魔芋辐照接枝丙烯酸及其产物吸水性能的研究

研究了魔芋-丙烯酸辐照接枝共聚条件及产物的吸水性能,结果表明接枝最佳配方为:魔芋粉∶丙烯酸∶NaOH(9.5mol/L)∶水=3g∶21ml∶17.8ml∶131ml。丙烯酸与魔芋粉配比为7∶1(体积质量比);丙烯酸中和度55%;辐照后胶体最佳烘干温度30℃,该温度下40~80目颗粒吸水倍数较大,常温120min时达最大吸水866.5倍。温度对产物吸水和胶体保水有一定影响,以60℃以下为宜。pH对产物吸水倍数影响明显,但不及离子浓度对产物吸水倍数的影响大。     

壳聚糖电离辐射降解的研究

利用60 Coγ射线辐照技术 ,研究了壳聚糖辐射降解后产物分子量、粘度、微量元素与辐照剂量之间的关系。结果表明 ,1 0～ 45 0kGy的辐照剂量可以使壳聚糖的相对分子量由 8 2× 1 0 5降至 1 0× 1 0 3 左右 ,降解效果明显 ,最适辐照降解剂量为 47 75kGy ;经 1 0～ 45 0kGy剂量辐照 ,壳聚糖粘度减小 ,分子量和粘度均随辐照剂量的增大而降低。     

60CO-g辐照接枝魔芋-丙烯酸-尿素及产物结构分析

将魔芋葡甘聚糖（KGM）、丙烯酸、尿素同时进行60CO-g辐照接枝,制备丙烯酸-尿素-魔芋葡甘聚糖聚合物,并利用红外光谱、扫描电镜、透射电镜、差示扫描量热仪和元素分析技术对聚合产物结构和性能进行了分析。结果表明,尿素的最佳反应量为每3 g魔芋粉7.5 g,此时产物氮质量含量为8%,吸收自来水的倍数达146倍,植物有效水质量含量为99.73%。结构分析说明,KGM与丙烯酸接枝聚合物构成产物基质,形成孔结构,尿素及其衍生物为突起附着在孔结构上,尿素与KGM未发生接枝反应。溶液态产物具有KGM-丙烯酸接枝物的凝     

~(60)Co γ射线辐照淀粉接枝丙烯酸制备高吸水树脂

利用60Coγ射线辐照引发淀粉接枝丙烯酸合成高吸水树脂,探讨糊化温度、丙烯酸中和度、辐照剂量、丙烯酸用量和交联剂用量等因素对吸水树脂吸水率的影响。正交试验结果表明,制备树脂较好的工艺条件为:淀粉3g,初始加入蒸馏水21ml,90℃下糊化15min,丙烯酸中和度80%,丙烯酸与淀粉的比例(V/W)为3:1,0.9%的N,N,-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺0.5ml,辐照处理3kGy,真空干燥温度60℃。在上述条件下制备的树脂可吸蒸馏水766ml/g,吸自来水278ml/g,吸0.9%NaCl水溶液64ml/g。     

微波辅助合成壳聚糖基高吸水性树脂

在水溶性引发剂过硫酸钾(KDS)的引发下,用微波辐照使丙烯酸在壳聚糖分子链上接枝聚合,并加入N,N’-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺进行适度交联,制备高吸水性树脂。利用FT-IR对产物结构进行定性表征,结果表明,丙烯酸在壳聚糖的分子链上发生了接枝聚合反应。研究了反应条件对产物吸液性能的影响,并通过正交试验对工艺条件进行优化。在最佳条件下合成产物的吸水倍率为815.0g/g,吸生理盐水倍率为72.2g/g,吸人工尿液倍率为67.5g/g。在微波作用下产物合成速率是传统方法的数十倍,吸液性能明显高于后者,且操作条件容易控制,后处理步骤明显简化,无污染,是一种高效的清洁生产工艺。     

扶芳藤种子与枝条的~(60)Coγ辐射效应

用60Coγ射线辐射扶芳藤干种子和枝条,结果表明,种子辐照后其发芽率、出苗率和存苗率均受到抑制,与辐射剂量呈极显著负相关。辐照处理后第1真叶期明显晚于对照,并且植株生长随剂量增大变缓慢。种子的半致死剂量为128.56Gy。枝条辐射后插穗生根的数量和长度与剂量呈极显著负相关,枝条的半致死剂量为95.54Gy。     

