1B/1R与非1B/1R小麦K型雄性不育系比较研究

利用非1B/1R类型小麦雄性不育系及保持系与1B/1R类型小麦雄性不育系及保持系进行农艺性状、抗病性、光合速率及SOD活性的分析比较。结果表明,T.spelta1BS染色体导入使非1B/1R类型小麦比1B/1R类型不易产生单倍体,农艺性状中除株高具明显优势外,其他性状均不存在显著差异,两类不育系及保持系的抗病性也无明显差异;非1B/1R的K型不育系光合速率高于1B/1R类K型不育系;1B/1R和非1B/1R类型不育系的SOD活性的变化差异较小,均呈下降趋势,保持系差异较大。非1B/1R类型和1B/1R类型小麦雄性不育系花粉败育的关键时期均为二核期到三核期。     

小麦胞质不育系花粉败育与活性氧代谢关系的研究

Laser等在70年代就报道作物雄性不育花粉在发育过程中内膜及细胞器膜解体退化,但对造成这一现象的原因至今尚不十分清楚.近年来的许多研究表明,生物体内活性氧过多积累,可导致细胞膜的伤害、代谢失调甚至细胞死亡.还发现动物精子可因活性氧的伤害而失活,以SOD处理可防止其失活.水稻光敏感核不育花粉的败育与O_2~(?)的增多有关.而小麦细胞质雄性不育系花粉的败育及膜系统的解体是否为活性氧伤害所致?目前尚缺乏研究.本文     

普通小麦T型,V型和K型细胞质雄性不育系花粉败育机理的细胞学研究

从细胞学的角度对小麦８３（２１）３５核背景的Ｔ型、Ｖ型和Ｋ型细胞质雄性不育系的花粉败育机理进行了研究。发现三类不育系的小孢子发生过程基本正常，Ｔ型不育系的花粉主要在小孢子后期发生败育，以典败型和圆败型为主；Ｖ型不育系的花粉主要在小孢子后期至二细胞花粉期败育，以圆败型和浅染败型为主；而Ｋ型不育系的花粉主要在二细胞花粉后期至三细胞花粉期败育，以浅染败型和深染败型为主。药室合并现象普遍发生是Ｔ型不育系花药的一个突出特点，而Ｖ型和Ｋ型人育系花药各壁层的发育是正常的。核质发育关系不协调是不育系花粉败育的根本原因。细胞学观察结果可以作为不育细胞质类型划分的一项参考指标。     

莫迦小麦(Triticum macha L.) T型恢复基因Rf3和K型不育基因rfv1的连锁关系

为进一步明确莫迦小麦(Triticum macha) T型恢复基因Rf3与K型不育基因rfv1的连锁关系, 利用T型细胞质背景(T504A/Tm3314 F₂代和T504A//KTm3314A/90(13)21杂交分离群体)的可育株在K型细胞质下的育性测交分析, 明确了来自莫迦小麦的这2个基因连锁并不紧密, 交换值约为16.54%。可利用T型主效恢复基因Rf3提高含有T型主效恢复基因和K型主效不育基因的基础材料的选择效率。     

非1B/1R类型小麦雄性不育系KTSP3314A败育的生化机制

为了揭示K型非1B/1R类型小麦不育系雄性败育的生化机制。利用K型非1B/1R类型小麦雄性不育系KTSP3314A,其同型保持系TSP3314B,以K型1B/1R类型小麦雄性不育系K3314A、其同型保持系3314B为对照,分别对其叶片和穗子在不同发育时期的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)的活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量的变化进行测定。结果表明,K型非1B/1R类型小麦不育系中SOD,POD及CAT活性变化与K型1B/1R类型小麦雄性不育系酶活性变化一致,K型非1B/1R类型雄性不育小麦叶片和穗子的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)后期则较低,过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)的活性后期较高,丙二醛(MDA)含量后期较高。说明二者的雄性败育生化机制基本一致,但前者比后者败育的时期较晚。且超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性与雄性育性有关。     

玉米细胞质不育系JnA的分组鉴定和花粉败育观察

自Rhoades(1930)首次发现班米雄性不育(CMS)材料后[1],人们又陆续发现了一百多种班米CMS材料,其应用给生产上带来了巨大的经济效益.     

