Comparison of changes in sugars and ethylene production of cherimoya fruit grown at different seasons

Summary

Changes in fruit weight, total soluble solids (TSS), sugar content and postharvest ethylene production during fruit development were compared on fruit of cherimoya (Annona cherimola Mill., cv. Big Sister) pollinated at different times (early, at the beginning of April, 1995 and late, at the end of May, 1994). Fruit weight increased by growth, independently of pollination times. Changes in TSS and sugar content were strongly affected by pollination time. In late pollinated fruits, both TSS and sugar content increased during the growth period, 110–160 d after pollination, while neither increased with fruit growth in early pollinated fruit. Moreover, changes in TSS and sugar content after ripening depended not only on pollination time but also on the growth period. With late pollination, fruit harvested after 140 d became edible after ripening. The TSS and total sugar contents, (the sum of fructose, glucose and sucrose contents) increased to about 20° Brix and above 16%, respectively. But early pollinated fruits were not edible after ripening, since total sugar content increased only to about 7%, even though they kept growing for 160 d on the tree. The maximum rate of ethylene production declined and the number of days to the ethylene peak from harvest is also reduced with growth in both cases. These changes were closely correlated with days after pollination (r>0.9) regardless of pollination time. Comparisons of accumulated temperature suggest that temperature at pollination time and during the resting period of growth affected fruit development. These results indicate that neither fruit weight nor number of days after pollination is a suitable index for harvesting time.     

南疆日光温室番茄熊蜂授粉试验

以新疆南疆日光温室番茄为研究对象,进行熊蜂授粉技术试验。试验结果表明,熊蜂具有适合设施番茄授粉的形态结构和独特的生物学特性,出巢活动温度为9-12℃;熊蜂番茄授粉的坐果率为94．2％;单位面积产量比坐果灵蘸花授粉提高11．2％,果实可溶性固形物、维生素C、总糖含量分别提高12．9％、1％、23．1％;果实风味（糖酸比）也高于坐果灵蘸花处理,果实品质和商品性较好。因此,熊蜂授粉适合南疆生态气候区设施番茄栽培环境。     

嫁接对甜瓜果实发育及风味品质的影响

采用白籽南瓜京欣砧3 号为砧木,厚皮甜瓜IVF117 和薄皮甜瓜IVF09 为接穗,研究嫁接对甜瓜果实生长发育、果实中糖含量和成熟果实芳香物质相对含量及种类的影响。结果表明：嫁接显著增加了果实的膨大速度及单瓜质量,促进了果实发育。嫁接降低了成熟甜瓜果实中的葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖以及总的可溶性糖的含量。嫁接厚皮甜瓜成熟果实中产生7 种特异性物质,占总成分的6.35%,而缺失了自根苗中的14 种物质,占总成分的15.75%。嫁接薄皮甜瓜成熟果实中总芳香物质相对含量降低了24.38 个百分点,其中主要酯类乙酸乙酯的相对含量降低了23.44 个百分点。嫁接甜瓜中芳香物质种类和含量的改变,是导致厚皮甜瓜异香产生、薄皮甜瓜香气变淡的原因。     

Sucrose metabolism in watermelon fruit is affected by fruit-setting method under plastic film greenhouses

Fruit set represents the very first step of fruit development. This study investigated the effect of different fruit-setting methods [1-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-3-phenylurea (CPPU) treatment, artificial pollination, and honey bee pollination] on the concentrations of fructose, glucose, and sucrose, and the activities of sucrose metabolising enzymes of watermelon fruit under plastic film greenhouse conditions. No significant difference in fructose and glucose concentrations was observed among the three treatments at fully ripe stage of fruit [33 days after anthesis (33 DAA)]. However, artificial and honey bee pollination significantly increased sucrose concentration. Measurement of sucrose metabolising enzyme activities and correlation analysis demonstrated that the increased activity of SuSy-s (sucrose synthase, synthesis direction) is the key mechanism of increased sucrose concentration in the artificially pollinated and honey bee pollinated fruits. The concentrations of fructose, glucose, and sucrose were similar between artificially pollinated and honey bee-pollinated fruits at fully ripe stage (33 DAA). Therefore, we can conclude that artificial and bee pollination can improve the sweetness of watermelon fruit. In addition, the honey bee can provide a pollination service that is similar to that of artificial pollination for watermelon grown in a protected cultivation system.     