生姜辐照抑制发芽贮藏工艺研究

本研究结果表明 ,生姜辐照抑制发芽的最适辐射剂量为 0 0 8～ 0 40kGy,最高耐受剂量为 0 40kGy。辐照时要保证产品的吸收剂量不均匀度≤ 1 5。适宜剂量的辐照处理与聚乙烯蔬菜专用保鲜膜包装相结合能够实现生姜在常温下的中长期贮藏 ,贮藏 1 2 0d保鲜率可达到 90 %以上。在 0 0 8～ 0 2 5kGy的辐照剂量范围内 ,不会引起生姜维生素C和钙质含量的损失。     

淀粉接枝聚丙烯酸钠高吸水树脂的电子束法制备及结构表征

本文将电子束辐照技术和功能材料制备技术相结合,采用10 Me V电子束辐照法引发糊化的木薯淀粉与部分中和的丙烯酸单体进行接枝共聚反应,并采用N,N’-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为交联剂,制备出一种淀粉接枝聚丙烯酸钠系高吸水树脂,并通过红外光谱(FTIR)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)技术对木薯淀粉和共聚产物的官能团结构和表面形态进行验证。采用正交试验设计方法分析单体/淀粉比、辐照剂量、交联剂/单体比以及单体中和度对该反应接枝参数以及吸水性能的影响,4种因素的变化均可引起共聚产物的吸水能力变化,影响显著性次序为:单体中和度单体/淀粉比交联剂/单体比辐照剂量。获得最佳吸水性能的反应条件为:AA/St=3.5 g·g-1,MBA/AA=5 mmol·mol-1,辐照剂量D=6k Gy,中和度为70%,上述条件下获得共聚产物的吸水倍数为435 g·g-1。本文为采用电子束法制备高吸水材料提供了科学依据与技术支持。     

辐照水稻秸秆制备吸水性树脂的研究

本研究利用60Co-γ射线辐照进行引发水稻秸秆接枝共聚,采用红外光谱(FTIR)和X射线粉末衍射(XRD)对水稻秸秆、预处理水稻秸秆、接枝共聚物进行结构表征分析,探讨了水稻秸秆预处理方法、辐照剂量、引发剂用量、单体配比对接枝共聚物的吸水倍率和吸盐水倍率的影响。结果表明:9%Na OH+6%Urea(尿素)水溶液处理后的秸秆纤维素,在辐照剂量为4.5k Gy、单体配比为1∶15、交联剂用量为1.5%时可以达到463倍的吸水倍率和125倍的吸生理盐水倍率。该方法克服了传统方法污染重、能耗高、保水性差等难题,合成出的高吸水性树脂可适用于农业方面的保水剂、肥料控释剂。同进,合理开发利用农作物秸秆,可降低秸秆焚烧对环境的污染。     

一次性手术敷料包辐射消毒灭菌后在亚热带地区使用效果

本文主要介绍野战一次性手术敷料包辐照灭菌及其使用效果。结果表明:经60_(Co)γ射线10—50kGy不同剂量辐照后,置于亚热带环境条件下观察、应用时,消毒彻底可靠,使用安全,无不良反应。条件致病茵与乙型肝炎病毒辐射消毒灭茵的安全剂量为9.2—50.0kGy。     

不同类型保水剂性能及其对玉米生长效应的比较

为了比较各类保水剂在同等条件下的性能和应用效果差异,促进保水剂在抗旱节水中的合理应用。本文对国内聚丙烯酸钠、淀粉接枝丙烯酸钠、凹凸棒（无机）/聚丙烯酸钠（有机）、腐殖酸/聚丙烯酸钾4种主要类型农用保水剂进行性能测定,比较其吸水倍率、吸水速率、抗离子特性、pH值、反复吸水性等性能的差异。结果表明,不同类型保水剂的性能差异较大,单一性保水剂聚丙烯酸盐在吸水倍率、吸水速率和保水性等方面表现最好,但反复吸水时吸水率降低较快;淀粉接枝丙烯酸钠第7次吸水时已丧失吸水性;复合型保水剂凹凸棒/聚丙烯酸钠、腐殖酸/聚丙烯酸钾抗二价（Ca^2＋,Mg^2＋）和三价（Fe^3＋）离子特性明显,反复吸水性能好;盆栽玉米实验证明,复合型保水剂及其与菌根配比使用能显著促进玉米生长。     

