青海高寒区不同人工林配置下草本群落生态位研究

以青海大通高寒区的青海云杉林、华北落叶松林、白桦林、云杉白桦混交林4种人工林群落为研究对象,运用Levins生态位宽度指数及Pianka生态位重叠指数,对不同人工林群落下草本群落的生态位宽度及生态位重叠度进行计算,从生态位角度揭示了不同树种配置下草本群落的生长状况,结果表明:不同人工林下草本群落的广生态幅物种不同,针阔叶混交林更有利于林下草本群落的生长和发育。生态位重叠指数表明:一般情况下,生态位较宽的物种之间存在较大的生态位重叠,但在一些林分中,生态位较窄的物种之间也存在着较大的生态位重叠,这种现象可能是不同草本种群对有限环境资源激烈竞争的体现,针阔叶混交林下草本种群在有限的空间中对资源的利用更加充分。     

铁矿废弃地不同恢复模式主要植物种群生态位特征

运用Levins生态位宽度指数和Pianks生态位重叠指数,初步分析了大田县铁矿废弃地不同恢复模式主要植物种群生态位特征。结果发现:①马尾松在R1、R2和R4模式中均有最大的生态位宽度,表明马尾松在铁矿废弃地有较强的利用资源的能力;②从R1模式到R4模式,草本层最大生态位宽度从耐贫瘠、耐干旱的盐肤木逐渐转变为喜肥的宽叶雀稗,表明工程措施和乔灌草模式的综合应用使其草本群落初步具备了缓冲外界干扰的能力;③不同恢复模式生态位宽度大的物种,其一般也有较高的生态位重叠,表明生态位宽度较大的物种间有较一致的利用资源的偏好。     

半干旱区人工封育草地植被生态位研究

为研究半干旱区人工封育草地植被生态位特征,将宁夏盐池县柳杨堡封育区采用3种处理方法,即核心区（E）、边缘区（E₁）、外围区（E₂）,运用样线样方结合法沿样线随机布设1 m×1 m样方,分别调查样方内植物的名称、种类、株数、高度、盖度、生物量等。运用Levins生态位宽度以及Pianka生态位重叠指数,对宁夏盐池县人工封育草地植物生态位宽度及生态位重叠进行研究。结果表明:人工封育区主要优势种为猪毛蒿、黑沙蒿和刺沙蓬,其重要值分别为34.18,21.06,18.95。核心区生态位宽度较大的物种是猪毛蒿和刺沙蓬,其生态位宽度值分别是0.76,0.71;边缘区生态位宽度较大的物种是黑沙蒿和刺沙蓬,其生态位宽度值分别是0.72,0.69;外围区生态位宽度较大的物种是刺沙蓬和黑沙蒿,其生态位宽度值分别为0.73,0.64。对生态位重叠指数的分析表明,核心区、边缘区及外围区最大生态位重叠均出现在生态位宽度较小物种之间。生态位宽度与生态位重叠之间并无明显的正相关关系。     

章古台地区樟子松人工林林下草本植物群落动态

[目的]探究樟子松人工林林龄与林下草本植物多样性指数的关系,分析樟子松林林下草本植物群落动态,为樟子松林下的植被管理提供参考。[方法]以科尔沁沙地南部章古台地区不同林龄(8,18,27,35,48a)樟子松人工林为研究对象,调查林下草本植被的植物种类、数量、盖度和生物量特征,定量分析林龄对林下草本植物的影响。[结果]在樟子松人工林林下,马唐Digitaria sanguinalis的重要值高于其它草本植物,能更好地适应林下环境,是最主要的优势种。随着樟子松林龄的增长,林下草本植被的生物量和多样性呈先减少后增加的趋势,其中27a生樟子松林的林下草本植被生物量和多样性最低。林龄与Patrick丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener指数、Pielou均匀度指数和Simpson优势度指数均呈显著的二元回归关系。[结论]樟子松人工林中龄林与近熟林林下草本植被存在退化现象,需要通过间伐、中耕、围封等方法人工促进草本植被的生长与演替。     

乌冈栎群落乔木层种群生态位分析

 通过野外群落调查,以物种重要值为生态位计算的资源状态指标,应用Levins公式、Hurtlbert公式、Pianka公式和Schoener公式,对福建将石、浙江开化、广东仁化、湖南沅陵和贵州荔波的乌冈栎群落乔木树种的生态位宽度、生态位重叠和生态位相似性比例进行了计算与分析。结果表明:1)乌冈栎作为群落的建群种,其生态位宽度要大于其他物种,Levins和Hurtlbert生态位宽度值在各群落中分别为0.678、0.690、0.693、0.682、0.694和0.879、0.950、0.967、0.908、0.972。2)从Pianka生态位重叠值来看,Np0.4的高相似性分布段中,将石、开化、仁化、沅陵和荔波所占比例分别为44.76%、24.09%、33.33%、39.08%和43.69%,相似性比例越高的种对,对资源的需求就具有越高的趋同性,由此可判断群落生态位分化的程度。4)乌冈栎林属于稳定的地形顶级群落,各物种所占据的生态位是自然界长期选择的结果,群落处于动态的稳定状态;在没有外部干扰的情况下,乌冈栎将长期保持优势种的地位。     

