木蹄层孔菌液体培养基优化及培养条件

采用正交试验法对深层培养木蹄层孔菌的氮碳源进行优化,确定了最佳发酵培养基,并采用常规方法对培养条件进行测定,结果表明:木蹄层孔菌最佳发酵培养基组成为:麦芽浸膏15 g/L,玉米粉15 g/L,豆芽20 g/L,硫酸铵0.3 g/L,MgSO_4 0.05%,KH_2PO_40.1%。木蹄层孔菌菌丝最适生长温度为25℃,最适pH值为6.5。     

大球盖菇液体母种制备培养基碳氮源的优化

以菌丝体生物量为指标,对大球盖菇液体菌种培养基中碳氮营养源进行了优化.结果表明,最佳液体发酵培养基配方为:葡萄糖30 g/L,酵母膏4 g/L,KH2PO42 g/L,MgSO41 g/L;培养条件为初始pH值6.5,25℃培养6 d.栽培试验结果表明,接种液体菌种的栽培袋的发菌时间平均比接种固体菌种缩短17 d.     

响应面法优化羊肚菌液体发酵营养条件

以菌丝体干重为指标,在单因素试验的基础上采用响应面法,对羊肚菌液体发酵营养条件进行优化.结果 表明:羊肚菌最佳液体培养基为玉米粉20.33 g/L,黄豆粉5.34 g/L,KH2PO41.53 g/L,VB6 10.73 mg/L;在此条件下的验证试验得出,菌丝体干重为11.35 g/L,与理论值基本吻合,相对误差为1...     

响应面法优化黑盖木层孔菌菌丝体液体发酵培养基研究

应用Plackett-Burman设计法对影响液体发酵黑盖木层孔菌菌丝体产量的培养基组分进行筛选,确定影响菌丝体产量的关键因素为玉米粉、麸皮和VB1。在此基础上,采用最陡爬坡试验结合Box-Behnken响应面法优化黑盖木层孔菌液体发酵培养基。结果表明:当培养基组分中玉米粉为65 g/L、麸皮为49.31 g/L、VB1为214.61μg/L时,菌丝体产量预测值为10.75 g/L,最佳条件下菌丝体产量可达11.16 g/L,预测值与验证值吻合得较好。     

桑黄液体深层发酵培养基优化的研究

研究培养基的成分对桑黄菌丝生长的影响,结果表明乳糖、葡萄糖、麦芽糖、玉米粉、豆饼粉、酵母膏、麸皮和蛋白胨有利于桑黄的生长。桑黄适宜生长的葡萄糖浓度15~30g/L,蛋白胨浓度15~25g/L。进一步的正交优化实验确定了桑黄深层发酵的最佳培养基组成(g/L)为:葡萄糖10,玉米粉20,麸皮10,豆饼粉5,此培养条件下桑黄摇瓶发酵菌体生物量为(21.66±0.5)g/L。     

药食兼用真菌蛹虫草的液体发酵培养条件优化

对蛹虫草二级菌种液体发酵培养的菌丝体干重为重要指标,从温度、装液量、pH、培养基成分及用量比例方面对蛹虫草液体发酵条件进行优化研究,筛选出其最适培养条件.通过正交试验确定液体发酵培养基各组分最佳用量为:蔗糖30 g·L-1、蛋白胨2.5 g·L-1、K2HPO41 g·L-1、MgSO40.1 g·L-1.该结果为后续...     

灰树花液态发酵培养基优化研究

以灰树花(Grifola frondosa)深层发酵得胞外多糖为评价指标,通过单因素及正交试验对液态发酵培养基进行优化。试验结果表明:适于灰树花发酵的碳源为马铃薯+葡萄糖,氮源为豆饼粉;得到最佳培养基配方:马铃薯225 g/L,葡萄糖25 g/L,豆饼粉6 g/L,麸皮20 g/L(浸提液),KH_2PO_41 g/L,CaCl_21 g/L,MgSO_4 2 g/L,VB_10.2 g/L,pH 6.5。     

灵芝发酵覆盆子生产总黄酮的培养基优化研究

以灵芝和覆盆子为试材,通过L18 (37)正交实验设计对灵芝发酵生产覆盆子黄酮基础培养基进行了优化研究.结果表明:灵芝发酵生产覆盆子黄酮的基础培养基组合为葡萄糖20 g/L,黄豆粉15 g/L,玉米粉50 g/L,酵母膏1.0 g/L,KH2PO4 0.9 g/L,MgSO4·7H2O 0.2g/L,VB10.01 g/L,此培养基条件下,灵芝发酵覆盆子后黄酮含量达到4.58 mg/g,与对照组(不接种灵芝)相比含量提高96.57％.     

