Canine urinary tract infections: a comparison of in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility test results and response to oral therapy with ampicillin or with trimethoprim-sulfa

In vitro susceptibility testing correctly predicted the outcome of ampicillin therapy in all 56 urinary tract infections (UTI) caused by coagulase-positive staphylococci (Staphylococcus aureus and S intermedius), in all 26 UTI caused by Proteus mirabilis, in 38 of 44 UTI caused by Escherichia coli, in 29 of 31 UTI caused by Streptococcus spp, in 8 of 10 UTI caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae, and in 16 of 20 UTI caused by other bacterial species. Thus, 173 of 187 (92.5%) isolates responded to ampicillin therapy in a manner predicted by in vitro susceptibility test results. In vitro susceptibility testing correctly predicted the outcome of therapy with trimethoprim-sulfa in 119 of 138 UTI caused by Escherichia coli, in 33 of 45 UTI caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae, in 38 of 43 UTI caused by Proteus mirabilis, in 21 of 25 UTI caused by Streptococcus spp, in 9 of 11 UTI caused by coagulase-positive staphylococci, and in 19 of 21 UTI caused by other bacterial species. Thus, 239 of 283 (84%) isolates responded to trimethoprim-sulfa therapy in a manner predicted by in vitro susceptibility test results.     

Internal parasites in calves and heifers in a central rearing barn

In the specialised rearing house for young cattle of all age groups the occurrence of endoparasites was followed. In the age group of 21 to 90 days, 56% of calves aged about 30 days eliminated oocysts of coccidia. On the whole, 49.3% of calves were infested by coccidia, 3% by enterohelminths. 90.3% of calves aged from three to six months were parasitised by coccidia, 7.4% by enterohelminths. Young cattle, aged from 6 to 12 months, were parasitised in 94.6% by coccidia and in 14.1% by enterohelminths. 86.6% of pregnant heifers at the age of 14 to 19 months had coccidia, 7.7% enterohelminths. The total farm capacity was about 950 animals. Throughout the year the number of examined animals amounted to 1,195, out of this number 958 animals, i. e. 80.2%, were infested by coccidia, 55.6% of animals by the species Eimeria bovis, 47.0% by E. zuernii, 43.3% by E. auburnensis, 39.4% by E. ellipsoidalis, 25.2% by E. cylindrica, 13.6% by E. subspherica, 3.1% by E. bukidnonensis, 1.7% by Isospora spp., 0.4% by E. brasiliensis, 0.08% by E. pellita. Enterohelminths were observed only in 96 animals, i. e. in 8.03%. Trichocephalus was found in 3.9% of animals, Cooperia in 2.4%, Ostertagia in 0.6%, Chabertia in 0.4%, Nematodirus in 0.3%, Capillaria in 0.2%, Oesophagostomum in 0.2%, Bunostomum in 0.1% and Trichostrongylus in 0.1%. The highest elimination of oocysts of coccidia was observed in August, January and February, of eggs of enterohelminths from August to October. In all age groups the most frequent was the occurrence of pathogenic species of coccidia.     

不同杀虫剂对井上蛀果斑螟卵的触杀作用

为了解不同杀虫剂对井上蛀果斑螟卵的触杀作用,采用浸渍法测定了辛硫磷、丙溴磷、乙酰甲胺磷、高效氯氟氢菊酯、杀虫双、除虫脲、噻嗪酮、阿维.哒螨灵、吡虫.三唑磷等9种药剂对井上蛀果斑螟卵的触杀效果。结果表明：2.5%高效氯氟氢菊酯EC 600倍液,对井上蛀果斑螟卵的触杀效果最高,校正死亡率达98.67％;40%辛硫磷EC 250和500倍液、30％乙酰甲胺磷EC 300倍液、37%噻嗪酮SC 250倍液、20％吡虫.三唑磷EC 150倍液处理,校正死亡率均在90%以上。此外,40%辛硫磷EC 1 000和1 500倍液、40%丙溴磷EC 2 000和2 500倍液、30％乙酰甲胺磷EC 600倍液、2.5%高效氯氟氰菊酯EC 800倍液、25%杀虫双AS 100和150倍液、25%除虫脲2 500倍液、8％阿维.哒螨灵EC 1 500倍液和20％吡虫.三唑磷EC 150倍液的触杀效果均高于80％。综合试验结果考虑,防治井上蛀果斑螟,可使用40％辛硫磷EC 500~1000倍液、30％乙酰甲胺磷EC 300~600倍液、2.5%高效氯氟氰菊酯EC 600~800倍液、37% 噻嗪酮SC 250倍液和20％吡虫.三唑磷EC 100~150倍液对该虫的卵期进行防治。     

