5%己唑醇悬浮剂防治黄瓜白粉病药效试验

白粉病是黄瓜上发生普遍的病害之一,常与霜霉病并发,严重影响黄瓜的产量,阻碍黄瓜生产的发展。生产上主要使用甲基托布津等传统农药进行化学防治,但效果不是十分理想。为了寻求防治黄瓜白粉病的理想药剂,以控制黄瓜白粉病的为害,笔者于2009年用5%己唑醇悬浮剂,对黄瓜白粉病进行了田间药效试验。     

百日草白粉病病情增长速率的研究

对长春地区百日草白粉病病情增长速率进行了研究。结果表明,百日草白粉病日增长率达0.604 9,发展速度非常快。在百日草的养护过程中,必须注意白粉病的发生,一旦其病情值达到0.05水平,应马上采取化学防治措施。影响百日草白粉病流行的主要气象因子是降雨和温度,降雨3~4 d后气温较高则病情将迅速增长。     

秋豇豆主要病害的诊断及防治

简述六合地区秋豇豆主要病害根腐病、煤霉病、白粉病和锈病的田间症状,提出一系列农业、化学防治措施,以期为广大种植户在生产实际中参考.     

植物病害的化学防治

植物病害的化学防治有着悠久的历史。早在公元前1,200年即有记载用硫、粪、尿、灰、泥及植物煎汁防治植物病害。合理地进行化学防治是在病原物被清楚了解后开始的。1,700—1,900年间已较多地应用硫、酸硫铜、甲醛及鋅防治白粉病、霜霉病、小麦腥黑穗病和静多果树病害。近50年来化学防治的发展已达到相当高的水平,喷布茎叶及处理种子     

小麦病虫发生动态分析与治理对策

当前我省麦田病虫系统发生了重大演替,不仅种类增多,麦蚜、白粉病也上升为主要害虫,小麦锈病类、丛矮病降为次要地位。发生演替的主要原因是麦田生态环境的变化、品种抗性和人为干预。综合治理小麦病虫的对策是:以改善农田生态为先导,以抗病品种为基础,合理实施化学防治,辅之以农业配套措施。     

不同时期防治小麦白粉病对千粒重的影响试验简报

随着耕作水平的提高和小麦播种量、氮肥施用量加大,小麦白粉病在淮北地区发生日益加重,1990年发生面积约占种植面积的70％,一二类麦田病株率达85％以上,病指30—70％,小麦千粒重平均下降13％。及时开展化学防治是有效的防治途径,但目前由     

小麦白粉病抗性基因研究进展

 这可能与近年来半矮杆品种的广泛推广和栽培中施肥与灌溉水平的普遍提高密切相关。化学防治虽不无成效,但必然增加人力、物力投入,而且还会引起环境污染等生态问题,因此培育和推广抗病品种已被公认为是防治小麦白粉病最为经济、安全和有效的途径。     

河南小麦白粉病秋季菌源毒性结构的初步分析

1990年河南省中部秋播麦田小麦白粉病普遍发生。采集64个菌株,测其对32个已知抗白粉病基因品种(系)和推广品种毒力频卒结果,秋季菌源对Pm1、Pm3a、Pm3b、Pm3c和Pm5的毒力频率较高;对Pm2x和Pm2+6以及肯贵阿一号的频率较低;对Pm2和Pm8的频率已经上升;对许多推广品种毒力频率较高。说明目前存在着大面积感病寄主,生产上应做好化学防治准备。此外秋季菌源中存有极复杂的生理专化现象,其中对鉴别寄主低毒性的小种占优势。     

白粉寄生孢不同菌株对控制黄瓜和苹果自粉病病菌的试验研究

为了筛选出更好的能控制白粉病病菌的白粉寄生孢生防菌株,将白粉寄生孢不同菌株对黄瓜白粉病病菌和苹果白粉病病菌分别进行了生防测定.结果显示,白粉寄生孢不同菌株对白粉病病菌的寄生效果和控制作用各异.在白粉寄生孢的不同菌株中,AQ40、AQ9、AQ117对控制温室黄瓜白粉病具有较好的效果,而AQGA-22、AQ13、AQB15-20对控制苹果白粉病的效果较好.表明这些菌株对黄瓜白粉病和苹果白粉病具有一定的选择性和较好的生防应用潜力.     