Effect of pollination on cell division,cell enlargement,and endogenous hormones in fruit development in a gynoecious cucumber

To study the effect of pollination on fruit development in gynoecious and parthenocarpic cucumbers (Cucumis sativus L. cv. NK × AN8), the number of cells, cell size, mitotic index, histone H4 gene expression, and concentrations of endogenous cytokinins and auxin were compared in fruits that had developed from pollinated and non-pollinated flowers. Fresh weight was more in the pollinated group 4–12 days after anthesis (DAA) in both winter and spring, and 2–6 DAA in the summer. In winter, mitotic index increased from anthesis to 2 DAA and then decreased gradually in the pollinated group but immediately after anthesis in the non-pollinated group. Histone H4 gene in the pericarp zone was expressed more strongly during the period from pre-anthesis to 2 DAA in the pollinated group in summer. Concentrations of zeatin, isopentenyladenine, and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) were higher in the non-pollinated group 2 and 4 DAA and peaked 4 DAA in spring whereas isopentenyladenine and IAA showed no distinct peaks in the pollinated group. These results are incompatible with the idea that pollination activates cell division by stimulating the synthesis of cytokinins and auxin in cucumber fruits.     

设施甜瓜3种授粉方式的效果比较

采用蜜蜂授粉、人工授粉及氯吡脲化学授粉3种方式为设施甜瓜授粉,并对他们的效果进行比较分析。结果表明:蜜蜂授粉坐果率与氯吡脲授粉及人工授粉相当;蜜蜂授粉能显著提高果实的维生素含量、瓜腔宽度和单瓜质量。蜜蜂授粉技术可作为甜瓜设施栽培的综合配套技术加以推广应用。     

不同授粉方式对设施厚皮甜瓜果实品质的影响

比较了蜜蜂授粉、人工授粉及氯吡脲喷花对设施厚皮甜瓜果实品质的影响。结果表明：蜜蜂授粉、氯吡脲喷花与人工授粉相比,可以显著提高厚皮甜瓜的单瓜质量、果实纵径、横径、果肉厚以及果实中葡萄糖、果糖和蔗糖的含量。但是,采用氯吡脲喷花显著降低了种子中可溶性糖含量及千粒重,明显减少了果实中风味物质的种类和含量。氯吡脲喷花后 30 d果实中的氯吡脲残留量仅为 0.62 μg · kg^-1,残留量在安全范围之内。因此,采用蜜蜂授粉可以显著改善果实品质,是设施甜瓜实现安全、优质、高效生产的重要配套技术之一。     

西瓜果实发育过程中不同糖含量的变化

对不同西瓜品种果实发育过程中果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖和总糖含量的动态变化进行了分析,以探讨西瓜不同糖的变化规律,旨在为西瓜品质改良提供依据。结果表明:西瓜果实总糖、果糖和葡萄糖含量变化趋势基本一致,幼果期较低,随后缓慢积累,果实膨大期有所下降,成熟过程迅速积累,完熟期到达峰值,过熟期含量开始下降;西瓜果实蔗糖含量基本呈"S"型曲线变化,幼果期含量较低,随后缓慢积累,果实膨大期迅速积累,完熟期达到峰值,过熟期含量开始下降。西瓜果实中总糖、果糖、葡萄糖在授粉后33d左右达到峰值,蔗糖含量在授粉后30d左右达到峰值。     

嫁接对薄皮甜瓜果实生长发育及糖分含量影响的研究

在日光温室中选用“玉美人(Cucumis meloL.)”薄皮甜瓜为接穗,“世纪星”白籽南瓜为砧木,进行嫁接栽培,以自根植株为对照,研究嫁接对薄皮甜瓜果实生长发育及糖分积累的影响。结果表明:嫁接能够促进薄皮甜瓜果实的生长发育,加快了果实的膨大速度,促进了果实中干物质的积累和平均单瓜重增加。但嫁接果实的果肉厚度略低于自根果实,降低了成熟果实中可溶性固形物的含量、葡萄糖和蔗糖的含量,对果糖的影响不大;从总体水平上,嫁接降低了薄皮甜瓜果实中总糖的含量,且在果实成熟期嫁接果实中淀粉含量高于自根果实。     