陆地棉1355A和104—7A不育系的细胞学研究

细胞学观察表明，陆地棉１３５５Ａ核雄性不育系小孢子败育从收缩期、小孢子外壁发育到双核期早期都有发生，但是其主要的败育时期是单核早期，这一不育系的外壁不能正常发育而长出刺，它和美国鉴定的ｍｓ２不育系小孢子败育过程相类似。这从细胞学上证实了我们先前的遗传学研究结果，即它是ｍｓ２的等位基因。１０４－７Ａ胞质不了系花药分化正常，但是很多在花纷母细胞的形成过程中退化解体。一些花粉母细胞能进一步发育成熟并开始减数分裂，但都仅停留在减数分裂的前期Ⅰ。该不育系绒毡层的提早解体可能与花粉母细胞的解体有关。它和美国培育的Ｃ．ｈａｒｋｎｅｓｓｉｉ胞质不育系的败育进程基本一致。     

水稻红莲—粤泰不育系花粉与药隔组织Ca^2＋的分布

用焦锑酸钾沉淀法研究了水稻红莲－粤泰不育系及其保持系花药发育过程中Ca^2 的分布变化。结果表明：二核期前后，可育花粉和败育花粉表面均积累较多Ca^2 的沉淀颗粒；可育花粉内充满浓密细胞质和淀粉粒，无Ca^2 沉淀颗粒分布；败育花粉在其细胞质的液泡中积累大量Ca^2 沉淀颗粒，胞质中出现液泡化网状结构，并逐步解体成空泡。保持系药隔维管束及薄壁细胞中几乎无Ca^2 沉淀颗粒分布；而不育系药隔维管束鞘及其周边细胞、导管与筛管的内壁和液泡中均有较多Ca^2 沉淀颗粒分布，薄壁细胞的核分布着较少Ca^2 沉淀颗粒。并对不育系花粉内和药隔组织细胞中Ca^2 大量积累的异常现象作了深入的探讨。     

偏型、粘型和易型小麦雄性不育系的初步研究

调查了10种不同山羊草(Aegilops)细胞质的异质小麦品种 Chris 与1B /1R 小黑麦易位系77(2)杂交 F_1及回交后代的育性表现,结果表明:1.在同核背景下,山羊草不同种的细胞质在对77(2)的育性反应上明显不同,依此差异进行特定的质核组配,能得到更宜于培育杂种小麦的新型不育系;2.不同的不育胞质在同核背景下虽都能产生雄性不育,但     

玉米C型胞质雄性不育系花粉败育的细胞学研究

利用光学和电子显微镜对玉米C型胞质雄性不育系和保持系的花药与小孢子发育过程进行对比观察.结果表明,不育系小孢子初始败育发生在幼龄小孢子时期,单核中期基本上完全败育,绒毡层到开花前崩溃.在小孢子初始发育时期,不育系绒毡层细胞的质体呈“杯状”变态.导致雄性不育主要的细胞学原因是绒毡层细胞结构、功能的失常.     

Agronomic and Physiological Study of Cold and Flooding Tolerance of Spelt (Triticum spelta L.) and Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Flooding of soil occurs all over the world in areas of crop production. The resulting lack of available oxygen in the soil can hinder the establishment of field crops such as wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) and thus lead to a decrease in yield. The current study compares the tolerance of spelt ( Triticum spelta L.) and wheat to wet and cold stress during germination and early growth. Two specific traits seem to be related to the superior early flooding tolerance of spelt: (1) fast growth of the coleoptile, which reaches the soil surface rapidly, thus reducing the time span of hypoxia sensitivity, independent of temperatures between 10 and 20 °C; (2) the improved physiological adaptation for coleoptile growth under hypoxia is probably due to lower oxygen consumption between germination and emergence. Because of this high level of flooding tolerance, spelt would also be a good source for breeding for stress tolerance in wheat. These findings will help to detect quantitative trait loci (QTL) for characters such as growth rate, flooding tolerance and oxygen consumption in future studies. A marker-assisted introgression of spelt into wheat is necessary to avoid combination with undesirable agronomic traits of spelt.     