河西走廊绿洲外围沙化草地固沙造林效果研究

通过对流动沙丘固沙造林效果的对比研究,结果发现:未固沙造林的沙丘,丘间低地是以芦苇和赖草为优势种的原生群落,沙丘迎风坡植被稀疏,不形成植物群落,而实施固沙造林技术20年后的沙丘,虽丘间低地群落组成成分变化不大,但流动沙丘被完全固定,中下部形成以引入固沙灌木柠条锦鸡儿、花棒为优势种的人工植物群落,植物种类增加,生产力提高,草地生态系统得到有效恢复。固沙造林沙丘与未固沙造林沙丘相比,丘间低地群落高度增加51.6%,产草量增加12.6%,盖度增加4.7%,多度无变化,密度提高15%,物种丰富度指数提高25%,均匀度指数提高34.8%;迎风坡下部群落高度增加87.1%,产草量增加13%,多度提高一个等级,密度增加15%,物种丰富度指数提高228%,均匀度指数提高22.8%;迎风坡中部群落高度增加453.7%,产草量增加64.5%,多度提高一个等级,密度增加128.9%,物种丰富度指数提高616%,均匀度指数提高33.3%;迎风坡上部植被非常稀疏,不形成群落,植株平均高度25.3 cm,产草量增加206.8%,多度提高一个等级,密度增加550%,物种丰富度指数提高800%,均匀度指数提高66.7%。     

Effects of helminth infection on the pre-weaning production of ewes and lambs: evaluation of pre- and post-lambing drenching and provision of safe lambing pasture

The pre-weaning production of ewes and lambs in spring on pastures grazed during the previous autumn and early winter by either weaner sheep, adult sheep, or cattle was investigated together with estimating the benefits of pre- and post-lambing drenches to ewes. These treatments were compared with one in which parasitism was uncontrolled in ewes lambing on pastures grazed previously by untreated weaner sheep, and another where parasitism was suppressed by 2-weekly drenching of the weaner sheep and also of the ewes and their lambs. Prior grazing by cattle effectively eliminated infection of pastures with intestinal Trichostrongylus and Nematodirus spp, but less so for Ostertagia spp. Worthwhile reductions in contamination were also achieved by grazing by adult sheep compared with grazing by undrenched weaners. Despite differences in the parasitological status of the pastures, there were no indications that pre-weaning growth rates of lambs were affected. However, wool growth in ewes was reduced by 10 to 20% by parasite infection. Wool growth of ewes on pastures grazed by cattle during the pre-experimental period exceeded that on any other treatment, and was significantly greater than that of ewes on pastures grazed by undrenched weaners. There was no production benefit in giving a pre-lambing drench to ewes on plots contaminated by weaners, or in giving the additional post-lambing drench to ewes grazing on plots contaminated by weaners, adult sheep or cattle.     

藏北高寒草地牧草营养品质对放牧的响应机制

基于藏北高原的3个围栏与自由放牧试验样地,探讨了高寒草地牧草营养品质对放牧的响应机制.结果表明:在一个高寒草原化草甸冷季牧场,冷季放牧分别减少了24.29％和18.98％的杂草酸性洗涤纤维和中性洗涤纤维含量,并增加了41.05％的杂草粗灰分含量,从而增加了杂草营养品质;而没有改变群落和优势牧草营养品质.在一个高寒草原化...     

生物纤维饲料在蛋鸡生产中的应用研究

生物纤维饲料是对玉米淀粉湿磨国工过程中的浸泡液，黄浆和玉米皮渣等副产品经生物发酵方法而形成的一种新型饲料。本文研究了生物纤维饲料在蛋鸡饲养中的饲喂效果。试验表明，半风干生物纤维饲料（含水分26．68％）以5％比例添加蛋鸡日粮中的饲喂效果与对照组相比，日均产蛋量提高6．4％，平均产蛋率提高6．05％，料蛋比下降13．01％，毛利润提高90．70％，而风干生物纤维饲料（含水分15．44％），则以10％比添加于蛋鸡日粮时，表现出较明显的增产效果，其与对照组相比，日均产蛋量提高4．04％，平均产蛋率提高4．18％，料蛋比下降4．09％，毛利润提高25．74％。     

