A mechanism of excessive accumulation of abomasal gas in vagotomized cattle determined using fluoroscopy

To better understand the mechanism of excessive gas accumulation in the abomasum in bovine abomasal displacement, we performed gastric fluoroscopy in vagotomized cattle. Fifteen 6-month-old Holstein steers were divided into three groups: a non-vagotomized control group (Group C; n=5), a ventral thoraco-vagotomized group (Group V; n=5), and a dorsal and ventral thoraco-vagotomized group (Group DV; n=5). These groups were examined by fluoroscopy before and during a 5-week observation period after surgery. In Group C, no change was observed throughout the observation period. In Group DV, immediately after surgery, reticuloruminal motility was completely absent and ruminal distention was seen. Two weeks after surgery, abnormal reticulum motility and increased gas accumulation in the abomasal body were noted. Abomasal dilatation was also observed. In Group V, 1 week after surgery, gas inflow into the abomasum and relatively normal reticulum motility were observed along with a rapid increase in abomasal gas. Abomasal dilatation was also observed. In addition, left-displaced abomasum occurred in one of the steers in this group. From these results, we concluded that one of the mechanisms of excessive gas accumulation in the abomasum is reticulum-mediated gas inflow from the rumen combined with vagotomy-induced hypomotility.     

Exchanges of magnesium and phosphorus at different sites in the ruminant stomach

Three ruminating calves were each provided with a rumen cannula (from which reticulum samples could be obtained), an abomasal cannula and a sleeve sutured at the omasal-abomasal orifice that permitted digesta flowing from the omasum to be diverted and collected. The calves were each given in turn a high roughage (HR) and high concentrate (HC) diet consisting mainly of dried grass and flaked maize in the proportions by weight of 3:2 and 1:2 respectively. A water soluble non-absorbable marker (polyethylene glycol) and a particulate marker (103Ru-phenanthroline complex) were also given and the diets were sometimes supplemented with MgSO4. For each diet (HR(O), HR(Mg), HC(O), HC(Mg)) samples were taken from the reticulum and omasal outflow. Magnesium, phosphorus, PEG and 103Ru were measured in the samples as taken and liquid-rich and solid-rich fractions prepared from them. From their distributions relative to the two markers, Mg and P flows into and out of the omasum were estimated. Results were too few to show significant differences in absorption efficiency between diets but overall approximately 10-40% of the Mg entering the omasum was absorbed as a net effect implying that this organ may be the major site of Mg absorption in young cattle. For P also substantial amounts entering the omasum (approximately 10-40%) were absorbed in that organ.     

黄牛胃肠水结治验

黄牛胃肠水结多发于春末夏初,因牛炎热空腹过度饮冷所致.笔者共治疗该病99例,其中包括中途接治32例,死亡7例,其余全部治愈,收到较好效果.     

利用体外产气法评定反刍动物饲料的营养价值

本试验利用体外产气法评定反刍动物饲料的营养价值.对花生藤、木薯渣、柠檬酸渣和甜叶菊渣4种原料进行体外发酵试验.通过测定各种原料的24 h累计产气量、干物质(DM)降解率和细菌氮含量来评定其对反刍动物的营养价值.试验结果表明,2 g花生藤、木薯渣、柠檬酸渣和甜叶菊渣样品的24 h累计产气量分别为93.50、106.25、117.25 mL和54.33 mL;DM降解率分别为34.76%、48.34%、24.66%和33.63%;细菌氯含量分别为1.48、1.10、1.54mol/(g·mL)和1.59 mol/(g·mL).总体来看,这几种饲料可以作为反刍动物的新型饲料资源加以推广利用,而且用体外产气法评定反刍动物饲料的营养价值是可行的.     

Fuel homeostasis in the ruminant

Sufficient amounts of energy are stored in the animal body to support its needs during periods when dietary intake does not meet energy requirements. To be utilized, these energy reserves must be converted to compounds appropriate for oxidation at the cellular level. In addition, energy supplies must be transferred from storage sites to sites of utilization. The biochemical pathways of oxidation provide not only a means of deriving energy from carbon compounds, but also a means of transferring carbons from one type of energy source to another. The transfer of carbons between carbohydrates, lipids, ketone bodies, and proteins is regulated by endocrine and substrate effects. Regulation of this activity constitutes fuel homeostasis. Breakdowns in these homeostatic mechanisms result in metabolic disease.     