美味牛肝菌液体发酵培养基的优化

采用单因素和正交试验方法优化美味牛肝菌的液体发酵培养基,确定了最佳的培养基配方为葡萄糖5 g/L,麦芽糖22 g/L,酵母膏14 g/L,磷酸二氢钾0.5 g/L,硫酸铵2.7 g/L,硫酸亚铁67 mg/L,硫酸铜100μg/L。试验结果为液体培养美味牛肝菌菌丝培养基选择提供了参考。     

猴头菌菌丝体发酵条件优化研究

以猴头菌菌丝体干重为评价指标，采用单因素和正交试验方法，筛选适合猴头菌发酵的液体培养基。结果：适合猴头菌发酵的液体培养基配方为玉米粉30 g/L，葡萄糖10 g/L，酵母粉10 g/L，黄豆粉5 g/L,MgSO₄·7H₂O 1 g/L,KH₂PO₄1.5 g/L,VB₁ 0.01 g/L；该配方培养的猴头菌菌丝体干重为25.1 g/L。     

Fruit growth,cuticle deposition,water uptake,and fruit cracking in jostaberry,gooseberry, and black currant

Fruit cracking after rain limits the production of a number of crops, including some Ribes species. To gain a better understanding of the factors involved in cracking, fruit growth, deposition of the cuticular membrane (CM), water uptake and fruit cracking were studied in black currant (Ribes nigrum L. cv. Zema), gooseberry (Ribes uva-crispa L. cv. Rote Triumph), and jostaberry (Ribes nidigrolaria B. cv. Jostine). Fruit surface area and fresh mass increased continuously throughout development, whereas deposition of the CM was biphasic. CM mass per fruit increased rapidly up to 42, 41, and 49 days after full bloom (DAFB) in black currant, gooseberry, and jostaberry, respectively. Thereafter, CM mass per fruit remained constant in gooseberry and jostaberry or increased at a lower rate in black currant. The cessation of or reduced rate of CM deposition resulted in a decrease in CM mass per unit area in all berries. Elastic strain of the CM at maturity averaged 23.8% and 19.5% in gooseberry and jostaberry, respectively, and only 8.2% in black currant. Microcracks in the CM were observed first in gooseberry and jostaberry 64 DAFB, whereas there were no microcracks in black currant. Water uptake into mature detached berries was linear over 2 h of incubation. Rates of uptake were highest in gooseberry followed by black currant and jostaberry. Relative uptake was similar via the cut end of the pedicel (32.1%), the apex of the fruit (34.7%) and the fruit surface (33.2%). Rates of water uptake through the fruit surface were positively related to surface area. Average fruit water potential for black currant, gooseberry, and jostaberry was −2.14 ± 0.17, −1.24 ± 0.03, and −1.89 ± 0.20 MPa, while the permeability for osmotic water uptake was 7.7 ± 0.4 × 10⁻⁸, 5.2 ± 0.1 × 10⁻⁸, and 3.3 ± 0.3 × 10⁻⁸ m s⁻¹. Incubating whole fruit in deionized water for 72 h resulted in more cracked jostaberries (94%) than black currants (74%) or gooseberries (50%). A comparison of our findings in Ribes berries with published data for the sweet cherry drupe revealed that the berries fitted the relationships established in sweet cherry among fruit growth, cuticle deposition, strain of the cuticle, microcracking, permeability for osmotic water uptake, frequency of stomata and cracking. The Ribes berries were less susceptible to cracking than sweet cherry.     

Similitude,similarity, and scaling

An exceptionally rich and colorful literature, drawn in almost equal parts from pure mathematics, from the sciences, and from the technologies, has grown up over the years, which bear in different ways on the topics under discussion. It is the intent of the present paper to survey this far-flung literature, point out some of the commonalities and interrelationships which underlie it, and briefly indicate how it has been and can be applied. To my knowledge, this kind of review has not been attempted before.     

Climatic, landform, microtopographic, and overstory canopy controls of tree invasion in a subalpine meadow landscape, Oregon Cascades, USA

Tree invasions have been documented throughout Northern Hemisphere high elevation meadows, as well as globally in many grass and forb-dominated ecosystems. Tree invasions are often associated with large-scale changes in climate or disturbance regimes, but are fundamentally driven by regeneration processes influenced by interactions between climatic, topographic, and biotic factors at multiple spatial scales. The purpose of this research was to quantify spatiotemporal patterns of meadow invasion; and how climate, larger landforms, topography, and overstory trees have interactively influenced tree invasion. We combined airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) characterizations of landforms, topography, and overstory vegetation with historical climate, field measurements of snow depth, tree abundance, and tree ages to reconstruct spatial and temporal patterns of tree invasion over five decades in a subalpine meadow complex in the Oregon Cascade Range, USA. Proportion of meadow occupied by trees increased from 8?% in 1950 to 35?% in 2007. Larger landforms, topography, and tree canopies interactively mediated regional climatic controls of tree invasion by modifying depth and persistence of snow pack, while tree canopies also influenced seed source availability. Landscape context played an important role mediating snow depth and tree invasion; on glacial landforms tree invasion was negatively associated with spring snowfall, but on debris flows tree invasion was not associated with snow fall. The importance of snow, uncertain climate change impacts on snow, and mediation of snow by interacting and context dependent factors in complex mountain terrain poses substantial hurdles for understanding how these ecotones may respond to future climate conditions.     