土传大豆、南瓜疫病化学防治

本文介绍了土传大豆和南瓜疫病的发病特点及化学防治现状，评述了两种疫病化学防治存在的问题，提出了未来化学防治发展途径。     

生物源杀菌剂与化学杀菌剂协调防控黄瓜病害

本文研究枯草芽孢杆菌Bacillus subtilis BAB-1水剂、解淀粉芽孢杆菌B.amylololiquefaciens SAB-1水剂、大花旋覆花内酯乳油与化学杀菌剂交替或混合使用对温室黄瓜病害发展的影响.寿光试验包括以下处理:交替或混合喷施50%啶酰菌胺WG、68.75%氟吡菌胺·霜霉威SC的桶混液、60%唑醚·代森联WG、40%嘧霉胺SC、50%烯酰吗啉WP、10%苯醚甲环唑WG、69%烯酰·锰锌WP、68.75%噁唑·锰锌WG、52.5%噁唑·霜脲氰WG等不同作用机理和防治谱的化学杀菌剂;混施生防菌剂BAB-1水剂、SAB-1水剂及68.75%氟吡菌胺·霜霉威SC、50%烯酰吗啉WP、25%双炔酰菌胺SC、25%吡唑醚菌酯EC等对霜霉病特效化学杀菌剂;将不同化学杀菌剂桶混液与BAB-1水剂、SAB-1水剂和化学杀菌剂桶混液交替喷施.其对黄瓜霜霉病的防效分别为94.5%、92.3%和93.6%,对黄瓜白粉病分别为90.7%、89.9%和90.4%,对灰霉病的防效分别为69.3%、85.6%和85.7%,每种病害的病害发展曲线下面积(AUDPC)相当.在定州试验中,化学杀菌剂与SAB-1混施对白粉病的防效(84%)明显高于其与BAB-1混施的防效(72.8%),对灰霉病的防效(61.3%)明显低于后者的防效(95.1%),与SAB-1、BAB-1混施后对白粉病、灰霉病及霜霉病防效分别为90.2%、89.3%和92.6%.在保定郊区试验中,将大花旋覆花内酯乳油与化学杀菌剂及BAB-1水剂、SAB-1水剂交替喷施显著降低霜霉病、白粉病及灰霉病的严重度及AUDPC,对其防效分别为83.5%、87.4%和88.5%,AUDPC分别为219、352和249,延缓了3种黄瓜病害的发展.     

Fungicide sensitivity of populations of wheat powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis f.sp. Tritici) in Central Europe in 1993

In 1993 we observed the sensitivity of wheat powdery mildew populations (Erysiphe graminis DC f.sp. tritici Marchal) from the Czech Republic, Austria, Hungary and Slovakia to the fungicides triadimenol, tebuconazole, propiconazole, flutriafol and fenpropimorph. The highest resistance value was shown to triadimenol, which attained a mean resistance factor (MRF) of 29 (expressing how many times the population is more resistant than are standard sensitive isolates) in the mildew population from the Czech Republic. The mildew populations from eastern Slovakia and eastern Hungary, populations geographically isolated from the other populations, showed very high sensitivity to all fungicides tested. There was most sensitivity to fenpropimorph (smallest MRF values) compared with the other fungicides. Cross-resistance was established among all triazoles used, but not between triazoles and fenpropimorph. Sensitivity of wheat powdery mildew populations from Central Europe to these fungicides is considered adequate, and the development of resistance has shown a decreasing tendency in recent years.     

Effect of split applications of fenpropimorph-containing fungicides on sensitivity of Erysiphe graminis f.sp. tritici

A field trial was conducted in the south of the Netherlands over a period of 3 years (1992–94) in order to test the effect of fenpropimorph-containing fungicides on the sensitivity of Erysiphe graminis f.sp. tritici to fenpropimorph. In general, use of split applications resulted in a better protection against wheat powdery mildew than use of normal applications. This is ascribed to a better timing of the split applications. The sensitivity to fenpropimorph of the mildew population in plots treated with normal applications of both fungicides did not change during the growing seasons of the years investigated. In contrast, the sensitivity of the mildew population from plots treated with split applications of Corbel became significantly lower. A significantly lower sensitivity was also found in the mildew population from plots treated with split applications of Tilt Top in 1993 and 1994. These results indicate that split applications can increase the rate at which E. graminis f.sp. tritici can become less sensitive to fenpropimorph. Because maintenance of sensitivity of the pathogen population is valued highly, the split application strategy of fenpropimorph-containing fungicides is not recommended for wheat powdery mildew control.     