小麦同核异质雄性不育系花粉发育的超微结构

对小麦８３（２１）３５核背景下三种细胞质雄性不育系（Ｔ,Ｖ,Ｋ）及保持系的花粉发育过程进行了超微结构研究,发现Ｔ型和Ｖ型不育系花粉败育前和败育中,液泡膜处于解体状态,细胞质和液泡间的有效分隔被破坏,液泡对细胞质的吞噬细胞强烈,线粒体等细胞器解体或退化,Ｖ型不育系花绒毡层内表面缺乏乌氏体分泌,在Ｋ型不育系花粉败育前,没有观察到线粒体,质体等细胞器结构方面的异常变化,但见到一种同心圆复合膜状结构以很高     

Performance of Spelt (Triticum spelta L.) and Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) at two Different Seeding Rates and Nitrogen Levels under Contrasting Environmental Conditions

The aim of this investigation was to obtain information about differences between spelt and wheat in relation to their performance under low-input conditions. Two spelt varieties ( Oberkulmer, Hercule ) and two wheat varieties ( Anna, Iend ) were grown at two different seeding rates (S1 = 200; S2 = 400 kernels/m²) and two nitrogen levels (Nl = 80 kg N/ha; N2 = 110 kg N/ha) at two contrasting locations (Muri; altitude 459 m asl; Oberwallestalden: altitude 1011 m asl). No growth regulators and fungicides were applied.
The overall mean for the "husked" yield (grains and glumes) of spelt was not significantly different from the grain yield of wheat. At the higher site Oberwallestalden however, the "husked" yield of spelt was 10.5 % higher than the grain yield of wheat. Although the number of ears per m² was higher at S2 than at S1, spelt and wheat produced a similar yield at both seeding rates (spelt: S1 = 96 % of S2; wheat: S1 = 95 % of S2) due to the higher single ear weight at S1.
The reaction of spelt and wheat to nitrogen was similar. The yield was 10 % higher at N2 than at Nl for both species. The performance of spelt under low-input conditions was better than for wheat in marginal areas for cereal production only.     

The Influence of Different Nitrogen Levels and Seeding Rates on the Dry Matter Production and Nitrogen Uptake of Spelt (Triticum spelta L.) and Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under Field Conditions

Dry matter production of two different spelt (Oberkulmer, Hercule) and wheat varieties (Arina, Iena) were investigated at two different seeding rates (S1 = 200 grains/m²; S2 = 400 grains/m²) and two nitrogen levels (N1 = 80 kg N/ha; N2 = 110 kg N/ha). The plot experiments were carried out at two contrasting locations (Muri: altitude 459 m asl); Oberwallestalden: altitude 1011 m asl) over three years (1988–1990). In addition nitrogen uptake and the photosynthetic rate of flag leaves was measured. Neither growth regulators nor fungicides were applied. The average grain yield of spelt was 25 % lower than that of wheat (32 % at Muri, 18 % at Oberwallestalden). At the reduced seeding rate (S1) grain weight and grain number per ear was increased by 33 % and 31 %, respectively as compared to the normal seeding rate (S2). The increase of the grain weight and the grain number per ear was larger for the two varieties of spelt (47 % and 42 %, respectively) than for the wheat varieties (23 % and 22 %, respectively). The photosynthetic rate of the flag leaf of spelt and wheat was not significantly different, at the two growth stages measured (anthesis, anthesis + 23 days). Nitrogen yield in the above ground biomass (g N/m²) was not significantly different between spelt and wheat, neither at the beginning of stem elongation, nor at anthesis. At anthesis the nitrogen yield at the reduced nitrogen level (N1) was 16 % and 13 % lower than at the higher level (N2) for spelt and wheat respectively. A higher nitrogen efficiency of spelt under low input conditions was not apparent. Therefore it was concluded that under low input conditions, spelt is not more efficient in dry matter production than wheat. By comparing the “husked” yield of spelt (grains + glumes; representing the trade form) with the grain yield of wheat, spelt is higher yielding than wheat but only at marginal areas of cereal production.     