陕北黄土高原小流域土壤有效铜分布特征

对黄土丘陵沟壑区不同密度的刺槐林、榆树林、油松林、侧柏林、油松刺槐混交林等林下草本层物种组成及多样性进行了研究,目的是为人工林生态功能恢复评价和植被建设提供理论依据。研究结果表明,该区林下草本植物共有36种,多以阳性植物为主;由于林分树种组成和密度不同,林下草本物种差异较大;林下植被演替大多处于植被演替初级阶段,针阔混交林在物种数量和建种群落上表现最好,其次是油松纯林和刺槐纯林,榆树纯林生境条件最差;无论是丰富度指数还是多样性和均匀度指数,针阔混交林表现最好,其次为刺槐、油松纯林,表现最差的为榆树、侧柏纯林。     

青海大通脑山区青海云杉＋白桦混交林主要种群的生态位特征

生态位是研究植物种群对自然资源利用和适应能力的重要手段.应用生态位理论,对青海大通脑山地区青海云杉＋白桦人工混交林下植被群落10种灌木和11种草本植物的生态位宽度、生态位重叠值和生态响应等进行分析.结果表明：1）灌木层,金露梅和高山柳的生态位宽度最大;草本层,珠芽蓼和东方草莓的生态位宽度最大.表明它们广布于青海云杉＋白桦混交林下,现阶段对环境适应能力最强.2）生态位宽度较大的种群间的生态位重叠普遍较高,生态位宽度窄的物种间生态位重叠普遍较小,但生态位宽度较小的种对也会有较大的生态位重叠;同属的物种之间生态位重叠也有可能较小,这可能与同属物种的演替进化有关.3）灌木层中,柳叶绣线菊发展性最强,八宝茶衰退最严重;草本层中,北方拉拉藤发展性最强,猪殃殃衰退最严重.研究成果可为青海大通脑山地区退耕还林与生态造林工程建设提供理论参考.     

宁夏盐池人工封育草原植物生态位研究

 为了解干旱半干旱区草原植物生态位格局,运用Levins生态宽度指数及Pianka生态位重叠指数,对宁夏盐池人工封育草原2002年及2003年植物生态位宽度及生态位重叠进行计量。结果表明:茵陈蒿的生物、生态学特性决定了它在该区的优势地位,2002年、2003年其生态位宽度远远高于其他物种(0.758和0.868),并且继续保持上升趋势;2002年及2003的生态位重叠结果均表明,生态位宽度大的物种不一定和其他物种有大的重叠值,较高的生态位宽度和较高的生态位重叠之间并不存在直接的线性关系;2002年、2003年较高的Pianka生态位重叠值都出现在生态位宽度较小的物种之间。这一现象从另外一个角度说明植被恢复过程中环境资源存在着高度的空间异质性。     

退化砂石山地人工林林下植物群落特征与物种多样性

合适的造林树种能够提高生态系统恢复功能。为研究何种造林树种对退化砂石山地地区植被恢复较好,以山东省退化山地生态造林区为研究区,调查分析了生态造林对草本层植物多样性的影响。结果表明:（1）5种造林树种林分下共有草本植物64种,刺槐林下草本植物最少,且优势种明显;（2）5种人工林下物种多样性指数和生物量的变化趋势均为:坡下部 > 坡中部 > 坡上部,经济林高于用材林,混交林高于纯林,针叶林高于阔叶林;（3）5种人工林下物种丰富度、多样性指数以及均匀度指数均随海拔的升高而减小;（4）群落多样性与草本植物地上生物量具有明显的相关关系,且随着多样性的增加,生物量的增幅呈现先增加后减小的趋势。     

燕山北部板栗林下杂草群落动态及生态位研究

为准确掌握燕山北部板栗园杂草的发生现状及群落组成,分别于2017年、2018年、2020年对燕山北部板栗林下杂草的种类、数量等进行调查,并运用Levins生态位指数和Pianka生态位重叠指数分析板栗林下优势杂草的生态位动态及群落对资源的利用情况和种间竞争情况。结果表明:(1)2017年、2018年、2020年燕山北部板栗林下杂草群落中分别有53种(27科48属)、47种(24科43属)和44种(24科41属)植物。其中优势杂草15种。(2)15种优势杂草中,葎草和灰绿藜占据较宽的生态位,它们对环境资源利用的多样性程度比较高。鸭跖草、艾蒿、狗尾草、茜草、苦荬菜、白屈菜、紫花地丁、灰绿藜、毛地黄和野大豆等物种对资源的利用能力在逐步增强。(3)杂草群落中生态位重叠值＜0.2的优势物种种对数明显减少,优势杂草物种在逐渐增加对周边资源环境充分利用的能力,灰绿藜逐渐取代葎草的优势地位,进而导致种间竞争关系更加复杂,群落向更高级更合理利用环境资源的群落方向演替,逐步形成更加复杂的种群结构。因此,准确掌握板栗园杂草的发生现状、优势种群及群落组成,可为燕山北部板栗林下杂草的针对性防治提供理论依据。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.