delicious flesh and peel had the lowest. The total phenolic content and antioxidant activity were significantly correlated in both flesh (R² = 0.717) and peel (R² = 0.716). The contribution of phenolics to the antioxidant activity in peel suggests that their removal may induce a significant loss of antioxidants.     

杨梅花色苷提取工艺条件的响应面分析及其抗氧化活性

为提高杨梅资源的利用和活性成分的开发,运用四元二次回归旋转组合设计法及分光光度法探讨了杨梅鲜果花色苷的最佳提取工艺及杨梅花色苷粗提物清除DPPH自由基的效果。结果表明,曲面回归方程与实验结果拟合性好,优化工艺为提取温度35.34℃,液料比(v/w)11.02∶1,乙醇体积分数为68.09%,pH值2.72。在该条件下,杨梅花色苷的提取率为94.33%。将杨梅花色苷提取液通过大孔树脂进行分离,所制备的杨梅花色苷粗提物其清除DPPH自由基的效果优于EGCG,其IC50为0.1026mg·L-1。研究结果表明杨梅粗提物具有较强的抗氧化活性,其中花色苷等酚类物质可能为杨梅中重要的抗氧化成分。     

新疆17个杏品种的抗氧化指标与总酚含量的测定

为了研究新疆杏的遗传多样性,寻找抗氧化能力较强的功能性杏品种,为保护利用杏资源提供基础,试验采用铁离子还原法(FRAP)、二苯代苦味酰基自由基法(DPPH.)清除法和邻二氮菲-Fe2+氧化法3种方法从总抗氧化能力、DPPH.自由基清除能力和羟基自由基清除能力的角度测评了不同杏品种的抗氧化活性;用Folin-Ciocalteau法测定总酚含量。3种抗氧化指标显示:17个参试杏品种都具有强抗氧化性,并且大多数品种间差异显著,其中骆驼黄和奎克皮曼的抗氧化能力最强,不同品种间的总酚含量差异较大,变化值为1554.47μg/g,最大含量是最小含量的6.05倍,其中骆驼黄的总酚含量最高为1862.18μg/g,黑叶杏的总酚含量最低为307.71μg/g。各种抗氧化指标与总酚含量呈显著正相关,多酚类物质应该是其抗氧化的主要物质基础。     

Phenolic compounds and the antioxidant activities in litchi pericarp: Difference among cultivars

The pericarps of 10 litchi cultivars from two production seasons were studied for their phenolic concentrations and composition and activities of anti-oxidation. The total phenolic concentrations in dried litchi pericarp ranged from 51 to 102 g k g⁻¹. Different cultivars varied considerably in phenolic concentration and composition. Cultivars ‘Nuomici’ exhibited significantly higher concentrations of proanthocyanidins, flavonoids, phenolic acids and therefore total soluble phenolics than the other cultivars, while ‘Lanzhu’ and ‘Guiwei’ had minor values in phenolics. The extracts of litchi pericarp exhibited considerably high ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and strong activities of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging, lipid peroxidation inhibiting, and oxidative DNA damage protection. The crude ethanol extracts of pericarp displayed significantly higher FRAP and stronger DPPH scavenging capacity than butylated hydroxylytoluene (BHT) and catechin. Among the tested cultivars, concentrations of major phenolics had significant linear correlations with FRAP and DPPH scavenging activities. These results indicated that litchi pericarp is rich in natural antioxidant phenolic compounds and different litchi cultivars differed considerably in phenolic concentration and antioxidant activities.     

Investigation of physico-chemical properties and antioxidant activity of twenty Iranian pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) cultivars

Pomegranate is one of the native fruits of Iran which contains high genetic resources, but there are insufficient information regarding properties of the fruit. The objective of the present study was to investigate the physcio-chemical characteristics and antioxidant activity of twenty pomegranate cultivars grown in Iran. This study showed that there were significant differences among the cultivars in all measured factors except the length/diameter ratio of fruit. The fruit weight, skin percentage, aril percentage and juice percentage were within the range of 196.89–315.28 g, 32.28–59.82%, 37.59–65% and 26.95–46.55%, respectively. The total soluble solids content varied from 11.37 (°Brix) to 15.07 (°Brix), pH values from 3.16 to 4.09, titratable acidity content from 0.33 g 100 g⁻¹ to 2.44 g 100 g⁻¹ and total sugars content from 13.23 g 100 g⁻¹ to 21.72 g 100 g⁻¹. The results also showed that the values of ascorbic acid ranged from 9.91 mg 100 g⁻¹ to 20.92 mg 100 g⁻¹. The total anthocyanins content was observed in pomegranate cultivars between 5.56  mg 100 g⁻¹ and 30.11 mg 100 g⁻¹. The level of total phenolics was varied from 295.79 mg 100 g⁻¹ to 985.37 mg 100 g⁻¹. The antioxidant activity of pomegranate cultivars was found between 15.59 and 40.72%. These data demonstrated that the cultivar was the main parameter which influences the physico-chemical properties and antioxidant activity in pomegranates.     