Seed treatment for the control of Sphaerotheca fuliginea in muskmelon seedlings

The effects of powdery mildew (caused by Sphaerotheca fuliginea )on muskmelon seedlings and the efficacy of seed treatment with systemic fungicides were examined under controlled environmental conditions. The fresh weight of seedlings infected with powdery mildew was substantially less than that of uninoculated seedlings 5 weeks after inoculation, and the inoculated seedlings shrivelled 1 week later. The fungicides fenarimol and triadimenol applied to the seeds did not affect germination and suppressed powdery mildew effectively when applied at a rate equivalent to 8 g fungicide product per kg seed. Under conditions moderately conducive to the pathogen, fenarimol markedly reduced disease severity and its effect when applied as a seed treatment was as effective as foliar treatment. When conditions were highly conducive to the pathogen, seed treatment with fenarimol was not effective. Development of powdery mildew and efficacy of the seed treatments were related to soil type: disease developed earlier and more intensely on seedlings grown in sandy soil than those in organic medium, and seed treatment had a more pronounced effect on seedlings grown in sandy soil. The results indicate that fungicidal treatment of muskmelon seeds may offer an adequate means of reducing powdery mildew infections on seedlings.     

新农药防治小麦白粉病研究

供试新农药均为三唑类杀菌剂。试验和示范结果表明,保丰宁和粉锈铜与生产上已经推广的粉锈宁在用量相同情况下,对小麦白粉病的防治和增产效果相近;植保宁的防效稍差,但大面积示范结果与粉锈宁无显著差异。温室和田间试验表明,三唑醇比粉锈宁等药剂用量减少一半,防效相近。     

Integrated Control of Powdery Mildew on Field-grown Mango Trees by Foliar Sprays of Mono-potassium Phosphate Fertilizer, Sterol Inhibitor Fungicides and the Strobilurin Kresoxym-methyl

Foliar sprays of solutions of di-potassium hydrogen orthophosphate, K2HPO4 (DKP) and potassium di-hydrogen orthophosphate, KH2PO4 (MKP), commercial systemic fungicides, and an alternating treatment with phosphate fertilizer and systemic fungicides inhibited development of the powdery mildew fungus, Oidium mangiferae, on flowers and bloom clusters of field-grown mango trees. The effectiveness of the alternation treatments with an appropriate systemic fungicide and 1% solution of mono-potassium phosphate (MKP) in controlling powdery mildew on bloom clusters was similar to that of the commercial treatment with the systemic fungicides. However, application of the systemic fungicides alone, on the same dates on which they were applied in the alternation treatment, without application of the phosphate treatment was significantly less effective in controlling the disease than either the phosphate or the alternation treatment. This indicates that the use of phosphate fertilizer has a significant role in disease control and that it can reduce the number of fungicide treatments necessary against powdery mildew by up to 50%. These results were confirmed in large-scale demonstration trials conducted in commercial orchards in 1994 and 1995. Our 1997 findings also revealed that tank-mix treatments of 1% MKP solution with half the recommended quantity of sterol inhibitor fungicide applied at 14-day intervals provided a protection against powdery mildew comparable with or superior to that given by the standard fungicides-based treatment applied at 7-day intervals. Tank-mix treatments of MKP (1%) with sterol inhibitor at the recommended rate or with the new strobilurin Kresoxym-methyl (BAS 490F, strobi), or the BAS 490F alone, were the most effective, and provided >95% protection against O. mangiferae, compared with the control. Phosphate solutions were found not to be phytotoxic to plant tissue. These treatments affected the yield of mango trees: a significantly lower yield was observed on control untreated trees, probably because of powdery mildew infection on flowers. The inhibitory effectiveness of phosphate salts makes them a potential major component of an integrated pest management program.     

防治西葫芦和黄瓜白粉病的生物制剂的筛选

瓜类白粉病是蔬菜上的重要病害之一,为加大对该病害的生物防治力度,本研究采用课题组研发的1×109cfu/g玫瑰黄链霉菌水剂和10亿芽胞/g枯草芽胞杆菌悬浮剂以及市场上常用的枯草芽胞杆菌、哈茨木霉菌、寡雄腐霉、武夷菌素、多抗霉素等多种生物制剂进行田间药效试验,比较几种生物制剂的防治效果。结果表明,供试生物制剂对西葫芦白粉病的防效为57.65%~84.98%,其中3%多抗霉素水剂600倍液的防效最好,为84.98%,且具有明显的促生长作用,增产率达12.65%。其次为1 000亿芽胞/g枯草芽胞杆菌可湿性粉剂(武汉天惠)400倍液、2%武夷菌素水剂600倍液和3×108 cfu/g哈茨木霉菌可湿性粉剂300倍液,可作为西葫芦白粉病防治的选用药剂。1×109 cfu/g玫瑰黄链霉菌水剂对西葫芦和黄瓜白粉病均具有较好的防效,分别为78.68%和73.59%,具有开发和应用的市场价值。     

