茉莉酸介导的丛枝菌根真菌诱导植物抗病性研究进展

丛枝菌根（arbuscular mycorrhizal, AM）真菌能与植物根系建立共生体提高植物抗病性。植物激素茉莉酸（jasmonic acid,JA）参与AM的形成,介导AM真菌诱导的植物抗病性。目前,关于AM真菌诱导的植物抗病性内容较为丰富,但是关于JA介导的AM真菌诱导的植物抗病性却有待进一步研究。本文首先总结了JA对AM形成和AM对植物内源JA积累的影响;其次介绍了AM真菌对植物抗病性影响及诱导机制;最后从诱导形成防御结构、提高酶活性及合成防御蛋白、诱导次生代谢物质合成、诱导调控信号分子、JA与其他激素相互作用五个方面探讨了JA在AM真菌诱导抗病性中的作用,并对本领域的研究方向进行展望,以期为植物病害防治和菌根研究提供可借鉴的思路。     

沉默水稻OsJMJ715基因对白背飞虱卵发育的影响

<正>E3泛素连接酶已被广泛证实参与调控植物应答外界非生物及生物胁迫（Kelley&Estella,2012）。本课题组已证实水稻Os JMJ715蛋白具有体外E3连接酶活性,通过影响脱落酸（abscisic acid,ABA）、茉莉酸（jasmonic acid,JA）信号途径及胼胝质积累负调控水稻对褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens的抗性（Zhang et al.,2021）,     

玉米茉莉酸信号途径参与抵抗玉米褪绿斑驳病毒的侵染

为研究茉莉酸（jasmonic acid, JA）信号途径在玉米响应玉米褪绿斑驳病毒（maize chloroticmottle virus, MCMV）侵染中的作用,利用外源喷施茉莉酸甲酯 （methyl jasmonate, MeJA）方法,采用病毒诱导的基因沉默技术以及玉米原生质体过表达探究JA信号途径是否参与玉米抗MCMV侵染。结果表明,相比于对照, MCMV在外源喷施MeJA的玉米植株上引起的褪绿和花叶症状明显减轻, MCMV基因组RNA积累水平下降了69%,外壳蛋白 （coat protein, CP）积累水平下降了43%,表明MeJA处理提升了玉米植株对MCMV的抗性。在沉默JA信号途径抑制基因 ZmJAZ5的玉米植株上,相比于对照植株, MCMV引起的褪绿及花叶症状也明显减轻, MCMV的基因组RNA积累水平下降了71%, CP积累水平下降了56%。在玉米原生质体中过表达ZmJAZ5后,与对照相比, MCMV基因组RNA积累水平上升了1.58倍, CP积累水平上升了1.34倍。表明JA信号途径在玉米抵抗MCMV侵染过程中发挥着关键作用。     

茉莉酸对害虫的控制作用研究进展

茉莉酸（JA）广泛存在于植物体中,是植物防御反应的一种重要信号分子。根据目前的研究对茉莉酸的合成途径、茉莉酸诱导的直接和间接防御反应以及外源茉莉酸处理对害虫的控制作用进行概括和总结,并对茉莉酸的应用前景进行展望。     

AM真菌诱导的番茄信号物质及其对根结线虫的 抑制 效应

丛枝菌根(AM)真菌能诱导植物合成一些信号物质,如茉莉酸(JA)、水杨酸(SA)、一氧化氮(NO)、H2O2等,这些信号在AM真菌与植物识别、共生体建立和激活植物防御系统过程中发挥着重要作用[1].     

植物对虫害的系统获得性抗性及抗虫与抗病信号途径间的相互作用

受病原体感染后,植物会获得一种持久广泛的抗性,称为系统获得性抗性,受到昆虫侵害时也会获得类似的系统获得性抗性.植物系统抗虫与抗病信号分子不同,前者是茉莉酸(JA)、甲基茉莉酸(Me-JA)或系统素,而后者是水杨酸(SA).SA介导的系统抗病信号途径与JA等介导的系统抗虫信号途径并非完全独立,而是存在所谓的"交叉对话",但"交叉对话"结果是相互促进还是抑制仍不清楚.植物系统抗性信号及其互作研究无疑会完善植物保护策略.     

防御相关激素与纹枯病菌处理下水稻VQ基因家族的转录分析

VQ蛋白与WRKY转录因子互作,调节植物防御反应.本研究分析了水稻VQ基因家族在水杨酸(SA)、茉莉酸(JA)、乙烯(ET)3种防御相关激素和纹枯病菌(Rhizoctonia solani)处理下的转录表达谱.结果表明,水稻VQ基因家族有1/3以上成员至少响应一种处理,OsVQ2、-11和-35的表达在3种激素处理下均...     