Physico-chemical and antioxidant properties of six apple cultivars (Malus domestica Borkh) grown in southern Brazil

The objective of this study was to compare the physico-chemical properties and antioxidant activity of six apple cultivars grown in southern Brazil. Apple peel color, dry matter, total soluble solids, pH, total sugars, titratable acidity, total phenolics, total monomeric anthocyanin and total antioxidant activity were measured in the apple cultivars Imperatriz, Daiane, Fred Hough, Fuji Suprema, Galaxy and Baronesa. The results showed great quantitative differences in the composition of the apple cultivars. Of all the cultivars, the peel of Galaxy was slightly more red-colored and that of Fred Hough was the least red-colored. The dry matter varied from 15.24% (Galaxy) to 19.55% (Fuji Suprema), the soluble solids content was between 11.8 (Fred Hough) and 14.0 (Daiane) °Brix, pH values varied from 3.90 (Imperatriz) to 4.27 (Fred Hough), the total sugar content (g 100 g⁻¹) ranged from 11.54 (Imperatriz) to 14.78 (Fuji Suprema) and the titratable acidity content (g 100 g⁻¹) varied from 0.20 (Baronesa) to 0.36 (Imperatriz). The total phenolic content (GAE 100 g⁻¹ fresh matter) observed in the apple cultivars was between 105.4 (Baronesa) and 269.7 mg (Imperatriz). The values of the total anthocyanin content (mg 100 g⁻¹ FM) ranged from 4.79 (Fred Hough) to 41.96 (Galaxy). The highest total antioxidant activity was observed in Imperatriz (739 μmol TEAC 100 g⁻¹ FM), while the lowest value was found in Fuji Suprema (335 μmol TEAC 100 g⁻¹ FM). There was a strong correlation between total monomeric anthocyanin content and all peel color measurements and between antioxidant activity and total phenolic content. The results suggested that genotype is the main factor that determines the composition of bioactive compounds in apples and this provides important information on how to make the best use of the apple cultivars investigated.     

5个葡萄品种果实生物活性物质的检测与抗氧化活性评价

采用高效液相色谱——二极管阵列检测器(HPLC-DAD),以柠檬酸-乙酸铵缓冲液和甲醇为流动相,利用梯度洗脱,分析了玫瑰红、巨峰、藤稔、奶油和马奶子5个葡萄品种果皮、果肉和种子中没食子酸、儿茶素、表儿茶素、芍药素、白藜芦醇、鞣花酸和山奈酚的含量。结果表明,玫瑰红葡萄果皮、果肉和种子中7种生物活性物质组分的含量均高于其它品种,而奶油和马奶子果实中7种生物活性物质组分的含量较低或未检出。利用改进的过氧化自由基清除能力(PSC)法评价了5个葡萄品种的果实不同部位提取物抗氧化活性,发现所有品种果皮提取物抗氧化活性均高于果肉和种子,其中玫瑰红果皮抗氧化活性为311.5mmol/kg,奶油和马奶子果肉提取物抗氧化活性分别为28.0和17.5mmol/kg。分析表明,葡萄果实3个部位抗氧化活性与7种生物活性物质组分的总量呈显著正相关关系(r=0.949)。红皮葡萄果实生物活性物质水平和抗氧化活性均高于白皮葡萄。     

套袋对红地球葡萄果实发育过程中糖代谢及转化酶活性的影响

以红地球葡萄为试材,研究套袋对葡萄果实中糖代谢及转化酶活性的影响。结果表明:套袋果实在发育过程中蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖含量和转化酶活性变化趋势与对照基本一致。果实成熟后套袋果的可溶性总糖含量明显高于对照。在果实发育前期,套袋明显提高了果实中蔗糖的相对含量及酸性转化酶活性。套袋可能主要是通过影响果实发育早期转化酶活性来影响果实糖分积累。     

Physico-chemical and antioxidant properties of cornelian cherry fruits (Cornus mas L.) grown in Turkey