Microscopy reveals disease control through novel effects on fungal development: a case study with an early-generation benzophenone fungicide

The benzophenones are a new class of agricultural fungicides that demonstrate protectant, curative and eradicative/antisporulant activity against powdery mildews. The chemistry is represented in the marketplace by the fungicide metrafenone, recently introduced by BASF and discussed in the following paper. The benzophenones show no evidence of acting by previously identified biochemical mechanisms, nor do they show cross-resistance with existing fungicides. The value of microscopy in elucidating fungicide mode of action is demonstrated through identification of the effects of an early benzophenone, eBZO, on mildew development. eBZO caused profound alterations in the morphology of powdery mildews of both monocotyledons and dicotyledons, affecting multiple stages of fungal development, including spore germination, appressorial formation, penetration, surface hyphal morphology and sporogenesis. Identification of analogous effects of eBZO on sporulation in the model organism Aspergillus nidulans (Eidam) Winter provides a unique opportunity to elucidate important morphogenetic regulatory sites in the economically important obligate pathogens, the powdery mildews. Benzophenones provide a further example of the benefits of whole-organism testing in the search for novel fungicide modes of action.     

In-vivo evaluation of adjuvants for more effective control of celery leaf-spot (Septoria apiicola) and powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis) of wheat with fungicides

The effects of seven adjuvants (at 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 g litre^?1) on the efficacies of four fungicides al 0.5 g litre^?1 were studied in the laboratory for the control of leaf-spot in celery (caused by Septoria apiicola) and powdery mildew on winter wheat (caused by Erysiphe graminis). The most effective fungicides for controlling leaf-spot were: tebuconazole + triadimenol = flutriafol > mancozeb + oxadixyl > prochloraz. However, addition of adjuvant to the fungicides gave a modified pattern of effectiveness. The efficacy of flutriafol was strongly enhanced by addition of all adjuvants, but those of prochloraz and mancozeb+oxadixyl only partially so. The tested adjuvants were mineral oil + surfactant, a polymer/alkoxylated alkyl ether blend, an ethoxylated alkylphenol, an ethoxylated hexitan ester blend, an ethoxylated nonylphenol and an alkylpolysaccharide- based adjuvant mixture. However, the addition of adjuvants to tebuconazole + triadimenol had a negative effect. Of all the adjuvants tested, the nonylphenol ethoxylate and a mixture of mineral oil /surfactant and alkylpolysaccharides gave the highest efficacy with the fungicides, while the mineral oil/surfactant and the alkylpolysaccharides alone were less effective. There was a positive relationship between high concentrations of adjuvants and their effectiveness, but there were some exceptions. The most effective fungicides for control of powdery mildew in wheat were prochloraz, mancozeb + oxadixyl and tebuconazole + triadimenol. There was a linear relationship between the high efficacy of the fungicide and the concentration of adjuvants to control powdery mildew in wheat. The highest concentration of adjuvant (2-0 g litre^?1) gave the highest efficacy for the fungicides.     

不同机制杀菌剂对小麦白粉病的敏感性及与三唑酮的交互抗性

为明确三唑酮和氟环唑、吡唑醚菌酯、啶酰菌胺、嘧菌环胺、乙嘧酚5种不同作用机制的杀菌剂对小麦白粉病的敏感性及交互抗性,采用田间小区试验和室内喷雾离体叶段法测定了不同杀菌剂对小麦白粉病的防治效果。结果表明,5种不同作用机制杀菌剂对小麦白粉病的防治效果可达90%以上,而三唑酮最高的防治效果仅为72.17%;小麦白粉病菌群体对氟环唑、吡唑醚菌酯、啶酰菌胺、嘧菌环胺、乙嘧酚的敏感性EC50分别在0.087~1.901、0.058~1.402、0.186~3.014、0.222~6.005、0.006~1.742μg/mL之间,5种不同作用机制杀菌剂的敏感性均呈连续单峰曲线,可作为小麦白粉病菌对5种不同作用机制杀菌剂的敏感基线。研究表明,三唑酮与氟环唑、吡唑醚菌酯、啶酰菌胺、嘧菌环胺、乙嘧酚之间不存在交互抗性。