脱落酸受体调控剂分子设计的研究进展

非生物胁迫会严重影响植物的生长发育,危害农业生产。脱落酸（abscisic acid,ABA）可以调控植物生长发育和提高植物的胁迫抗逆能力,能够有效缓解这一问题。但ABA存在代谢的不稳定性、易反式异构化等缺陷制约其应用。而ABA受体调控剂具有与ABA类似的生理调控功能,因此研究和开发ABA受体调控剂具有重要的意义。近些年研究者们相继设计了多个ABA受体调控剂,而关于ABA受体调控剂分子设计的全面总结鲜少报道。该文首先对ABA受体蛋白的发现及信号传导机制进行讨论,同时对现有的ABA受体调控剂的分子设计方法进行综述并介绍了其对调控植物表型的影响,最后讨论了ABA受体调控剂目前存在的问题,以期为进一步探索ABA受体调控剂的生物合理设计提供借鉴和参考。     

小麦种质 Edinburgh-b 白粉菌侵染下的基因表达谱分析

 Edinburgh-b是从英国爱丁堡引进的小麦抗白粉病新种质,为了深入了解该种质的抗白粉病分子机制,本研究采用Agilent公司的4 SymboltB@ 44 k小麦表达谱芯片,以Edinburgh-b接种白粉菌0 h为对照,分析其在白粉菌胁迫下的基因表达谱。结果表明,在43 603个探针中筛选出差异表达探针5 835个,其中上调表达2 801个,下调表达3 034个。差异表达基因主要包括与代谢相关的酶类、转录因子、病程相关蛋白、防卫反应基因和信号传导因子等。Pathway分析显示苯丙烷类生物合成、水杨酸信号通路、茉莉酸生物合成、活性氧代谢等被激活,乙烯生物合成和生长素信号通路被抑制,推测水杨酸和茉莉酸信号通路共同参与了Edinburgh-b对白粉菌的防御反应。选取上调和下调表达共17个基因进行实时定量RT-PCR验证,表明基因芯片数据具有良好的重复性。     

活性氧参与调控植物生长发育和胁迫应激响应机理的研究进展

复杂多变的自然环境使植物进化出复杂而又巧妙的机制来感知外部信号,并对外部环境的变化做出适应性调整。在这种信号整合和决策过程中起关键作用的一类物质是活性氧(ROS)。细胞内、外产生的ROS与Ca~(2+)和电信号相互偶联组成的ROS波,向"友邻细胞"或远端细胞进行快速信号转导,进而伴随着多种信号组分共同完成应激响应表达。而ROS的产生与清除平衡关系决定了ROS在植物生长发育、器官发生和抗逆方面的作用。系统结并讨论了ROS的产生来源、信号传导机制、响应表达及ROS引起的细胞程序性死亡的最新研究进展。为深入了解ROS激活相关基因的表达,进而研究触发信号转导通路,使植物积极、高效地应对各种内在或外源的刺激信号,以调控植物的生长发育或适应胁迫环境,提供新的观点和见解。     

蚜虫唾液主要成分及其在寄主和害虫互作中的作用

刺吸式害虫唾液里的某些成分通常是植物诱导反应中一些共有的或特异性诱导信号物质。本文综述了蚜虫取食、唾液的主要成分和取食诱发的植物防御信号传导途径,例如水杨酸途径、茉莉酸/乙烯途径,以及唾液诱导使植物防御因子上调效应的分子检测方法;同时还展望了蚜虫唾液研究的应用前景。     

草地贪夜蛾取食诱导玉米叶片转录组分析

为阐明玉米响应草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda取食胁迫防御反应的分子机制,利用RNAseq技术对草地贪夜蛾取食的玉米叶片进行转录组测序分析,并对抗虫代谢产物生物合成途径中的基因进行筛选鉴定。结果显示,与未接虫对照相比,草地贪夜蛾取食18 h导致玉米叶片中有1 645个基因差异表达(log2|处理/对照|1且FDR0.05),其中上调表达基因有1 352个,下调表达基因有293个。茉莉酸、水杨酸、乙烯等植物激素生物合成与信号转导途径相关基因大多上调表达,其中44个茉莉酸途径相关基因全部上调表达,说明该途径在玉米响应草地贪夜蛾取食诱导的防御反应中发挥着核心作用,其它激素生物合成与信号转导途径发挥协同作用。玉米重要抗虫次生代谢物苯并噁唑嗪酮类生物合成相关基因中有9个基因上调表达;15个萜烯挥发物生物合成相关差异表达基因中有14个上调表达,包括8个萜烯合成酶基因和1个CYP基因CYP92C5。表明草地贪夜蛾取食会诱导玉米复杂的植物激素途径和基因调控机制,激活以次级抗虫代谢物合成为主的防御反应。     

Role of methyl jasmonate in the expression of mycorrhizal induced resistance against Fusarium oxysporum in tomato plants

Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) colonization led to a decrease in the severity of fusarium wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici in tomato plants. The involvement of two plant defense hormones, namely methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and salicylic acid (SA), in the expression of mycorrhiza induced resistance (MIR) against this vascular pathogen was studied in the AM colonized and non-colonized (controls) plants. Activity of lipoxygenase (LOX), which plays a role in jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis, as well as levels of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) increased in AM colonized plants as compared to controls, but did not show any further changes in response to F. oxysporum inoculation. On the other hand, activity of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), which is an enzyme from salicylic acid (SA) biosynthetic pathway, as well as SA levels, increased in both controls and AM colonized plants in response to application of F. oxysporum spores. Hence the JA and not the SA signalling pathway appeared to play a role in the expression of MIR against this vascular pathogen. The resistance observed in AM colonized plants was completely compromised when plants were treated with the JA biosynthesis inhibitor salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM). This confirmed that the AM-induced increase in JA levels was involved in the expression of resistance toward F. oxysporum. The SA response gene pathogenesis-related 1 (PR1) showed an increased expression in response to F. oxysporum infection in SHAM treated AM colonized plants as compared to plants that were not treated with this JA inhibitor. This suggested the possibility that JA inhibited SA responses, at least in the roots. AM colonization therefore appeared to prime plants for improved tolerance against the vascular pathogen F. oxysporum, which was mediated through the JA signalling pathway.     

Investigating interactions of salicylic acid and jasmonic acid signaling pathways in monocots wheat

Upon pathogen or insect attack, plants respond with production of a specific blend of the alarm signals salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA), which are recognized as key players in the regulation of the signaling pathways involved. SA and JA responsive genes and SA/JA cross talk were well characterized in dicotyledonous species, but little is known in monocotyledonous plants. Using qRT-PCR, the expression profiles of SA and JA responsive genes were investigated after SA and JA treatments in monocots wheat. The results showed that Glu2 and PR-2 responded almost exclusively to SA, PR-3 and LOX2 responded positively to methyljasmonate (MeJA) treatment, while Lipase and PR-1.1 were induced in response to treatment with SA or MeJA. Furthermore, either by pathogen infection or exogenous application of hormones can activate the antagonistic effect between SA and JA in wheat, which has been well elucidated in dicotyledonous species. The outcomes of SA-JA interactions could be affected by the relative concentration of each hormone. This study shed light on marker genes that can represent SA and JA pathways in wheat and provided some clues for better understanding their interactions in monocot.     

Transgenic expression of a sorghum gene (SbLRR2) encoding a simple extracellular leucine-rich protein enhances resistance against necrotrophic pathogens in Arabidopsis

Plant leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain-containing proteins are known to play important roles in signaling transduction and defense responses. In sorghum, SbLRR2 is pathogen-inducible gene encoding a simple extracellular LRR protein. Here, we demonstrated an earlier and stronger expression of SbLRR2 in a sorghum resistant genotype in comparison to a susceptible genotype following inoculation with the anthracnose pathogen (Colletotrichum sublineolum). In addition, SbLRR2 expression was found to be induced strongly by methyl-jasmonate treatment. Functional analysis was performed in SbLRR2 over-expression (OE) Arabidopsis plants, which showed enhanced resistance against the necrotrophic pathogens Botrytis cinerea and Alternaria brassicicola. In addition, the OE lines were found to have elevated expression of several jasmonate acid (JA)-associated genes and higher endogenous JA contents. Hence, the SbLRR2-mediated defense responses in transgenic Arabidopsis are likely to be dependent on JA-signaling through increased JA production. On the other hand, the OE lines remained susceptible to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato like the wild type plants. Consistently, there was no up-regulation of salicylic acid (SA) defense marker gene expression or SA levels in the OE lines. Our results suggested that SbLRR2 is potentially useful for enhancing resistance against necrotrophic pathogens in transgenic dicot crops.     

Pseudomonas putida BP25 alters root phenotype and triggers salicylic acid signaling as a feedback loop in regulating endophytic colonization in Arabidopsis thaliana

Endophytic Pseudomonas putida BP25 (PpBP25) triggered density dependent alterations on Arabidopsis thaliana Col-0 growth. Endogenous colonization of PpBP25 was found regulated within Arabidopsis that caused induction and repression of 131 and 74 plant genes, respectively. Induced genes like WRKY33, AtRLP19, ATL2, ATEXO70B2, pEARLI, RPS2, CBP60G, PLA2, CRK18, ATFBS1, DREB2A, TIR, RAP2.4, and MOS1 were components of defense and salicylic acid (SA) signaling. Development associated genes were found significantly repressed. Biased activation of phytohormone signaling with their associated fitness costs on plant growth was observed. The data suggests that PpBP25 colonization triggered expression of defense genes that restricted its own population in a feedback loop besides causing altered root phenotype.