Cornus mas L. is a naturally growing dogwood species in Anatolia. In present study, physical, chemical and antioxidant properties of cornelian cherry fruits were studied. The fruit weight was in the range of 0.39–1.03 g, fruit length 14.24–22.20 mm, fruit width 9.59–13.21 mm, flesh/seed ratio 1.34 to 6.72. Hunter L values of the samples ranged between 10.82 and 19.69, and a value was between +6.25 and +15.59, and b value was between +3.46 and +6.64. In addition to the levels of dry matter, soluble solids, pH, total acidity, total sugar content, reduced sugar content, unreduced sugar content, ascorbic acid, total anthocyanin and total phenolics were within the range of 15.88–28.19%, 12.50–21.00%, 3.11–3.53, 1.10–2.53%, 76.80–154.00 g kg⁻¹, 52.80–120.00 g kg⁻¹, 0.00–32.30 g kg⁻¹, 0.16–0.88 mg g⁻¹, 1.12–2.92 mg g⁻¹ and 2.81–5.79 mg g⁻¹, respectively. On the other hand, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and EC₅₀ values were between 16.21 mmol g⁻¹ and 94.43 mmol g⁻¹, 0.29–0.69 mg mL⁻¹. Anthocyanin extracts of the fruits were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV–vis detection. Pelargonidin 3-glucoside was the main pigment found in cornelian cherry fruits.     

Biomass yield and accumulations of bioactive compounds in red amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor L.) grown under different colored shade polyethylene in spring season

Biomass yield and accumulations of betacyanin, chlorophyll, total polyphenol, and antioxidant activity were evaluated growing red amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor L.) in spring season under five different shades made of white, blue, green, yellow, and black polyethylene, and non-shaded frame. Temperature and light intensity varied significantly (P < 0.05) under the different colored polyethylene shades, and these differences in microclimate are implicated for the variability in growth and accumulations of bioactive compounds. The highest temperature was obtained under the blue polyethylene shade and the plants achieved highest plant height, stem length and leaf number, fresh and dry matter biomass, betacyanins, total polyphenol, and antioxidant activity. The achieved biomass yield and accumulation of bioactive compounds were almost similar to field grown red amaranth in summer season. Blue polyethylene shade has probably ensured the optimum microclimate for growth and development of red amaranth in the studied growing period. Exceptionally the plants grown under green polyethylene shade accumulated highest chlorophyll. Although non-shaded plants received highest sunlight intensity but gave the poor biomass yield as well as accumulated less bioactive compounds than plants grown under blue polyethylene shade due to low air temperature. Thus, the results indicated that blue polyethylene has potentials to increase the yield with health beneficiary bioactive compounds betacyanins, polyphenol and antioxidant activity during the low temperature regime in spring season.     

Essential oils content and antioxidant properties of peel ethanol extract in 18 lemon cultivars

Composition of essential oils and antioxidant activity of peel ethanol extract were analyzed in 18 local lemon cultivars. Essential oils composition was determined by GC/FID analysis, and antioxidant activity with the ABTS method. Fruit weight, polar and equatorial diameters, peel thickness, seed number, juice percentage, titratable acidity and juice pH were also determined for each cultivar. The main component in the peel essential oil was limonene, accounting for 72.5–76.4%, followed by β-pinene (11.6–18.7%). Several other monoterpene hydrocarbons were also identified at appreciable contents, namely terpinene (2.88–8.26%), α-pinene (1.4–1.5%) and myrcene (0.95–1.12%). No clear relationship could be shown between the antioxidant activity and the essential oil composition of the extracts. In this study, cultivars with higher essential oil content and antioxidant activity were identified. Data were subjected to analysis of variance using ANOVA and means were compared by the Duncan test.     

Effects of position on canopy and harvest time on fruit physico-chemical and antioxidant properties in different apple cultivars

Fruit from Granny Smith, Fyriki, Fuji Kiku 8, and Imperial Double Red Delicious apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees planted in single or double rows, were harvested from different positions in the canopy, during the last month before commercial harvest. Fruit physico-chemical and antioxidant capacity, using the radical DPPH, were measured, in skin and flesh tissue. Greater total phenol content and total antioxidant capacity per fresh weight and serving portion of skin and flesh tissue, were found in Imperial Double Red Delicious and Fyriki apples, compared to Granny Smith and Fuji Kiku 8. The variation among cultivars in antioxidant contents was greater in peeled, compared with unpeeled fruit, highlighting the importance of eating unpeeled fruit. During the last two weeks before commercial harvest the total phenol content and total antioxidant capacity per fresh weight increased in skin of Granny Smith (by 24% and 42%, respectively) and Fuji Kiku 8 (by 19% and 27%, respectively). Fruit from the more sun—exposed parts of canopy had usually better red coloration and the effect was more pronounced in Fuji Kiku 8 and Fyriki, followed by Imperial Double Red Delicious and a lower effect was found in Granny Smith. Greater total soluble solid content, but not flesh firmness, were also found in fruit from the more sun—exposed parts of canopy, in all cultivars. The skin of fruit from the upper positions in the canopy had greater total phenol content and total antioxidant capacity, in all cultivars, apart from Fyriki. Antioxidant contents in flesh tissue were also greater in the upper positions of canopy in Fuji Kiku 8 and Imperial Double Red Delicious, and to our knowledge this is the first report on plant canopy effects on apple flesh antioxidant compounds.     