Wetlands, carbon, and climate change

Wetland ecosystems provide an optimum natural environment for the sequestration and long-term storage of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from the atmosphere, yet are natural sources of greenhouse gases emissions, especially methane. We illustrate that most wetlands, when carbon sequestration is compared to methane emissions, do not have 25 times more CO₂ sequestration than methane emissions; therefore, to many landscape managers and non specialists, most wetlands would be considered by some to be sources of climate warming or net radiative forcing. We show by dynamic modeling of carbon flux results from seven detailed studies by us of temperate and tropical wetlands and from 14 other wetland studies by others that methane emissions become unimportant within 300 years compared to carbon sequestration in wetlands. Within that time frame or less, most wetlands become both net carbon and radiative sinks. Furthermore, we estimate that the world’s wetlands, despite being only about 5–8 % of the terrestrial landscape, may currently be net carbon sinks of about 830 Tg/year of carbon with an average of 118 g-C m^?2 year^?1 of net carbon retention. Most of that carbon retention occurs in tropical/subtropical wetlands. We demonstrate that almost all wetlands are net radiative sinks when balancing carbon sequestration and methane emissions and conclude that wetlands can be created and restored to provide C sequestration and other ecosystem services without great concern of creating net radiative sources on the climate due to methane emissions.     

Up-regulation of mRNA expressions of fas,bcl-2, bim,bax, caspase-3, caspase-9, and bcl2l12 in K562 treated with bortezomib

AIM: To detect the treatment of K562 leukemia cells with bortezomib altering the expression of genes fas, bcl-2, bcl2l12, bim, bax, caspase-9 and caspase-3.METHODS: MTT assay was used to detect the inhibition of proliferation. Apoptosis was detected by Annexin-V staining and mitochondrial transmembrane potential (Δψm). RT-PCR was used to analyze the mRNA expressions of fas, bcl-2, bcl2l12, bim, bax, caspase-3 and caspase-9.RESULTS: Bortezomib caused a time- and dose-dependent inhibition of cell proliferation and IC50 of 24 h and 48 h were 161.41 nmol/L and 96.33 nmol/L, respectively. At the concentration of 104 nmol/L, bortezomib induced apoptosis in a time-dependent manner, including increasing annexin-V positivity and decreasing the Δψm. RT-PCR showed that bortezomib up-regulated the mRNA expression of fas, bcl2l12, caspase-9 and caspase-3, but mRNA expressions of bcl-2, bim and bax did not changed obviously.CONCLUSION: Bortezomib inhibits the proliferation of K562 and induces apoptosis, in which fas, bcl2l12, caspase-9 or caspase-3 gene is one of the main genes taking part in.     

氮磷钾硼肥配施对青花菜养分吸收分配及产量和品质的影响

研究了不施肥处理,氮磷钾配施和增施硼肥对青花菜养分吸收分配及产量和品质的影响。结果表明,现蕾期至花球膨大期,青花菜对氮、磷、钾的吸收量最大,整个生长期对钾的吸收最多,氮次之,磷最少。氮磷钾主要分配在叶片中,现蕾后逐渐向花球转移,从现蕾到采收时,叶片中氮、磷、钾分配率分别降低了19.6%、10%和9.0%,花球中氮磷钾分配率分别提高了23.1%、15.9%和11.1%。不施氮、磷、钾肥显著降低了花球产量、维生素C含量和成品率,增施硼肥处理的花球成品率较氮磷钾肥处理提高了4.8%,不施氮肥和钾硫肥(K₂SO₄)显著降低了花球中的硫代葡萄糖苷含量。相关性分析表明,青花菜产量与植株内氮、钾积累量显著正相关,成品率与植株内磷营养显著正相关。     

Principles for forcing tulips,hyacinths, daffodils,Easter lilies and Dutch irises

Systematic investigations on the forcing of tulips, hyacinths, daffodils, Easter lilies and Dutch iris have produced a fairly complete set of scientific principles. In this review, these principles have been classified into a 3-phase concept of forcing. These are: production, programming, and greenhouse. The production phase is defined as all processes which occur during bulb production and it terminates with the harvesting of the bulbs. The programming phase comprises all handling of the bulbs from harvesting until they are placed under greenhouse conditions. The greenhouse phase is the accelerated development of the bulbs until anthesis or marketing of the plants. These phases have been discussed relative to floral and root development and the basic environmental requirements of the bulb species.