甜瓜反义酸性转化酶基因对甜瓜的遗传转化

利用子房注射法将甜瓜反义酸性转化酶基因导入厚皮甜瓜自交系‘0123’果实, 应用PCR和Southern Blot对后代进行分子鉴定。结果表明, 330株甜瓜转化植株中, 有2株为阳性转基因植株, 转化率约为0.6%。进一步研究发现, T0代转基因甜瓜植株生长势减弱, 果实比对照小30%左右, 但可溶性糖含量比对照提高了52%。PCR和PCR - Southern Blot鉴定表明, T0-1的自交后代没有基因丢失, 反义酸性转化酶基因已在转基因植株中稳定遗传。T1代转基因植株生长势也明显减弱, 但成熟果实可溶性总糖含量提高了26% , 蔗糖含量比对照提高了2.5倍, 果糖和葡萄糖含量略有降低, 酸性转化酶活性比对照明显降低。这些结果表明, 反义酸性转化酶基因通过降低酸性转化酶活性, 调控了甜瓜果实蔗糖代谢过程, 改变了甜瓜果实糖分组成, 同时抑制了植株生长。     

Early cell enlargement by night-time heating of fruit produce watermelon fruit (Citrullus lanatus Matsum. et Nakai) with high sucrose content

To investigate the effects of night-time temperature on cell and fruit size, and sugar accumulation in watermelon fruit, fruits were treated with high night-time temperatures in a greenhouse. The minimum night-time ambient temperature of the heating box (18 °C) was approximately 6 °C higher than that of the control. The length, diameter and weight of heat-treated fruit at the end of heating treatment, 16 days after anthesis (DAA), were significantly greater than that of control fruit, but those at harvesting, 42 DAA, were almost the same in both treatments. Mean cell size of the outer portion of heat-treated fruit at 16 DAA was significantly larger than that of the control. Cell size of the fruits at 42 DAA did not differ between heat-treated and control fruits. Sucrose, glucose and fructose content of fruit at 16 DAA did not differ between heat-treated and control fruit. However, sucrose content of the outer portion of heat-treated fruit was 162% of that of control fruit at 42 DAA. Glucose and fructose contents at 42 DAA did not differ between heat-treated and control fruit, except glucose content of outer portion.     

薄皮甜瓜组织结构、纤维素及果胶含量与果实感官品质的关系

以玉美人、龙甜3号、高甜黄金道、日本甜宝和香沙蜜5个薄皮甜瓜品种为试材,鉴定了成熟期各品种感官品质,观察了石蜡切片,并测定了果实中纤维素和可溶性果胶含量。结果表明:薄皮甜瓜表皮细胞切面小,表面积大,薄壁细胞递增快,近圆形细胞较多,且大小均匀,则果实感官品质好。同时,成熟果实中纤维素含量在0.24%～0.28%之间,可溶性果胶含量低,利于感官品质的提高。薄皮甜瓜感官品质与成熟果实中组织结构、纤维素和果胶含量关系密切。     

人工授粉对永嘉早香柚果实发育与贮藏品质的影响

永嘉早香柚是浙江温州地方名柚,具单性结实能力,可在无授粉品种混植时结无籽果,也可经人工授粉处理形成有籽果。研究表明,未授粉果实具有无籽优势,但糖酸指标则逊于授粉果。正常采收期(花后165d)未授粉果实果肉可溶性糖含量比授粉果低4.72mg/gFW,而果汁pH低0.07。75d贮藏期间果肉可溶性糖含量无明显变化,而果汁pH趋于上升,授粉果果汁pH上升0.29而未授粉果仅上升0.19。授粉果实在45d贮藏期间未发生明显枯水,而且不溶性膳食纤维含量下降38.10%,而未授粉果实贮藏期间易发生枯水,贮藏45d后枯水指数达0.5,不溶性膳食纤维含量上升至2.33mg/gFW,为同期授粉果实的2.56倍。未授粉果实枯水发生前期汁囊组织出汁率无明显下降而严重枯水(贮藏45d)时下降至64.08%(贮藏前为75.70%)。人工授粉显著改善了永嘉早香柚果实品质。     

Changes in organic acids and acid metabolism enzymes in melon fruit during development