The effect of maturity,sunburn and the application of sunscreens on the internal and external qualities of pomegranate fruit grown in Australia

Consumer interest in pomegranate fruit (Punica granatum L.) is increasing in Australia as a result of its unique external and internal qualities. This work looked at the effect of applying sunscreen treatments to pomegranate fruit on the degree of sunburn damage and the effect of maturity and sunburn on the internal antioxidant concentration of the juice. The pomegranates, cultivar ‘Wonderful’ were grown in Condobolin, New South Wales, Australia.     

Phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity of high-lycopene tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) cultivars grown in Southern Italy

In this study, the antioxidant components and of six high-lycopene (Lyco 1, Lyco 2, HLY 02, HLY 13, HLY 18 and Kalvert) and one ordinary (Donald) tomato cultivars (cvs) grown simultaneously in an open-field of the Southern Italy were investigated. Lycopene, β-carotene, lutein, total phenols, flavonoids, ascorbic acid (AsA), dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) and total vitamin C (AsA + DHA) contents, as well as hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidant activities (HAA and LAA) were determined. Significant differences were detected among tomato cvs in all studied antioxidant components, as well as in the antioxidant activity of their hydrophilic and lipophilic fractions. High-lycopene tomato cvs showed higher lycopene, β-carotene, HAA and LAA when compared to cv Donald. Cv HLY 18 showed the highest lycopene and β-carotene content with 232.9 mg/kg fresh weight (fw) and 19.4 mg/kg fw, respectively. Except for Kalvert, high-lycopene tomato cvs also obtained higher total vitamin C levels, with cv HLY 13 top ranking with an average of 352.8 mg/kg fw. LAA ranged from 133.5 μM Trolox/100 g fw in cv Donald to 540.1 μM Trolox/100 g fw in cv Lyco 2 and was significantly correlated to lycopene (r = 0.53; p < 0.01) and β-carotene (r = 0.56; p < 0.01) contents. A variation between 2.7- and 4.0-fold was found in LAA of high-lycopene tomato cvs compared to Donald. HAA was significantly correlated to the amount of DHA (r = 0.61; p < 0.01) and total vitamin C (r = 0.60; p < 0.01). Although these data require confirmation over a longer period of time, this investigation suggests a promising use of the high-lycopene tomato cvs for the production of tomatoes with higher nutritional quality.     

Comparison of yield,fruit quality,antioxidant activity,and some phenolic compounds of white seedless grape obtained from organic,conventional, and integrated fertilization

The aim of this research was to determine the effect of three different fertilizing systems, including organic, conventional, and integrated ones, on the yield, fruit quality, antioxidant activity, and some phenolic compounds of white seedless grape. The study was carried out on several 6-year-old white seedless grapevine located in the Urmia Province (North-West Iran). The results showed that the fruit physical characteristics and yield were affected significantly by different fertilization systems. The highest yield was observed in the conventional fertilization, followed by organic and integrated systems. The leaf mineral contents were obviously dependent on the different fertilization used, whereas pH and titratable acidity were not affected. Based on our results, the highest values of antioxidant activity and total flavonoid were found in the organic and integrated fertilization systems, respectively. Also, the highest contents of total phenolic, catechin, and quercetin-3-galactoside were observed in the organic fertilization system. Overall, the highest nutritional quality and biochemical characteristics of white seedless grape were obtained in organic fertilization system, which improved antioxidant capacity by enhancing total phenolics, total flavonoids and valuable phenolic compounds.     