酶制剂在反刍动物中的应用

在畜牧业生产中,酶制剂被广泛用来消除或降低饲料中抗营养因子的作用,促进饲料营养物质消化及补充家禽消化道内源酶活力的不足,但酶制剂在反刍动物养殖业中的应用并不广泛。近年来,随着酶制剂生产成本的降低和对组分的进一步了解,其应用范围正逐渐扩大,对其作用机理的认识也逐步深化。1反刍动物酶制剂的来源尽管当前市场上销售的酶制剂有几百种之多,但它们主要来源于枯草杆菌(Bacillussub鄄tilis)、嗜酸性乳杆菌(Lactobacillusacidophilus)、胚芽乳杆菌(Lplantarum)、粪链球菌(Streptococcusfaecium)和米曲霉(Aspergillusoryzae)、黑氏木…     

Variation in immunogenicity of ruminant pestiviruses as determined by the neutralisation assay

Immunogenicity in naive three-month-old Friesian bull calves of nine ruminant pestiviruses, three each of type 1 bovine virus diarrhoea virus (BVDV), type 2 BVDV and border disease virus (BDV) was directly compared in reciprocal cross-neutralisation tests using sera obtained eight weeks after intranasal and intravenous inoculation with live virus. Cytopathic (CP) type 1 BVDV strain C86, non-cytopathic (NCP) type 2 BVDV strain 890 and NCP BDV strain V2536/2 were found to elicit significantly broad cross-neutralising antibodies against viruses in other species whereas other virus strains in all three species produced a much more pronounced homologous and/or species specific response. Results are clearly relevant in the selection of strains for vaccines against diseases caused by these successful, economically important ubiquitous viruses.     

Micro-parasites of the ruminant abomasum

Abstract

CASE HISTORY: Nodular lesions were found on the skin of two immature brown kiwi (Apteryx mantelli) less than 6 months of age living freely on Ponui Island off the North Island of New Zealand. The lesions were observed during routine external examination undertaken as a part of the management of other research projects, one in 2006 and the other in 2011. Apart from the skin lesions, both birds showed no signs of illness and the lesions resolved spontaneously over a 2-month period.

PATHOLOGICAL FINDINGS: The first case showed several 3-mm diameter firm, brown nodules located on the skin below the hock of both legs. The second case had a single multinodular mass that measured 7×20 mm, on the base of the bill. A portion of the mass and scab samples were collected for diagnosis. Histological examination of the nodules revealed severe ballooning degeneration of keratinocytes and epithelial hyperplasia. Round eosinophilic structures resembling avipoxvirus (APV) intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies (Bollinger bodies) were observed in the layers of keratinocytes. In deeper layers of the epidermis, there was evidence of secondary bacterial growth and inflammation.

DIAGNOSIS: DNA was extracted from tissue samples and subjected to PCR analysis. Avipoxvirus 4b core protein gene was detected in both samples by PCR. Bootstrap analysis of APV 4b core protein gene revealed that APV isolates from two kiwi comprised two different subclades. One isolate displayed 100% sequence homology to subclade B1, and the other presented 100% sequence homology to subclade A3.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This study confirmed that kiwi are susceptible to APV infection and that at least two different strains of APV are present in the population examined. Since there is no information on the origin, virulence, or prevalence of APV in kiwi, a seroprevalence study would be useful to elucidate the degree of exposure and immune response to the disease. This would allow a more informed approach to risk management of the disease in wild and captive populations.     

电解质在反刍动物中的应用

在营养学中,电解质是指在动物代谢过程中稳定不变的阴阳离子,是动物维持正常生长和生产的必需物质,具有重要的生物学功能。在动物体液中,电解质主要参与维持渗透压稳定、调节酸碱平衡和控制水的代谢。生理体液中的电解质平衡是动物正常生理活动的保证,它直接受饲粮中电解质平衡(DCAB)的影响。因此,保持饲粮的电解质平衡对维持动物正常生理过程和生产,发挥动物最大生产潜力以及减轻环境污染都具有重要的现实意义。本文就电解质对反刍动物的生产性能、产品品质、健康状况、矿物质代谢以及其影响因素等进行综述。1　饲料电解质的计算方法饲粮…     

防御素在反刍动物中的应用

本文综述了防御素的分布、分子结构、抗茵原理以及在反刍动物中的研究应用.     

Alternative activation of ruminant macrophages by Fasciola hepatica

The helminth parasite, Fasciola hepatica, has a worldwide distribution and infects a wide variety of mammalian hosts, including ruminants and man. In response to infection, these hosts mount a type 2 helper (Th2) response that is highly polarized and results in the downregulation of type 1 helper (Th1) mechanisms. In a murine macrophage model F. hepatica induces alternative activation of macrophages. These macrophages differ from classically activated cells in that they preferentially use arginase instead of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) for metabolism of nitrogen. In this study we sought to characterize macrophage phenotype following stimulation of the ovine cell line MOCL7 with recombinant F. hepatica enzymes and crude parasite extracts. An in vitro model using the MOCL7 cell line was established and arginase levels in cells were used to determine the activation status of cells. Stimulation of this cell-line in vitro with F. hepatica products induces alternative activation. We have also found a chitinase-like protein in supernatants which is capable of differentiating alternatively activated from classically activated macrophages.