Biochemical changes in haemolymph of silkworm larvae due to pyriproxyfen residue

An experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of pyriproxyfen residue on silkworm. The mulberry leaves smeared with 0, 1, 10, 75, 150 and 500 ppm concentrations of pyriproxyfen were fed to silkworm larvae in the 1st day after 4th molting. Some biochemical traits of haemolymph such as glucose, urea, uric acid, cholesterol, total protein, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase were measured. The results showed that in 24 h after using toxic leaves, the amount of these biochemical compounds significantly decreased in most treatments. These compounds after 120 h had different fluctuations and increased in some doses.     

Assessment of loss in yield due to sorghum downy mildew (Peronosclerospora sorghi) of maize in Nigerian guinea savanna

Abstract

The losses in yield due to sorghum downy mildew of maize induced by Peronoscleospora sorghi were assessed from 1982 to 1984 in the epidemic‐prone area of Nigeria. Plots of maize with different downy mildew incidences were obtained by planting seedlots containing different percentages of metalaxyl‐treated seeds. The losses in yield were directly proportional to the incidence of the disease. There was highly significant negative correlation between the incidence of downy mildew and grain yield.     

Dynamics of the IgG3 responses following immunisation of BALB/c mice with somatic and excretory/secretory antigens from various Trichinella species

Comparison of the dynamics and antigen recognition profiles of IgG3 following immunisation with larval crude extracts (LCE) and excretory-secretory (ES) products from muscle larvae of different species of Trichinella (T. spiralis, T. nativa, T. britovi, T. nelsoni and genotype T6) was made in BALB/c mice. High levels of gG3 response were obtained in ELISA following immunisation with LCE from all species with maximum levels achieved between days 59 and 64 post-immunisation (p.i.) and maintained up to the limit of the observation (day 164). Antigen recognition profiles as measured by western-blot showed dense and numerous bands in the range 45-64 kDa that were consistent from week 5th with variation in epitope recognition among the different species. Following immunisation with ES antigens a significant decrease in IgG3 response was observed for all species especially for T. nativa in comparison to LCE. Antigen recognition on ES antigens showed three main bands in the range of 45-60 kDa for all species excepting T. nelsoni and T. britovi where an additional band was also present. These results clearly show that IgG3 epitopes are more abundant in somatic (LCE) than in ES products of Trichinella muscle larvae and that quantitative as well as qualitative variations exist among different species.     

Laboratory selected resistance to diflubenzuron in larvae of aedes aegypti

The variation in tolerance to diflubenzuron [1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(2,6-difluorobenzoyl)urea] was examined in fourth instar larvae of seven strains of Aedes aegypti, some of which were resistant to DDT and permethrin. The difference between the least and the most tolerant to diflubenzuron was approximately two-fold. There was no correlation with resistance to the other insecticides. A DDT-resistant strain (T8) was selected 10 times (during 12 generations) with diflubenzuron. The LC₅₀ to diflubenzuron had increased 3.3 times by the S₈ generation but there was no further increase in later generations despite further selection. Associated with this increase, a marked decrease in resistance to DDT was observed but no change in permethrin tolerance. A genetically enriched strain (Hotchpotch) was synthesised from 35 strains of different geographic origin and crossed to the selected T8 strain before subsequent generations were selected five times with diflubenzuron. This procedure resulted in an 8 to 12-fold increase in the LC₅₀ value over that for unselected T8, accompanied by a decrease in the slope of the log dose against probit mortality line.     

Nerve insensitivity resistance to cypermethrin in larvae of the tobacco budworm Heliothis virescens from USA cotton field populations

Spontaneous neuronal activity was recorded from the peripheral nerves of third-instar larvae of strains of Heliothis virescens (F.) obtained directly from cotton fields in the USA. Following a control period the preparations were exposed to increasing concentrations of cis-cypermethrin in a cumulative dose-response assay. A positive response was defined as an increase of at least five-fold in the rate of neuronal activity over that seen during the control period. Up to 35 individuals of each strain were assayed and the responses used to construct a phenotypic profile categorising the individuals from nerve-susceptible to highly nerve-insensitive. An EC₅₀ for the action of cis-cypermethrin was also obtained. There was a positive, significant correlation between non-synergisable resistance to cypermethrin and nerve insensitivity as defined in the neurophysiological assay. It was shown that nerve insensitivity to cypermethrin increased throughout the cotton-growing season.     

