大豆亲本间遗传距离与杂种优势的相关性研究

为提高杂交育种效率,有必要对杂种优势预测进行探索。本研究选用国内外不同地区10份材料,按NCⅡ不完全双列杂交法组配45个杂交组合,利用SSR分子标记遗传距离预测大豆亲本间杂种优势。结果表明：10份亲本中检测到417个多态性等位基因变异,多态性位点变化范围为2~5个,遗传相似系数(GS)变幅为0.520~0.695,平均GS值为0.5996。10份供试材料被分为两大类,F₁杂种优势值从3.4%~42.1%,F₁性状均具有不同程度正向杂种优势。其中,单株粒数杂种优势与遗传距离的相关系数为0.461,达显著水平。其余8个农艺、品质性状与遗传距离的相关系数未达显著水平。初步认为,利用该174个SSR分子标记检测亲本间遗传差异,对本研究10份大豆亲本间杂种优势预测效果不显著。利用分子标记遗传距离预测大豆亲本杂种优势的方法有待进一步研究。     

基于SSR标记甜玉米遗传距离、配合力及杂种优势的关系

本实验旨在研究遗传距离与配合力、杂种优势间相关程度,探讨分子标记技术预测杂种优势的可行性,为杂种优势的预测提供理论基础。利用SSR分子标记技术对13份甜玉米自交系聚类分析,继而研究SSR分子标记遗传距离与杂交后代单穗粒重性状杂种优势、配合力效应值的相关性。结果表明:13份甜玉米自交系间的遗传距离0.111 1~0.911 8,平均为0.713 3。以遗传距离0.74为标准,可将13份亲本材料分为四个类群;在亲缘关系较近甜玉米自交系中,应用SSR分子标记遗传距离能够预测单穗粒重性状的杂种优势,即遗传距离越大,总配合力越大,杂种优势越强。这既降低了工作量又简化了操作过程,避免了盲目育种,对甜玉米育种实践有着深远影响。     

基于产量相关性状SSR分子标记的大豆杂种优势群划分

利用杂种优势可显著提高大豆单产,但亲本的创制及杂交组合的配制缺乏有效的理论指导,导致杂交种组配工作存在盲目性,强优势大豆杂交种的产出周期较长。针对上述问题,以中国东北部和国外的43份亲本为材料,利用经过筛选的14个大豆产量性状相关SSR分子标记进行遗传多样性分析和杂种优势类群划分。结果发现,所用SSR标记共扩增出31个等位变异位点,平均每个标记检测到2.2143个等位变异位点,变幅为2.0000~4.0000;主效基因频率为0.4419~0.9302,平均为0.6817;基因遗传多样性指数为0.1298~0.6101,平均为0.4043;多态性信息含量为0.1214~0.5272,平均为0.3280。根据遗传距离将43份亲本材料划分为2个类群;25个杂交种的35份亲本材料分属于2个类群;且27个杂交种的39份亲本材料为国内和国外材料之间配制的杂交组合,反映出中国东北与国外材料之间存在较强的杂种优势。对本研究所用的杂交种亲本间遗传距离分析发现,遗传距离在0.4~0.6时杂种优势利用效率较高。上述结果为优异亲本的选育方向和强优势杂交种亲本的合理组配提供参考。     

饲草高粱部分不育系和恢复系的聚类分析

探讨饲草高粱的分类方法,分析饲草高粱亲本材料之间的遗传距离。对50份饲草高粱亲本材料进行了相关性状分析,计算了彼此间的遗传距离,并通过判别分析、卡方距离最低距离和卡方距离类平均方法进行聚类分析。通过聚类分析将50个饲草高粱亲本材料分为2个大类群,可以初步看出亲本间遗传距离的远近。2种方法对查明不同材料间的亲缘关系是有效的,对育种过程中的材料选配也具有一定的参考价值。在选育饲草高粱杂交种时应根据亲本间遗传距离远近进行测配,提高选配强优组合的效率。     