A novel melon cultivar (‘Flavor No. 3’) containing high acid concentration as well as high sugar content in the mature fruit was successfully bred out. The aim of this study is to determine the main organic acids present in this novel melon and to clarify the mechanisms of acid accumulation. Fruit development and acid accumulation patterns in ‘Flavor No. 3’ were compared with those of a conventional low-acid melon, ‘Xuelihong’. The titratable acidity (TA) and organic acids in fruits were measured at different developmental stages. There is a positive correlation between TA and citric acid content in ‘Flavor No. 3’, indicating that citric acid is the predominant organic acid present throughout the fruit development. The activities of the enzymes involved in citric acid metabolism, including phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC), citrate synthase (CS), aconitase (ACO), isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), and malic enzyme (ME), were determined. Although no single enzyme was responsible for citric acid accumulation throughout the fruit development, the activities of ACO and ME were positively correlated with citric acid concentration in the two cultivars from 5 to 25 days after pollination (DAP). Moreover, ACO and ME activities in ‘Flavor No. 3’ increased over time and were higher than those in ‘Xuelihong’, resulting in citric acid accumulation in the fruits of ‘Flavor No. 3’. Although a sharp decrease in ACO activity took place after 25 DAP in the fruits of ‘Flavor No. 3’, the earlier accumulation of citric acid was sufficient enough to maintain the high acid concentration until the melon fruits became mature.     

Sind Pollenspritzungen oder Pollendispenser Alternativen zur herkömmlichen Bestäubung der Apfelbäume durch Bienen?

The efficacy of different methods of applying cv. ‘Golden Delicious‘ pollen to ‘Cox Orange‘ apple trees inside insect-proof cages was investigated: (1) spraying pollen suspended in water directly into the trees while they were in bloom (treatment A); (2) pollen transfer by honeybees (treatment B) or by bumblebees (treatment C), both of which had to pass through a dispenser loaded with cv. ‘Golden Delicious‘ pollen; (3) transfer by honeybees of pollen from cv ‘Golden Delicious‘ trees bearing compatible pollen and maintained in pots within the same cages (treatment D). Naturally pollinated cv. ‘Cox Orange‘ apple trees outside the cages in the orchard served as controls. For methods A–C normal commercially available ‘Golden Delicious‘ pollen was used for hand pollination, and its efficacy was assessed with reference to the amount of fruit that set. The fruit-set at the time of harvesting differed significantly (Nemenyi test) with the different methods of pollination: 1.0% (±2.0) of the blossoms ripened to yield marketable apples after treatment A, 6.1% (±5.2) after treatment B, 4.9% (±4.6) after treatment C, and 20.4% (±11.5) after treatment D, while the corresponding figure for the control trees was 7.3% (±2.8) and that for hand pollination, 41,9%. The low fruit-set after an aqueous suspension of cv. ‘Golden Delicious‘ pollen was sprayed on the test trees shows that this procedure did not result in adequate pollination. The density of pollen grains was determined on filter papers during spraying and was an average of 3 (±2.6, range 0.0–8.6) pollen grains/cm². When the pollen dispensers were used, the fruit-set was lower than on the hand-pollinated control trees. Despite the success of manual pollination with exogenous cv. ‘Golden Delicious‘ pollen, pollen spraying to enhance pollination, as specified in current instructions, cannot be recommended for commercial apple growing in Germany.     

镉在薄皮甜瓜植株中的分布及低积累品种筛选

通过大田镉污染土壤栽培,对薄皮甜瓜不同部位的镉含量和果实品质进行分析。结果表明:参试的12个不同类型薄皮甜瓜果实镉含量均低于《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》GB 2762—2012规定的甜瓜果实中镉的限量指标(0.05mg·kg~(-1)),其中IVF-28果实内镉含量最低,仅为0.015 3 mg·kg~(-1)。镉在甜瓜植株体内的分布规律为基部茎叶根上部茎叶果实,综合果实镉含量和品质性状,筛选出IVF-28为适于重金属镉中度及以下污染区种植的薄皮甜瓜品种。     

薄皮甜瓜品种‘农大 9 号’