2株感染蠼螋的球孢白僵菌的分离鉴定及对草地贪夜蛾的毒力

对采自玉米田自然罹病蠼螋成虫上的病原菌进行分离培养,结合形态学和rDNA-ITS序列分析,对分离纯化获得的2株病原菌进行生物学特性测定及种类鉴定,并采用浸渍法测定了2株病原菌对草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫的毒力。结果表明,从自然罹病的2头蠼螋分离获得的病原菌均为球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana,编号为YY-1和HNC-1。在25℃下,YY-1和HNC-1菌株在SDAY培养基上菌落直径日增长速率分别为(3.06±0.20)mm/d和(4.57±0.23)mm/d,培养第15天时产孢量分别为(5.20±1.06)×10~7个/cm~2和(1.83±0.47)×10~8个/cm~2。球孢白僵菌YY-1和HNC-1对草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫均具有致病力,其中在1.0×10~8个/mL浓度下第8天草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫累计校正死亡率分别达到83.3%和63.3%,对草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫的LC₅₀为1.56×10~5个/mL和2.11×10~5个/mL,LT₅₀分别为4.23 d和6.12 d。综合以上结果,2株球孢白僵菌对草地贪夜蛾幼虫具有较强的毒力,其中YY...     

防腐剂杀灭光肩星天牛幼虫的初步试验

用四硼酸钠及自行配制的铜铬砷（CCA）、铜铬硼（CCB）防腐剂分别处理被光肩星天牛幼虫蛀食的杨木的试验结果表明：3种防腐剂均能有效杀死光肩星天牛幼虫，其中2．5％-10％的四硼酸钠没有达到完全杀灭的效果；当防腐剂完全渗透木材的情况下，浓度高于1．3％的CCA和2．0％的CCB都能够完全杀死光肩星天牛幼虫。     

The impact of carbofuran on acetylcholinesterase activity in Anisakis simplex larvae from Baltic herring

The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of carbofuran, a carbamate pesticide on the enzymatic activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the larvae of the herring nematode parasite Anisakis simplex. A. simplex larvae collected from herring were exposed to carbofuran in vivo at concentrations of 50, 100, 500 and 1000 μg/l, for 24, 48 and 72 h, at a temperature of 4 °C. Generalized Linear Models (GLM) were applied to analyze the relationship between AChE activity and carbofuran concentration, the time of exposure and the biological parameters of the host. The results indicate that A. simplex larvae have a high threshold of sensitivity to carbofuran. The average enzymatic activity was higher in parasites obtained from male hosts, when compared with female hosts. These data suggest that host sex-dependent biological processes may also influence AChE enzymatic activity in parasites.     

Characterization of virulence reactions for Heterodera avenae populations from two localities in Algeria

Heterodera avenae is widely distributed in areas where most cereal crops are produced in Algeria. However, the virulence of the Algerian populations of this nematode on individual cereal species and cultivars has not been well documented. The virulence of H. avenae populations from Tiaret and from Oued Smar were tested under natural outdoor conditions and in an in vitro test to determine reactions of nine barley, oat and wheat cultivars selected from the International differential assortment for identifying pathotypes of H. avenae. All nine cereal differentials expressed the same reactions to both populations. The nematodes reproduced well on the barley cultivar ‘Emir’ and the wheat cultivar ‘Capa’. Resistant entries included the barley cultivars ‘Siri’, ‘Ortolan’ and ‘Morocco’, the oat cultivars ‘Nidar II’ and ‘A. sterilis I.376’, and the wheat cultivars ‘Loros’ and ‘AUS10894’. This matrix of reactions indicated that H. avenae populations from both locations were characterized as H. avenae Group 1 pathotypes but did not conclusively distinguish among pathotypes Ha21, Ha31 or Ha81. The Cre1 gene was identified as a potentially valuable source of resistance when developing wheat cultivars intended for release into these localities.     

Soft rot of Peruvian carrot due to Erwinia carotovora in Brazil

Peruvian carrot soft rot occurs quite frequently in Minas Gerais State, Brazil, either under field conditions or after harvested roots have been stored. The etiology of the disease was investigated and the disease was found to be induced by Erwinia carotovora. This appears to be the first report of this disease.     

Reduction in biological efficacy of ethoprophos in a soil from Greece due to enhanced biodegradation: comparing bioassay with laboratory incubation data

Soils were collected from a potato-growing area in Serres, Northern Greece, where the nematicide ethoprophos was reported to have lost its effectiveness against cyst nematodes following 30 years of regular use. Incubation studies with ethoprophos and two bioassays using root-knot nematodes demonstrated that, in this heavily treated soil, the nematicide was degraded rapidly and nematicidal activity persisted only up to 14 days. In soil from an adjacent field with no known history of nematicide use during the preceding 14 years, ethoprophos was degraded more slowly and retained its nematicidal activity for more than 35 days. Ethoprophos efficacy was extended when the soil that had been treated in the field was autoclaved, although the effect was only transitory. The addition of ‘pre-conditioned’ soil from the previously treated field to samples of soil from the previously untreated field resulted in a significant acceleration of ethoprophos degradation compared with that observed in unamended soil from the previously untreated field. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