贵州地方高粱种质资源遗传多样性分析

为了解贵州省地方高粱种质资源的遗传差异和亲缘关系,对26份高粱种质进行了SSR分子标记和表型性状分析。结果表明,13对SSR引物在供试材料中共检测出26个等位基因,有效等位基因数为21.84。在遗传相似系数0.457处将26份参试材料聚为四类,供试高粱亲缘关系的远近与来源机构相关性不大。参试材料的表型性状变异系数范围在13.09%～44.46%之间,均值为22.7%,其中穗粒重存在较大程度的遗传变异,变异系数为44.46%;株高、穗长、叶片数、旗叶长和旗叶宽与穗粒重呈极显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.311、0.324、0.353、0.302、0.277,千粒重与穗粒重呈极显著正相关,相关系数为0.291;基于表型性状聚类分析将26份高粱材料分为5个类群。     

13个玉米杂交种主要农艺性状与其抗旱性的相关分析

选用13份玉米杂交种材料,同时在水、旱地种植,调查了多个性状值,计算比较出15个性状值水旱地之间的差异。其中,产量作为最主要的指标,水旱地之间差值最大达到7600.5 kg,最小为1000.5 kg,旱地平均减产4357.5 kg。计算出5个性状值的抗旱系数和抗旱指数,产量抗旱系数范围0.2245~0.8571,抗旱指数范围0.1289~1.3425,为选择耐旱品种提供了科学依据。估算出在水旱地中,产量分别和11个性状值之间的遗传相关系数：水地产量与穗粒重、穗长、穗粗、轴粗、百粒重、出籽率等6个性状呈正相关,遗传相关系数为0.3513~0.9999,水地产量与株高、生育期、穗位、茎粗、雄穗分枝数等5个性状呈负相关,遗传相关系数为-0.6336~-0.0846;旱地产量与穗粒重、株高、穗位、茎粗、穗长、穗粗、轴粗、百粒重、出籽率等9个性状呈正相关,遗传相关系数为0.0153~0.9898,旱地产量与生育期、雄穗分枝数2个性状呈负相关,遗传相关系数为-0.4962~-0.0157。以上数据体现了在水旱地中产量与11个性状的关联性大小及异同。为玉米抗旱育种的研究,在确保产量高和稳产性好的同时,兼顾选择其它性状提供了科学依据。     

黄瓜数量性状遗传距离与杂种优势关系的研究

探讨数量性状遗传距离与杂种优势的关系,为黄瓜新品种的选育提供理论依据。选择5份黄瓜自交系材料作为母本,6份黄瓜自交系材料作为父本,按半双列杂交法配制出29个杂交组合,对11份黄瓜自交系材料的7个数量性状进行杂种优势分析和聚类分析,并研究数量性状遗传距离与杂种优势的关系。研究结果表明,各数量性状均有不同程度的正向杂种优势,其中株高、结瓜数和单株产量的杂种优势最为明显,而单果重、主蔓20节内雌花数、果实长和果实粗的杂种优势比较微弱。11份黄瓜自交系被分为3大类群,地理远近与遗传距离之间并不存在必然的联系。结瓜数的中亲优势指数和杂种优势指数、果实长和果实粗的中亲优势指数及单株产量的超亲优势指数与亲本遗传距离之间存在显著的相关关系,而株高、单株产量的中亲优势指数和杂种优势指数与亲本遗传距离之间存在极显著的相关关系,大部分数量性状的杂种优势都随着遗传距离的增大而增大。在进行黄瓜种质资源评价时,不能以地理关系作为唯一标准;在进行黄瓜杂交育种时,可根据育种目标,适当选择较大的遗传距离来获得杂种优势。     

二倍体苜蓿主要性状配合力及杂种优势分析

以3份花药离体培养单倍体苜蓿与2份扁蓿豆材料作为亲本,组配10个杂交组合,分析7个主要农艺性状的配合力,探究苜蓿与扁蓿豆的杂种优势与亲本一般配合力(GCA)、特殊配合力(SCA)和遗传距离之间的相关关系。结果表明,节间长受加性效应和非加性效应共同影响,株高、节间数、单株产量其遗传主要受加性效应影响较大。各性状的杂种优势在不同组合间差异较大。在二倍体苜蓿与扁蓿豆种间杂交组合中,XJ-3×CY-5和CY-35×HB各农艺性状特殊配合力的效应值适宜,杂种优势强,可作为优良杂交组合进行利用。研究表明,可通过组合间的SCA与杂种优势来提高亲本的选配效率,但利用SRAP标记遗传距离预测苜蓿杂种优势还有待进一步研究。     