聚丙烯酸钠农用高吸水树脂的辐射制备与性能测试

本文提出了一种特殊的丙烯酸 (钠 )水溶液辐射聚合方法制备高吸水树脂 :丙烯酸水溶液与有机溶剂形成稳定的O W乳化体系 ,将该乳化体系按常规方式进行辐射聚合。小试结果表明 ,该聚合方式具有工艺简单、生产成本低、利于规模化生产等优点 ,克服了单纯水溶液聚合反应热难以排除、干燥十分困难的缺点。在常温常压下 ,该树脂可吸蒸馏水 1 2 0 0ml g,吸自来水 5 60ml g,吸 0 9%NaCl水溶液 1 2 0ml g ;且吸液速度快 ,1min内可达饱和吸水量 ;压力及常温下常压且保水性能优良 ;完全能够满足农业抗旱保水的需要。     

Manufacture of fermentable sugar solutions from sugar cane bagasse hydrolyzed with phosphoric acid at atmospheric pressure

Sugar cane bagasse, a renewable and cheap bioresource, was hydrolyzed at 100 degrees C using phosphoric acid at different concentrations (2, 4, or 6%) and reaction times (0-300 min) to obtain fermentable sugar solutions, which have a high concentration of sugars (carbon source for microorganism growth) and a low concentration of growth inhibitors (acetic acid and furfural). Xylose, glucose, arabinose, acetic acid, and furfural were determined following the hydrolysis. Kinetic parameters of mathematical models for predicting these compounds in the hydrolysates were obtained. Derived parameters such as efficiency of hydrolysis or purity of hydrolysates were considered to select as optimal conditions 6% phosphoric acid at 100 degrees C for 300 min. Using these conditions, 21.4 g of sugars L(-)(1) and <4 g of inhibitors L(-)(1) were obtained from the hydrolysis with a water/solid ratio of 8 g of water g(-)(1) of sugar cane bagasse on a dry basis.     

Effects of Extrusion Variables and Chemicals on the Properties of Starch-Based Binders and Processing Conditions

The effects of extrusion variables (moisture, screw speed, and temperature) and chemicals (urea and sodium bicarbonate) on the properties of starch-based binders (water absorption, bulk density, binder yield, expansion ratio, solubility, pH) and processing conditions (die temperature and pressure, feed rate, and specific mechanical energy) were studied using a central composite design. All quadratic regression models, except the models for bulk density and pH, were significant at the P ≤ 0.06 level. These models can predict the binder properties and processing conditions when extrusion variables and the chemical concentrations are known. Optimum combinations of the chemical concentrations (g/100 g of starch) and extrusion variables to achieve high water absorption in the binders were 15–20 g of urea /100 g of starch, 0–4 g of sodium bicarbonate/100 g of starch, 35–40 g of moisture/100 g of starch, 100–120 rpm screw speed, and 185–215°C barrel temperature. The molecular degradation of the starch occurred during extrusion, especially when the moisture content of starch was <30 g/100 g of starch.     

土壤保水扩蓄剂的制备及其性能研究

研究了淀粉与丙烯酰胺接枝共聚反应制备土壤保水剂的工艺,并对其吸水、保水性能进行了考察。最佳合成条件是:在淀粉与丙烯酰胺的质量比为3∶1、氢氧化钠为丙烯酰胺质量的75%、硝酸铈铵的浓度为5mmol/L、交联剂N,N′-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺与丙烯酰胺的质量比为0.2%、反应温度控制在(60±2)℃的条件下,制得的保水扩蓄剂吸水率可以达到750g水/g。进一步试验表明,该聚合物具有提高土壤持水性和蓄水性、有效抑制土壤蒸发的功能。     