青杨天牛幼虫响应低氧胁迫的转录组分析

为探究青杨天牛Saperda populnea幼虫低氧适应的分子机制,分别对青杨天牛幼虫进行常氧（21%氧浓度）、中度缺氧（14%氧浓度）和重度缺氧（7%氧浓度）处理,采用高通量测序技术对低氧胁迫下青杨天牛进行转录组测序与组装、功能注释与分类、差异基因筛选与分析,采用实时荧光定量PCR（quantitative real-time PCR,qPCR）技术对转录组测序结果进行验证。结果表明,与常氧处理相比,14%和7%氧浓度处理下青杨天牛幼虫显著差异表达基因数分别为31个和1 525个。低氧胁迫后青杨天牛幼虫的显著差异表达基因功能主要富集到跨膜转运蛋白活性、细胞或亚细胞组分运动、微管运动等。低氧胁迫后青杨天牛幼虫差异表达基因代谢通路主要富集到氮代谢、蛋白质消化吸收、昼夜节律和环磷酸腺苷（cyclic adenosine monophosphate,cAMP）信号通路等。qPCR检测结果与转录组测序结果一致,表明转录组测序结果可靠。     

Contribution to the knowledge of aerobic processes in Taenia crassiceps larvae (Zeder, 1800)

Respiration of homogenates and isolated mitochondria of T. crassiceps larvae was measured. Respiration (about 70%) could be inhibited by cyanide, indicating that an important part is played by classical respiratory chain. When succinate was used as substrate, relatively low respiratory rates were measured, mitochondria showing higher affinity to NADH. Above a half of respiratory rate remained unchanged even at very low oxygen concentrations. Fumarate exhibited inhibitory activity on respiration of T. crassiceps mitochondria. Respiration in which NADH was used as substrate was twice as much more sensitive to inhibition by fumarate than respiration stimulated by succinate.     

Predicting yield loss due to interference from two weed species using early observations of relative weed leaf area

Experiments were conducted on linseed ( Linum usiãissimum L.) and autumn-sown field bean ( Vicia faha L.) to test how well the relative leaf area-based yield loss prediction model of Kropff & Spitters could estimate yield loss due to interference from Stellaria media L. (common chick-weed) or barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) alone or a combination of both S. media and barley . Damage coefficients were calculated for all comparisons. Generally, the model provided a better estimate of yield loss due to interference from barley than from S. media because of both the variability in crop yield response stemming from S. media's plasticity and the generally minor crop yield response to S. media interference. The addition to the model of a parameter accounting for asymptotic yield loss was, generally, not warranted for either S. media or barley in the single-weed species data sets. When both S. media and barley were present as weed species in the crop, the model that fitted the data best for six out of 10 data sets was the one in which a separate damage coefficient was included for both species. There was no evidence that the presence of S. media influenced damage coefficient values for barley. However, in the presence of barley a parameter accounting for asymptotic yield loss was warranted for S. media in the two-weed species model. The combination of the addition of this parameter and the presence or barley affected the values of the damage coefficients for S. media in the two-weed species compared with the single-weed species models. Consequently, it was shown for these two weed species that two-weed species yield loss prediction models parameterized using data from single-weed species experiments generally resulted in different estimates of yield loss in comparison with models parameterized using data from two-weed species experiments.     

狭叶菖蒲乙醇提取物对棉铃虫卵和幼虫的生物活性

为筛选安全高效的棉铃虫防治药剂,选用狭叶菖蒲Acorus calamus var.angustatus乙醇提取物对棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera卵和幼虫的触杀活性、胃毒作用、拒食效果和生长抑制作用进行了测定,同时以0.5%藜芦碱为药剂对照,对比分析狭叶菖蒲提取物的杀虫效果。结果表明,狭叶菖蒲乙醇提取物对棉铃虫3龄幼虫有显著的触杀、胃毒、拒食和生长抑制活性以及杀卵效果,且生物活性随浓度升高和处理时间延长而增加;狭叶菖蒲提取物对棉铃虫触杀活性、胃毒活性、杀卵活性的致死中浓度LC_(50)分别为20.50、19.26和31.39 mg/m L,对棉铃虫生长抑制中浓度EC_(50)和拒食中浓度AFC_(50)分别为7.15、10.43 mg/m L;0.5%藜芦碱药剂对棉铃虫触杀活性、胃毒活性和杀卵活性LC_(50)分别为12.19、16.90和29.87 mg/m L,对棉铃虫EC_(50)和AFC_(50)分别为3.99、8.32 mg/m L,均低于菖蒲根茎提取物。气相色谱-质谱分析结果显示,狭叶菖蒲乙醇提取物主要成分为α-细辛醚、β-细辛醚、菖蒲酮和白千层醇。表明狭叶菖蒲乙醇提取物有开发为新型植物源农药的潜力。