粳稻数量性状遗传距离与杂种优势的关系

研究粳稻资源分类方法,测定数量性状遗传距离,探讨数量性状遗传距离与杂种优势的关系。对30份粳稻资源材料的12个数量性状进行了主成分分析和聚类分析,并使用作图法研究了数量性状遗传距离与杂种优势指数之间的关系。30份粳稻资源的12个数量性状可归纳为5个主成分因子,其累积贡献率为86.84%。在评价粳稻种质资源时,首先应考虑每穗总粒数和每穗实粒数等穗粒因子,其次为群体具备一定的高峰苗数,最后应该协调植株的生育期、秧苗素质及株型等因子。30份粳稻资源被归为5组,地理远近和亲缘关系与遗传距离并不存在必然的联系。遗传距离与杂种优势的关系较为复杂,并非遗传距离越大杂种优势越明显。在进行粳稻资源评价时,不能以地理或亲缘关系作为唯一标准;在亲本选配时,应选择遗传距离中等偏大的材料。     

玉米雄穗分枝数性状遗传、杂种优势与亲子相关分析

以15个玉米F1代杂交种及8个亲本自交系为材料,在两种氮环境下研究了玉米雄穗分枝数的遗传力、杂种优势及亲子关系等。结果表明,玉米雄穗分枝数性状存在显著的基因型和基因型×氮水平互作差异,广义遗传力达0.52～0.86。该性状F1杂交种呈近中亲遗传和超显性遗传共存的特点,大多数组合表现出正向杂种优势。亲子相关分析表明,F1雄穗分枝数与父本、高亲值及中亲值之间相关性较高。研究结果为玉米育种关于雄穗分枝性状选择提供了一定的参考。     

杂交水稻产量及农艺性状杂种优势分析

为探讨杂种优势与双亲值、双亲一般配合力（GCA）、组合特殊配合力（SCA）、双亲遗传距离的关系,利用10个不育系和10个恢复系,按不完全双列杂交配制100个组合,对杂交水稻产量及农艺性状的杂种优势进行了分析,探索杂种优势的预测方法。结果表明：杂种一代的超亲优势和对照优势主要体现在穗长、每穗总粒数、每穗实粒数几个性状上,其具有正向超亲优势组合的比例分别达到61.0%、66.0%和53.0%,具有正向对照优势的比例分别为62.0%、78.0%和79.0%,结实率性状具有正向对照优势的比例也达到58.0%。杂种优势与父母本值、父母本平均值、高亲值、低亲值及父母本差值都有较为密切的关系,超亲优势与高亲值在8个性状上都极显著相关;对照优势与母本值、父母本平均值、高亲值都呈显著或极显著正相关。杂种优势与SCA和亲本的GCA效应值密切相关,特别是对照优势与SCA和双亲的GCA都呈显著或极显著正相关,同时与父母本的GCA之差和之和都有较大的关系。杂种优势与遗传距离的关系比较复杂,当遗传距离在5~5.5范围内,双亲的距离越远,杂种优势越强。     

热带糯质高粱种质选育及改良利用

旨在分析热带糯质资源在高粱育种中的利用价值及对杂种优势的影响,以商丘市农林科学院自有种质作为研究对象,导入热带糯质资源,选育出稳定的不育系,并对所配组合的农艺性状进行方差及相关性分析。结果表明：‘M17A’所配组合的产量、穗粒重、单穗重等性状与其他组合比较均达到极显著水平,组合8的小区产量最高,为15.17 kg;穗部各性状与产量间的相关系数依次为穗粒重>单穗重>穗长>千粒重>轴长>着壳率>角质率,穗粒重与产量的相关系数为0.957,呈极显著正相关,说明在高粱高产育种中,应重点选择穗大、结实率高的种质;‘M17A’所配组合的淀粉含量与其他组合比较均达极显著水平,说明高粱淀粉含量受遗传基因控制。对于热带种质的利用应选择大穗型,角质率低的材料。     