Performance of Selected Strains of 'Farro' (Triticum monococcum L., Triticum dicoccum Schübler, Triticum Spelta L.) and Durum Wheat (Triticum Durum Desf. cv. Trinakria) in the Difficult Flat Environment of Southern Italy

The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of three species of unhulled-wheat (Triticum monococcum L., Triticum dicoccum Schubler and Triticum spelta L.) with respect to durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf. cv. Trinakria) in southern Italy's flat environment.
As far as yield is concerned, the mean yield was significantly different among species. Durum wheat yielded 16.1 %, 37.6% and 69.5 % more than dicoccum, spelta and monococcum species, respectively.
Among unhulled-wheat species, only Triticum dicoccum showed some similarity with durum wheat, such as one-thousand kernels weight, plant height and number of spikes per m².
Among the factors studied, the days to reach heading represented the factor that mostly influenced yield     

普通小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)T型细胞质雄性不育系及其保持系的线粒体DNA比较研究(英文)

mtDNAs of T type wheat cytoplasmic male sterile lines Ning Drawf 14(ND14) and their maintainers Ning Drawf 13 (ND13) were isolated and digested completely with restriction endonucleases EcoRI, PstI, EcoRV, BamHI. The results revealed that the molecular structure of mtDNAs from ND14 and ND13 cytoplasms were significantly deviated. The mitochondrial genomic difference between CMS line and maintainers were uncovered by southern hybridization with probes of 18S 5S rRNA、atpA genes from wheat and pea mitochondria, respectively. Due to the complexity of mtDNA and no proof of protein difference, it has not yet been demonstrated whether mtDNA difference of Normal and Male Sterile Cytoplasm of wheat is associated with CMS.     

川麦42的1BS染色体臂对小麦主要农艺性状的遗传效应

川麦42的1BS染色体臂来源于人工合成小麦亲本Syn769。利用川麦42与含1BL/1RS易位系的四川小麦品种川农16构建的127个重组自交系(RIL, F₈),经3年4个环境的遗传评价,比较了川麦42的1BS和川农16的1RS染色体臂对小麦产量构成因子和产量的遗传效应。结果表明,RIL群体中川麦42的1BS染色体臂株系和川农16的1RS染色体臂株系在分蘖力、成穗率、全生育期、小穗数、收获指数和籽粒产量6个性状上存在显著差异; 1BS染色体臂有利于提高成穗率和收获指数,而1RS染色体臂有利于提高分蘖能力和增加小穗数,1BS株系的籽粒平均产量比1RS株系增加2.91%。鉴于1RS染色体臂上的抗条锈病基因丧失抗性,其携带的黑麦碱基因对加工品质有明显的负向作用,而川麦42的1BS染色体臂携带高抗条锈病基因YrCH42, 并对小麦籽粒产量有正向作用,因此建议在小麦遗传改良中利用川麦42的1BS替换1RS染色体臂。     

不同花粉密度条件下光温敏雄性不育小麦BS366异交结实分析

研究了人工授粉和田间不同授粉方式条件下,光温敏雄性不育小麦BS366的异交结实情况。结果表明,在不育系花后不同时间人工饱和授粉条件下,其异交结实率呈先增后减的变化,花后第4天至第8天,异交结实率达80%以上,其中第5天为88%;穗中部异交结实能力最强,但异交结实粒数变异也最为明显;多次人工饱和授粉的异交结实率达94.7%,说明该不育系具有较高的异交结实潜力;花后天数与异交结实率的关系可以用方程y=-1.457 7x2 20.489x 12.472(R2=0.914 6**)描述,观察值与模拟值相差0～9%。田间不同授粉方式下,距恢复系1.5 m内,不育系异交结实变异较大,2.0 m以外无显著差异;距恢复系0.5 m内,不育系异交结实率较高,行间差异不显著;辅助授粉时,距恢复系1.0 m以内的不育系异交结实率和杂交种子重量的增幅最大,异交结实率最高可增加45%。光温敏雄性不育小麦BS366制种时播种宽度应控制2.0 m,并在花后8 d内,尤其是花后4～8 d进行辅助授粉,可实现较高异交结实率。     

F型小麦雄性不育系和SQ-1诱导的不育植株花粉形态电镜扫描观察

利用电镜扫描技术,对F型小麦雄性不育系和化学杀雄剂（SQ-1）诱导的不育植株花粉粒形态结构进行观察,比较花粉粒大小、形状及萌发孔孔盖等特征。结果表明,正常发育、SQ-1诱导和F型不育系三者之间花粉粒极轴长度差异均达到极显著水平。SQ-1诱导和F型不育系花粉粒均为典型的不规则败育形状,萌发孔孔盖均有不同程度凹陷,同时发现萌发孔孔盖脱落现象。