几种脲酶抑制剂对大豆脲酶和绵羊瘤胃微生物脲酶的抑制作用

本文研究了脲酶抑制剂乙酰氧肟酸 (AHA)、邻苯二酚、氢醌 (HQ)和硼砂对大豆脲酶和绵羊瘤胃微生物脲酶的抑制作用。结果表明 ,在浓度为 0 .0 0 0 1,0 .0 0 1,0 .0 1和 0 .1mmol/L时 ,4种脲酶抑制剂对大豆脲酶的抑制率分别为 :AHA为 6 % ,6 .2 % ,9.6 6 %和 2 9.79% ;HQ为 8.4 % ,13.0 3% ,19.79%和 4 4 .75 % ;邻苯二酚为 2 0 .34% ,19.12 % ,83.16 %和 93.78% ;而硼砂为 16 .5 5 % ,17.18% ,18.95 %和 35 .5 0 %。在相同浓度下 ,4种脲酶抑制剂对绵羊瘤胃微生物脲酶的抑制率分别为 :AHA为 9.5 8% ,14 .0 4 % ,4 1.30 %和 72 .73% ;HQ为 12 .2 1% ,39.99% ,6 4 .6 2 %和 78.87% ;邻苯二酚为 6 .0 7% ,9.36 % ,31.2 9%和 5 0 .4 4 % ;而硼砂分别为 4 .97% ,8.6 3% ,2 1.78%和 32 .0 2 %。     

Influence of catecholamines, prostaglandins and thyroid hormones on growth hormone secretion by chicken pituitary cells in vitro

In young chickens plasma concentrations of growth hormone (GH) are depressed by prostaglandins (PG) E1 and E2, epinephrine, norepinephrine, alpha 2 and beta agonists or thyroid hormones. A primary culture of chicken adenohypophyseal cells was used to examine the direct effects of these agents at the level of the pituitary as evaluated by GH release in the presence and absence of growth hormone releasing factor (GRF). Following collagenase dispersion and culture (preincubation, 48 hr) cells were exposed (incubation, 2 hr) to test agents, except for thyroid hormones which were added during the preincubation, and incubation period. Growth hormone release was increased (P less than .05) in the presence of PGE1 (10(-8)M by 34%; 10(-7)M by 54%), PGE2 (10(-8)M by 29%; 10(-7)M by 29%), PGF2 alpha (10(-8)M by 28%), and the beta agonist isoproterenol (10(-7)M by 46%). Basal GH release from chicken pituitary cells was not affected by dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), or alpha adrenergic agonists. Growth hormone releasing factor stimulated GH release was not affected by the presence of prostaglandins E1, E2 or F2 alpha in the incubation media. However, GRF stimulated GH release was reduced by high doses of catecholamines: dopamine (10(-6)M by 34%), norepinephrine (10(-6)M by 74%), epinephrine (10(-8)M by 47%; 10(-7)M by 41%; 10(-6)M by 89%), and by the alpha 1 adrenergic agonist, phenylephrine (10(-7)M by 52%), the alpha 2 agonist, clonidine (10(-8)M by 34%; 10(-7)M by 83%) and the beta agonist, isoproterenol (10(-7)M by 64%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

黄芪皂苷三种提取方法对黄芪甲苷含量的影响

用薄层扫描法测定并比较三种不同皂苷提取方法对黄芪甲苷含量的影响。分别采用大孔树脂吸附法、正丁醇萃取法和KOH回流提取法制备供试品。以氯仿-甲醇-水为展开系统,薄层扫描法测定黄芪甲苷含量。结果显示,大孔树脂吸附法、正丁醇萃取法和KOH回流提取法三种方法提取物中黄芪甲苷平均含量分别为0．07768％,0．05578％,0．06953％。结果显示大孔树脂法提取黄芪所得黄芪甲苷含量较高。     

BooK Reviews

Book reviewed in this article:
Veterinary Toxicology, 2nd Edn Myra L. Clarke, D. G. Harvey and D. J. Humphreys. Published by Bailliere Tindall
Veterinary Biology and Medicine of Captive Amphibians and Reptiles L. C. Marcus. Published by Bailliere Tindall
Interrelations between People and Pets Edited by B. Fogle. Published by Charles C. Thomas
Caged Bird Medicine C. V. Steiner and R. B. Davis. Published by Bailliere Tindall
Parrots W. de Grahl. Published by Ward Lock Ltd.
The Dog Directory, 6th Edn Edited by Joe and Liz Cartledge. Published by the Ryslip Group Ltd., Binfield Park, Bracknell, Berks
Veterinary Laboratory Data B. Rushton. Published by BVA Publications
Dealing with Data Diana M. Sard. Published by BVA Publications
Recent Advances in the Study of Raptor Diseases (The Proceedings of the International Symposium on Diseases of Birds of Prey held in July 1980.) Edited by J. E. Cooper and A. G. Greenwood     