玉米亲本间遗传距离与杂种优势及配合力的关系

以6个玉米自交系及其双列杂交组合进行试验,用3种方法计算的遗传距离来研究距离与杂种优势及配合力的关系。结果为:(1)PD~2(表—主—欧法计算)和GD~2(基—主—欧法计算)与穗粒重平均优势具有显著抛物线关系,PGD~2(表—主—道—欧法计算)与穗粒重平均优势亦有抛物线关系的趋势。(2)亲本的一般遗传距离(GGD~2)和一般表型距离(GPD~2)与亲本吐丝日数的一般配合力呈现高度负相关。(3)GD~2和PD~2与穗粒重、吐丝日数、穗长、千粒重的特殊配合力无确定关系,与穗行数、果穗重、穗位高、株高的特殊配合力略呈抛物线关系。PGD~2与上述8个性状的特殊配合力有抛物线关系的趋势。(4)杂交组配时应考虑:在类间选择亲本;双亲间PGD~2较大;双亲自身产量较高。     

Relationship between genealogical distance and breeding behaviour in oats (Avena sativa L.)

Summary Eight oat cultivars and experimental lines from four germplasm sources were crossed in a diallel mating design without reciprocals. F₁ heterosis for grain yield was evaluated in two experiments, and 48 F₂-derived lines from each of the 28 matings were evaluated for bundle weight, grain yield, straw yield, harvest index, height, and heading date in two experiments. Number of transgressive segregates per trait and generalized genetic variance were calculated for each mating. Genealogical distance for each mating was obtained by using coefficient of kinship based on the pedigree of the parents. The relationship between genealogical distance and the three types of breeding behaviour was examined via correlation and regression. Significant correlations occurred only for genealogical distance with numbers of transgressive segregates for height and with generalized genetic variances. Both were positive. Significant heterosis was observed for matings of more distantly related parents. Regressions on genealogical distance, when significant, were linear. Genealogical distance between parents was positive associated with diversity on the basis of breeding behavior.Journal Paper No. J-11874 of the Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Station, Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA 50011. Project 2447.     

Genetic distance and its association with heterosis in peas

Summary The relationship between the genetic distance of parents and both the heterosis of F₁ hybrids and the variance of F₅ lines was investigated in 72 crosses of pea (Pisum sativum L.). The genetic distance between each pair of parents was estimated, using isozyme (GDi), morphological (GDm) or quantitative (GDq) markers and finally a combination of isozyme and morphological markers (GDi+m). GDm was poorly correlated with the other measures of genetic distance, which in turn were strongly correlated with each other. Genetic distance was moderately correlated with the level of heterosis for yield over midparent in the F₁ generation, with the highest correlation obtained from GDi+m. GD was not significantly correlated with heterosis for yield over the better or best parent but it was significantly correlated with all three measures of heterosis for pods per plant and hundred seed weight. There was no correlation between genetic distance and the level of heterosis for yield and total dry matter in the F₂ generation, but GDi, GDi+m and GDq were predictive for the level of inbreeding depression in grain yield and total dry matter. When parents were high in genetic distance, crosses produced highly transgressive segregants for basal branches per plant, hundred seed weight, harvest index and onset of flowering. Genetic distance between parents was thus a useful measure for predicting a portion of hybrid performance and also of the variance of derived inbred lines. It was concluded that when choosing parents for a cross, consideration should be given to their genetic distance as well as their overall adaptation and their yield. There is considerable potential for optimising choice of parental combinations in the development of improved pea cultivars.     

酿酒糯高梁亲本系籽粒淀粉含量及其组份的配合力分析

用45 A等4个糯高粱不育系与泸恢1等5个糯高梁恢复系按Griffing方法Ⅱ组配成20份组合,估算了糯高梁籽粒总淀粉含量、支链淀粉含量和直链淀粉含量的配合力.结果表明,同一亲本不同品质性状的配合力不同,同一品质性状不同亲本的配合力也不同.在酿酒品质性状的杂种优势利用上,选育优质酿酒高粱组合应选择总淀粉含量及支链淀粉含量一般配合力高的亲本.     