小麦秸秆纤维素均相醚化制备羧甲基纤维素工艺优化

为了利用小麦秸秆通过均相反应制备羧甲基纤维素(CMC,carboxymethyl cellulose),采用氢氧化钠和过氧化氢回流加热法制备小麦秸秆纤维素。以加入氧化锌的氢氧化钠/尿素/硫脲体系为溶剂,采用冻融循环法溶解小麦秸秆纤维素,利用正交试验获得了该溶解体系的最佳组成。在溶解了小麦秸秆纤维素的氢氧化钠/尿素/硫脲/氧化锌的体系中,以氯乙酸钠为醚化剂制备CMC,并对其进行红外光谱分析和取代度(degree of substitution,DS)测定。结果表明:在固液比为1∶20 g/mL,质量分数为10%NaOH,反应温度为85℃,回流3.5 h和固液比为1∶30 g/m L,质量分数为3%H_2O_2,反应温度为85℃,回流3 h处理小麦秸秆,纤维素提取率最高为84.61%,同时能较好的脱除半纤维素和木质素;最佳溶解体系为:质量分数为7%NaOH,11%硫脲,5%尿素,0.05%氧化锌,0℃时,最大溶解度为2.880 1 g。红外光谱试验表明小麦秸秆纤维素与微晶纤维素特征吸收峰基本一致,醚化反应生成的CMC与商品CMC的特征吸收峰基本一致。CMC的取代度受纤维素用量、温度和氯乙酸钠与纤维素葡萄糖单元(AGU,anhydroglucose unit)的摩尔比影响,随纤维素用量和氯乙酸钠与纤维素AGU的摩尔比增大而提高,随醚化温度的增加先增大(55℃)后降低。研究结果为以小麦秸秆为原料,经NaOH和H_2O_2处理获得纤维素,溶解在加入氧化锌的氢氧化钠/尿素/硫脲体系中,与氯乙酸钠经过均相醚化反应合成取代度较高的CMC提供参考。     

Optimization of the Adsorption Conditions for the Decolorization and COD Reduction of Methylene Blue Aqueous Solution using Low-Cost Adsorbent

The performance of raw bagasse (RB), and tartaric acid-modified bagasse (TAMB) as adsorbents on decolorization and chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction of methylene blue (MB) aqueous solution was studied. The effects of five factors namely: adsorbent dosage, pH, shaking speed, contact time, and temperature on decolorization and COD reduction were studied and optimized using central composite design (CCD). The results of the analysis show that all selected factors exhibit significant effect on decolorization and COD reduction. Maximum decolorization (78.16%) and COD reduction (77.95%) for RB was achieved at 0.82 g of adsorbent dosage, pH 9.4, 122 rpm of shaking speed, 44 min of contact time, and 55°C. For TAMB, maximum decolorization (99.05%) and COD reduction (98.45%) was achieved at 0.78 g adsorbent dosage, pH 9.4, shaking speed of 120 rpm, 34 min contact time, and 49°C. TAMB was found to be more effective than RB in decolorization and COD reduction of MB aqueous solution.     

Graft polymerization of native chicken feathers for thermoplastic applications

Inexpensive and biodegradable thermoplastics were developed through graft polymerization of native chicken feather with methyl acrylate as a potential substitute for petroleum products. Poultry feathers are available in large quantities at a low price. However, natural chicken feathers have poor thermoplasticity, cannot be used to develop thermoplastic products, have very limited industrial applications, and are often considered as solid wastes. In this research, the effects of graft polymerization conditions, such as molar ratio of NaHSO(3) to K(2)S(2)O(8), initiator and monomer concentrations, pH, temperature and time of polymerization, on grafting parameters, that is, the conversion of monomer to polymer, grafting percentage, and grafting efficiency were evaluated. Methyl acrylate was found to be successfully grafted onto functional groups on the surfaces of the chicken feathers, and optimal graft polymerization conditions were also obtained. The feather-g-poly(methyl acrylate) developed showed good thermoplasticity, and feather films had substantially higher tensile properties than soy protein isolate and starch acetate films.     

适宜喷播基质的保水材料制备及其应用效果

喷播基质是矿山边坡植被修复的重要材料，但受降雨冲刷后易产生水肥流失问题。以增强喷播基质水肥保持能力为目的，制备以菌糠、醋酸乙烯酯和丙烯酸为原料的保水材料，通过模拟降雨冲刷方法研究其对喷播基质改良的保水保肥和植物修复影响。结果表明：m(菌糠)/m(丙烯酸)为1/3、中和度为80%、交联剂用量为0.09 g、引发剂用量为0.36 g、醋酸乙烯酯用量为6 mL时保水材料在蒸馏水中吸水倍率为123.94 g/g,在0.9%的氯化钠溶液中吸水倍率为84.36 g/g。该保水材料可显著提升喷播基质的抗冲刷性和植物修复效果，且纤维可增强保水材料的效果。在冲刷-蒸发循环中降低18.57%的径流量，延长初始产流时间；使硝态氮、铵态氮、总磷的流失量分别降低15.89%,56.52%,58.21%;黑麦草出芽率、存活率、干重分别增加76.19%,48.45%,33.33%;黑麦草全氮、全磷、全钾含量分别提高77.48%,33.33%,60.66%;根际喷播基质较对照的含水量提高30.50%。研究结果为解决喷播基质修复矿山边坡时的水肥流失问题提供理论依据。