 ‘农大9 号’是薄皮甜瓜杂交一代新品种,早熟高产,抗逆性强。植株生长势强。果实长圆 形,果面光滑,成熟时果面带金黄色条纹,单果质量500 ~ 750 g。果肉甜脆,口感好,可溶性固形物含 量为14%左右。从播种到采收65 ~ 75 d。     

Phytochemical and antioxidant properties of selected fig (Ficus carica L.) accessions from the eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey

Fig has been a typical fruit component of the health-promoting Mediterranean diet for a very long time. Phytochemical characters and antioxidant capacity of green-, yellow-, brown-, purple-, and black-fruited fig (Ficus carica L.) accessions were investigated. In this study, total phenolics (TP), total anthocyanins (TA), fructose (FRUC), glucose (GLUC), sucrose (SUC), and variables (such as L*, a*, C*, and hue°) describing fruit skin colors were examined. Also, the antioxidant capacity (TAC) of fig fruits was determined by the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. Antioxidant capacity was significantly correlated with the polyphenol and anthocyanin (r = 0.74 and 0.63, respectively) contents of fruits. Black fig accessions had the highest TAC (range of 7.9–16.1, mean 12.4 Fe²⁺ mmol/kg FW), TA (range of 32.3–356.0, mean 128.4 μg cy-3-rutinoside/g FW), and TP content (range of 69.1–220.0, mean 118.9 mg GAE/100 g FW). These black-fruited accessions had 2-fold greater TAC, 15-fold greater TA, and 2.5-fold greater TP than green and yellow fig accessions. However, the FRUC, GLUC, and SUC content of brown and purple fig accessions were higher than those of other color groups. The predominant sugars present were fructose (∼56%) and glucose (∼43%), as determined by HPLC.     

Fruit set and embryo rescue in crosses using parthenocarpic ‘Mopanshi’ persimmon

The ‘Mopanshi’ persimmon is a seedless, astringent parthenocarpic cultivar that does not produce male flowers. After pollination using four non-astringent cultivars (‘Zenjimaru’, ‘Nishimurawase’, ‘Okugosho’ and ‘Hanagosho’), seeds were produced to different degrees. ‘Mopanshi’ fruits pollinated with ‘Zenjimaru’ produced far more seeds than those pollinated with the other three cultivars. The ratio of abnormal seeds obtained from the fruits pollinated with ‘Hanagosho’ was higher than that obtained from the fruits pollinated with the other three cultivars. Most embryos degenerated in the early to late stages of seed development. Immature embryos were cultured in a modified MS medium (half of NO₃ in MS medium + 0.4 μM BA + 0.1 μM IBA) with the greatest success (52–80%) from embryos taken from fruits 60–80 days after pollination. Seedlings failed to initiate radicles so they were transferred to dark culture conditions for 8 days or to a rooting media that contained 3% sucrose and 1% Chinese ink. The seedlings on the medium darkened with ink rooted at greater than 90.83% compared to 75.83% for dark cultured seedlings. This study demonstrated that ‘Mopanshi’ persimmon could be used as a female parent in crosses, but embryos needed to be moved to tissue culture conditions to continue to develop and form plantlets.     

不同薄皮甜瓜品种成熟果实中芳香物质的分析

研究不同薄皮甜瓜品种类群成熟果实中芳香物质主要构成成分的异同。采用顶空固相微萃取技术(HS-SPME)提取甜瓜果实中的芳香物质,用气相色谱—质谱联用仪(GC-MS)和气相色谱仪(GC-FID)进行定性和定量分析。结果表明:5大类群薄皮甜瓜代表品种玉美人、龙甜3号、高甜黄金道、日本甜宝和香沙蜜果实成熟时香气以酯类物质为主,同时含有少量醛类、酮类、醇类、酸及其他物质。其中乙酸乙酯、乙酸-2-甲基-1-丁酯、乙酸己酯和乙酸苯甲酯是各品种果实中共有的酯类,其相对含量在不同品种中占总芳香成分的49.71%～84.95%。同时,各品种甜瓜均含有特有酯类。对这4种酯类物质的定量分析表明,乙酸乙酯在各品种中含量均为最高,龙甜3号和香沙蜜果实中4种酯类含量明显低于其他3个品种。各香气成分种类、含量和相互之间构成比例的差异是导致薄皮甜瓜果实风味不同的原因。