Indica-Japonica differentiation of paddy rice and its relationship with heterosis

The Indica‐Japonica differentiation of three photoperiod‐sensitive and/or thermosensitive genetic male‐sterile rice (PGMS or TGMS, respectively) lines and 47 male parental lines from seven ecotypes were studied for their restriction fragment length polymorphism marker data to determine which ecotype crosses with the three PGMS and/or TGMS lines could lead to higher yield potential, and to estimate the relationship between the Indica‐Japonica differentiation of parents and heterosis in grain yield and its components. The results indicated that hybrids derived from ‘N422s’ and the early‐middle ripening Indica varieties from southern China, and hybrids between ‘Pei'ai64s’ and three Japonica ecotypes, including North‐eastern Japonica varieties, restoring lines of Japonica hybrid rice and north China Japonica varieties, showed the highest grain yields. There was less variation of yield among the F1s between ‘108s’ and the seven ecotypes than among the other F₁s. Highly significant positive correlations between heterosis of the F₁ yield and genetic distance of the parents were detected, although the correlation between F₁ yield performance and genetic distance did not reach a significant level. Considerable variation of correlation between heterosis and genetic distance was also detected in the Indica × Indica crosses and Indica × Japonica crosses. There was much higher correlation (r = 0.63) between the F₁ yield performance and the genetic distance of parents in the Indica × Indica crosses than in the others. It is proposed that a genetic distance of 0.4‐0.8 between the two parents of hybrid rice might be appropriate not only for F₁ performance, but also for heterosis.     

Genetic diversity of oilseed Brassica napus inbred lines based on sequence-related amplified polymorphism and its relation to hybrid performance

Significant heterosis for seed yield in oilseed rape has created interest in the development of hybrid cultivars. The DNA‐based marker protocol, sequence‐related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) was used to determine genetic diversity among oilseed rape maintainer and restorer lines. This measure was used in an attempt to establish an association between genetic distance and heterosis in hybrids for various agronomic traits. A total of 118 polymorphic loci were generated by 18 SRAP primer combinations. Based on the polymorphism generated by the markers, calculated similarity index values ranged from 0.46 to 0.97. Cluster analysis grouped 10 maintainer and 12 restorer lines into three groups, with the exception of two maintainer lines, PM5 and PM9, which fell outside these groups. The grouping of the lines was largely in agreement with the available pedigree data on their origin and agronomic performance. Analysis of variance among inbred lines and their resulting F₁ hybrids over two locations revealed significant differences for plant height, days to maturity and seed yield, but not for oil content. Substantial mid‐parent heterosis was observed only for seed yield, and ranged from 26% to 169%. All hybrids surpassed their respective inbred lines for this trait, except for a single cross combination of related lines. In general, crosses of lines located in different clusters yielded more than those from the same clusters. Regression analysis revealed a statistically significant relationship between the genetic distance of the parents and seed yield in their hybrid, and their derived mid‐parent and high‐parent heterosis. The correlation coefficient between genetic distance and yield (0.64) indicated a moderately strong relationship, so it is possible that some of the SRAP markers might be linked to quantitative trait loci for seed yield.     

Relationship between heterosis and genetic distance based on morphological traits and AFLP markers in pepper

Genetic diversity is considered as one of the criteria for the selection of parents for hybrid breeding. The present study was undertaken to evaluate genetic divergence among seven pepper cultivars and to assess the relationship between heterosis and parental genetic distance. Twenty‐one F₁ hybrids and seven parents were evaluated for 15 morphological characters in a greenhouse and in the field. The parents were examined for DNA polymorphisms using six amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) primer combinations. Cluster analysis using two genetic distance measures grouped the seven parents differently. Mid‐parent and high‐parent heterosis was observed for most characters. Most hybrids outperformed the parental lines for fruit yield, earliness and plant height. Morphological and AFLP‐based distance measurements were efficient enough to allocate pepper genotypes into heterotic groups. The correlations of morphological distances with mid‐parent heterosis were significant for days to flowering and maturity, suggesting earliness can be predicted from morphological distances of parental lines. However, the correlations of AFLP‐measured genetic distances with mid‐ and high‐parent heterosis were non‐significant for all characters, except for fruit diameter, and proved to be of no predictive value.