植物叶片悬浮培养的研究

对于植物为适应胁迫环境的生理变化及其适应胁迫环境能力的研究是近年来的热点问题。渗透调节机制是植物适应胁迫环境的主要生理机制,其中植物叶片细胞渗透势的测定与研究是确定植物渗透调节能力的关键。本研究以拟南芥、柠条、落叶松为研究对象,经过梯度浓度蔗糖溶液培养,以质壁分离现象的发生为标准测定植物叶片细胞渗透势。通过显微镜观察发现,拟南芥、柠条、落叶松叶片细胞等渗浓度分别为0.375、0.575、0.825 mol/L（蔗糖溶液）。计算得出,拟南芥、柠条、落叶松叶片细胞渗透势分别为-921.3、-1 412.66、-2 026.86 kPa。对南芥、柠条、落叶松等植物叶片细胞渗透势的测定,有利于提高植物组织培养效率、提高植物植物存活率。同时,为植物渗透调节机制的研究、优良品种的选育提供理论依据。     

盐胁迫下4种耐盐植物渗透调节物质积累的比较

为探索不同类型耐盐植物在盐胁迫下体内渗透调节机制,以沙柳、沙枣、柽柳和西伯利亚白刺为研究材料,研究了不同盐浓度(0、100、200、300 mmol·L^-1NaCl)处理下4种耐盐植物体内无机离子和有机溶质含量的变化,比较了其在植物渗透调节中的作用。结果表明:(1)盐处理后4种植物体内Na⁺、Cl^-含量均上升,K⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺离子含量呈下降趋势;(2)稀盐型盐生植物白刺与泌盐型盐生植物柽柳以Na⁺为主要无机渗透调节物质,拒盐型耐盐植物沙枣与沙柳以K⁺为主要无机渗透调节物质;(3)可溶性糖是4种植物盐胁迫下共同的有机渗透调节物质,对沙柳和沙枣尤为重要;在高盐浓度(≥ 200 mmol·L^-1NaCl)下,脯氨酸是沙枣叶片中重要的有机渗透调节剂;白刺叶片中甜菜碱含量随盐浓度升高明显增加,对提高白刺耐盐能力具有重要作用。4种不同类型耐盐植物在盐渍环境胁迫下所积累的渗透调节物质种类与数量差异明显,渗透调节方式与耐盐机制不同。     

植物耐盐机理与耐盐植物选育研究进展*

文中结合对植物耐盐生理基础的讨论，综述了耐盐植物，尤其是耐盐树木的选育研究进展。植物对盐分胁迫的反应和适应是一个复杂的生理过程，既有蛋白质、核酸、碳水化合物等结构和能量物质的代谢，还有酶、激素等生长调节物质的合成与激话。在这一系列的反应过程中包含着离子交换与逆向运输，信号刺激与传递．基因活化与合成，其中渗透调节起着关键作用；在渗透调节过程中，离子如K^ 、Ca^2 等在浓度和时空上的变化对渗透调节的启动，调节速率和调节能力都有着重要作用。此外，脯氨酸、脯氨酸甜菜碱、甘氨酸甜菜碱等作为可配伍溶质在调节渗透势变化、整合盐分离子方面有着无可代替的作用。Ca^2 |作为第二信使的一个重要组成部分．在胁迫信号传递方面的功能正受到日益重视。激素如ABA在渗透调节和胁迫基因的诱导方面发挥了重要作用。胁迫基因目前主要是指渗透调节基因。首先在细菌中被发现，后来在高等植物中也相继分离克隆出来。有许多不同的方法用来选育耐盐植物，包括选、引、育等常规育种方法和基因工程，突变体育种等生物工程方法。它们各有特点．都发挥了各自的作用。对植物耐盐机理有限的认识以及高等植物结构与功能的高度复杂性制约着耐盐植物选育工作的进展。     

植物盐胁迫适应机制研究进展

综述植物对盐胁迫的适应机制,包括提高抗氧化酶系统的活性、调节激素含量、离子区域化、离子选择性吸收、拒盐作用及合成渗透调节物质.目前植物盐胁迫适应机制的研究取得了一定进展,但在分子水平上仍有待于进一步深入.以现有研究为基础,利用分子生物学研究技术、基因工程技术和突变体筛选是根本解决植物抗盐性问题的重要途径和方法.     