脉冲强光处理对杨梅汁中酚类物质、色泽及抗氧化活性的影响

【目的】为探索脉冲强光技术在杨梅汁加工中的应用,【方法】采用分光光度法和色差法研究了不同脉冲强光处理和热处理对杨梅汁中酚类物质含量,色泽以及其抗氧化活性的影响。【结果】结果表明,脉冲强光可显著降解杨梅汁中的花色苷(P<0.05),且杨梅汁中的花色苷的含量随着脉冲能量的增加而降低。而杨梅汁中总酚的含量却是随着脉冲能量的增加显著上升(P<0.05)。脉冲强光处理对杨梅汁抗氧化活性的影响随反应体系不同而异。杨梅汁清除.DPPH活性随着脉冲强光处理能量的增加而增大,并与花色苷的含量呈一定的负相关(R2=0.848 6),而脉冲强光处理却使杨梅汁清除超氧阴离子和羟基自由基的活性有所下降。【结论】与传统的热杀菌相比,脉冲强光处理可更好的保持其活性成分和品质,脉冲强光技术在果汁中具有较好的应用前景。     

李果实发育过程中果皮色素、糖和总酚含量及多酚氧化酶活性的变化

大石早生、龙园秋李、黑宝石、安哥诺4个李品种在果实发育过程中,果皮叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、总酚以及类黄酮含量呈下降趋势,可溶性总糖、蔗糖、果糖、葡萄糖、花青苷含量及多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性逐渐增加。除安哥诺的蔗糖、葡萄糖外,果皮花青苷与不同种类糖含量之间呈显著正相关或极显著正相关,大石早生蔗糖含量与花青苷含量呈极显著正相关,相关系数为0.9688,龙园秋李、黑宝石则呈显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.9481、0.9447;黑宝石、安哥诺果糖与花青苷含量呈显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.9358、0.8925,大石早生、龙园秋李则呈极显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.9438、0.9763;大石早生、龙园秋李、黑宝石果皮葡萄糖与花青苷含量呈显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.8940、0.9022、0.9424。龙园秋李、黑宝石这2个品种果皮总酚含量与PPO活性呈极显著负相关,相关系数分别为-0.9896、-0.9664。     

Changes in oxidative damage, antioxidant enzyme activities and polyamine contents in leaves of grafted and non-grafted eggplant seedlings under stress by excess of calcium nitrate

The effect of 80 mmol L⁻¹ stress by excess of calcium nitrate [Ca(NO₃)₂] on biomass production, oxidative damage, antioxidant enzymes activities and polyamine contents in leaves of grafted and non-grafted eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) seedlings were studied, in which grafted plants were grafted on a salinity tolerant rootstock (Solanum torvum Swartz). The results showed that on the 15th day of treatment, the biomass production reduction of non-grafted seedlings was significantly higher than that of grafted seedlings. Under stress by excess of Ca(NO₃)₂, superoxide anion radical (O₂⁻) producing rate, electrolyte leakage percentage, contents of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and malondialdehyde (MDA) of non-grafted seedlings were significantly higher than those of grafted seedlings, but activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1), peroxidase (POD, EC 1.11.1.7), ascorbate peroxidase (APX, EC 1.11.1.11) and glutathione reductase (GR, EC 1.6.4.2) of grafted seedlings were significantly higher than those of non-grafted seedlings, moreover, contents of free, soluble conjugated and insoluble bound polyamines of grafted seedlings were significantly higher than those of non-grafted seedlings, and activities of diamine oxidase (DAO, EC 1.4.3.6) and polyamine oxidase (PAO, EC 1.5.3.3) of grafted seedlings were significantly lower than those of non-grafted seedlings. The possible roles of antioxidant enzymes and polyamines in protective mechanism of grafted eggplant seedlings to stress by excess of Ca(NO₃)₂ were discussed.     

抗褐变剂对阿月浑子外植体褐变以及几种酶活性的影响

为了探明阿月浑子组织培养过程中的褐变机制,以阿月浑子组培丛生芽为外植体,在其继代培养基(1/2DKW)中分别添加抗褐变剂PVP和Cys,分析组培苗叶片、茎段和愈伤组织的总酚含量以及PPO、POD、PAL、C4H酶活性的变化,研究其与褐变的关系。结果表明,在一个继代培养周期内,愈伤组织中PPO活性呈增加趋势,而叶片和茎中PPO活性呈"V"字形变化。POD活性随继代时间增长而逐渐升高,继代28 d后开始下降,愈伤组织中POD活性变化范围较叶片和茎段中要高一个数量级。PAL活性总体呈下降趋势,而C4H酶活性在继代前期上升,继代14 d或21 d后下降。结合相关性分析可知,阿月浑子各组织的总酚含量与褐变率呈显著正相关,并且POD酶在促褐变反应中发挥主要作用。在实验中发现,PVP与Cys虽然对POD、PPO、CH4酶活性也有一定影响,但其主要是通过抑制PAL的酶活性,显著减少了组培苗和愈伤组织的酚类物质含量,从而降低褐变率。