牛磺酸对马杜霉素中毒大鼠的保护作用

观察牛磺酸对大鼠马杜霉素中毒时的保护作用。将试验大鼠每天灌服马杜霉素进行染毒,且染毒前1 h腹腔注射牛磺酸保护,染毒5 d,继续注射牛磺酸2 d后处死,测定血清、肝脏、腿肌和心肌的丙二醛（MDA）含量、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）活力和总抗氧化能力（T-AOC）。结果表明牛磺酸组的大鼠血清、肝脏、腿肌和心肌中SOD活性、GSH-Px活力、T-AOC均有所提高,MDA有所降低,与对照组、马杜霉素组比较,差异显著（P〈0.01,P〈0.05）。牛磺酸可以提高大鼠机体的抗氧化能力,对马杜霉素引起的脂质过氧化具有保护作用。     

无角陶塞特、波德代、萨福克与小尾寒羊杂交试验研究

引进无角陶塞特、波德代、萨福克与张掖市本地饲养的小尾寒羊进行杂交改良,杂一代表现出明显的杂种优势和肉用特征。在相同的饲养条件下,与小尾寒羊比较,陶寒杂交Fl羔羊公母平均初生重比小尾寒羊提高20.5%,1月龄、3月龄和6月龄体重分别提高21.4%、14.4%和14.5%,初生至6月龄的平均日增重提高14.5%;6月龄平均体高增加13.3%,体长增加16.7%,胸围增加19.1%,管围增加10.7%;6月龄胴体重提高38.21%,净肉重提高47.09%。波寒杂交Fl羔羊公母平均初生重比小尾寒羊提高17.7%,1月龄、3月龄和6月龄体重分别提高19.1%、20.8%和16.0%,初生至6月龄的平均日增重提高16.0%;6月龄平均体高增加14.5%,体长增加16.1%,胸围增加17.8%,管围增加10.7%;6月龄胴体重提高47.07%,净肉重提高58.52%。萨寒杂交Fl公母平均初生重比小尾寒羊提高14.0%,1月龄、3月龄和6月龄体重分别提高12.8%、13.3%和14.4%,初生至6月龄的平均日增重提高14.4%;6月龄平均体高增加31.5%,体长增加17.6%,胸围增加19.2%,管围增加11.4%;6月龄胴体重提高45.36%,净肉重提高57.64%。     

放牧强度对夏季高寒草甸生物量和植被结构的影响

讨论了放牧强度对高寒草甸夏季草地上生物量和植被结构的影响。结果表明 :轻牧组、中牧组及重牧组各放牧强度对草地优良牧草所占比例影响较大 ,其中 :禾本科牧草分别提高 2 0 .5 %、6.5 % ,减少1 3.5 % ;莎草科牧草分别提高 2 0 .3%、1 0 .4% ,减少 7.7% ;杂类草分别减少 2 0 .5 %、6.5 % ,提高 1 3.5 %。再从草地盖度看 ,优良牧草 (禾草 +莎草 )在轻牧组提高 1 .4% ,中牧和重牧组分别减少 2 .2 %和 6.4% ;杂类草盖度在轻牧和中牧组分别减少 2 1 .3%和 7.2 % ,而在重牧组则提高 3.2 %。     

无角陶塞特、波德代、萨福克与蒙古羊杂交试验研究

引进无角陶塞特、波德代、萨福克与张掖市本地饲养的蒙古羊进行杂交改良,杂一代表现出明显的杂种优势。在相同的饲养条件下,与蒙古羊比较,陶蒙杂交F1羔羊公母平均初生重比蒙古羊提高24．6％,1月龄、3月龄和6月龄体重分别提高12．5％、16．1％和13．3％,初生至6月龄的平均日增重提高12．0％;6月龄平均体高增加14．3％,体长增加17．1％,胸围增加27．19／6,管围增加16．6％;6月龄胴体重提高29．92％,净肉重提高37．82％。波蒙杂交F1羔羊公母平均初生重比蒙古羊提高22．2％,1月龄、3月龄和6月龄体重分别提高13．0％、23．3％和15．3％,初生至6月龄的平均日增重提高14．5％;6月龄平均体高增加19．7％,体长增加19．7％,胸围增加30．9％,管围增加17．0％;6月龄胴体重提高33．88％,净肉重提高43．17％。萨蒙杂交F1公母平均初生重比蒙古羊提高21．3％,1月龄、3月龄和6月龄体重分别提高16．7％、15．2％和11．6％,初生至6月龄的平均日增重提高10．4％;6月龄平均体高增加47．8％,体长增加33．5％,胸围增加49．0％,管围增加26．8％;6月龄胴体重提高31．04％,净肉重提高42．02％。     