红树植物体内元素分布特点与抗盐机理

对福建九龙江口的秋茄、白骨壤、桐花树、海南东寨港的海莲及广西英罗湾的红海榄5种红树植物各器官K、Na、Ca、Mg和Cl等元素的分布特征进行了研究，并与陆生植物福建武夷山的甜槠进行比较。结果表明：(1)红树植物体内存在一有效的盐分重新分配机制，各器官之间盐分含量差别较大，而甜槠植物体内Na分布相对比较均匀；(2)这5种红树植物主要是通过积累盐分来抵御生境高盐引起的渗透胁迫；(3)根系拒盐是所有红树植物最重要的排盐机制，在满足细胞渗透调节的前提下。保持地上部分器官较低的盐分浓度是所有红树植物的共同特点；(4)拒盐红树植物(秋茄、海莲和红海榄)与泌盐红树植物(桐花树和白骨壤)除根系排盐效率上有所差别外，在植物体各器官元素积累及分配方面，没有明显的差异。     

植物抗渗透胁迫及其与脯氨酸的关系

诱发渗透胁迫是严重影响植物生长和分布的重要因素,在胁迫条件下植物体内会发生一系列的适应性变化。而脯氨酸是植物体内最重要的渗透调节物质之一,其主动积累对抵消或减弱渗透胁迫对植物体的伤害具有重要意义。     

喀斯特石漠化地区植物对干旱胁迫的适应性研究进展

喀斯特石漠化地区复杂的人类活动和特殊的地上与地下二元结构水文系统以及碳酸岩丰富的节理裂隙导致了土壤水分渗漏强烈,地表干旱缺水,临时性干旱严重,使该区植物普遍遭受干旱胁迫,影响植物的生长与发育。文中通过综述干旱胁迫对喀斯特地区植物的影响,从植物形态特征、光合作用、渗透调节物质和抗氧化酶系统等方面分析植物应对干旱胁迫的机理机制,得出喀斯特地区植物一般具有发达的叶片表皮毛、较厚的角质层、强壮发达的根系特征并通过叶片的气孔调节应对干旱。此外,植物体通过积累脯氨酸、可溶性糖等渗透调节物质,增强抗氧化酶系统的活性来抗旱。提出通过抗旱锻炼、矿质肥料、化学和微生物调控以及抗旱品种的选育等途径来提高植物的抗旱性。建议今后的研究应加强模拟实验与野外验证实验相结合、分析植物对多种逆境的交叉响应,综合分析生长生理生态基因等特征,建立符合当地植物的抗旱评价体系,以及研究喀斯特和非喀斯特环境中植物对干旱胁迫适应的差异性来分析植物对干旱胁迫适应的机理机制,以期为深入研究喀斯特石漠化地区植物的抗旱性能提供参考,并为植被恢复及物种选择提供支持。     

甜菜碱在植物抗渗透胁迫中的功能及其作用机制

在渗透胁迫条件下，甜菜碱是高等植物中最主要的代谢积累产物之一，可以维持细胞的正常膨压，使许多代谢中的重要酶类保持活性。本文主要讨论甜菜碱的生理功能、作用机制及其在植物抗渗透胁迫基因工程中的应用。     

植物低温胁迫响应及研究方法探析

在低温胁迫的影响下,植物体内的生物膜组成、基质以及各类生命活动反应都发生着剧烈的变化,因此,无论是植物领域,还是农作物领域,都需要重视低温胁迫对植物在的危害。基于此,从植物的形态特征、渗透调节物质等方面研究了植物对低温胁迫的反应机制,分析了鉴定植物抗寒性强弱的方法。从植物低温锻炼、化学诱导的调控作用、基因工程等方面提出了提高植物抗低温能力的方法,并展望了未来的研究方向。     

胡杨耐盐分子机制研究进展

胡杨耐盐机制的研究涉及植物生理、生化及分子生物学等方面。本文对胡杨耐盐分子机理方面的研究进行了综述,探究了胡杨cDNA基因文库的构建,渗透调节物质,盐离子代谢,以及膜系统稳定性等对耐盐所起的作用。阐述了胡杨耐盐研究的重要性及意义。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.