豆科绿肥对四川丘陵区橘园间作效应的初步研究

为明确豆科绿肥对四川丘陵区橘园产量、品质、产值及土壤肥力的影响,2011-2013年在四川省西充县进行了试验研究。结果表明：（1）橘园间作豆科作物柑橘产量比对照提高3.3%-5.7%、但增产不显著;（2）凡涉及间作大豆的模式,经济产值极显著提高、比对照增加14.3%-16.2%;（3）凡间种豆科绿肥的模式,柑橘品质和土壤养分都有明显改善,柑橘总糖提高13.1%-15.5%、可溶性固形物提高17.4%-20.2%、Vc 提高13.6%-16.3%、可滴定酸降低10.3%-11.8%,土壤有机质增加13.2%-15.9%、全氮增加6.3%-8.7%、全磷增加8.0%-10.6%、速效钾增加6.2%-8.7%。橘园间作豆科绿肥和间作大豆-绿肥的综合效应良好,可选择应用。     

Bisphenol A disrupts granulosa cell function

Because of its widespread use and potential adverse biological effects, bisphenol A (BPA) represents one of the most studied endocrine-disrupting compounds. Within the reproductive system, ovarian granulosa cells have been documented as a target of BPA action, but no consensus has been reached about functional modifications induced by BPA. On these bases, we studied the potential disrupting effects of BPA on the main granulosa cell functional activities, also taking into account a potential interference with the ovarian angiogenic process. Ovarian granulosa cells were isolated from porcine follicles and cultured in the presence or absence of BPA at different concentrations for 48 h. Cell proliferation was studied by measuring adenosine triphosphate content. Progesterone (P4) and estradiol 17β (E2) production was determined by radioimmunoassay. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) output was quantified by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Redox status was monitored by measuring superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide, and by determining the activities of the scavenging enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase by colorimetric methods. Granulosa cell proliferation as well as redox status resulted unaffected by BPA. Concentrations of E2 were stimulated by the lower BPA concentration, whereas they were inhibited by the larger doses tested. P4 output was decreased by all BPA concentrations. To the contrary, VEGF production was stimulated. Data indicate that BPA can interfere with reproductive activity by affecting granulosa cell steroidogenesis in vitro; furthermore, BPA can exert a promoting effect on the ovarian angiogenic process by increasing VEGF output in pigs. A disruption of this finely tuned process seems particularly relevant because of the risk of uncontrolled neovascularization.     

钠复合肥提高多浆旱生植物霸王幼苗生长及抗旱性

本研究采用室内盆栽实验,探讨了一种由适量的氮、磷和钠等元素组成的钠复合肥对多浆旱生植物霸王幼苗生长及抗旱性的影响。结果表明,干旱胁迫下施钠复合肥后,与对照和磷酸二铵肥相比,霸王幼苗的株高增加了30%和12%、叶面积增加了97%和40%、叶相对有机干重增加了10%和7%、叶干重增加了57%和38%、叶含水量增加了347%和55%,净光合速率增加了145%和24%、PSⅡ原初光能转换效率增加了6%和4%、电子传递速率增加了16%和8%、量子产额增加了14%和5%,而叶MDA含量下降了58%和18%、相对质膜透性下降了50%和26%。另外,与对照相比,施钠复合肥后霸王幼苗水分利用效率提高了4%。这些结果说明,钠复合肥能够促进干旱胁迫下霸王幼苗的生长、提高其抗旱性,并且效果优于磷酸二铵肥。     

Digestibility of nutrients in a feed mixture in certain swine helminthiases

The average digestibility coefficients of feed mixture nutrients in pigs infected medium severely to severely by the helminths Ascaris suum and Oesophagostomum dentatum were lower in comparison with the post-dehelminthization condition (dry matter by 3.1%, crude protein by 6.7%, fat by 8.9%, nitrogen-free extracts and fibre by 2.2%, organic matter by 3.1%). The content of total digestible nutrients made 679 g in infected pigs and 708 g in dehelminthized pigs. In the period following the experimental infection of pigs by the helminths Ascaris suum, characterized by the formation of antibodies and adaptation after heavy injury of the organism, the digestibility coefficients of feed mixture nutrients were in comparison with the state prior to infection influenced positively. In two metabolism trials, on the 9th to 13th day after infection the digestibility coefficients increased as follows: of dry matter by 4.8% and 3.6%, crude protein by 8.2 and 4.2%, nitrogen-free extracts and fibre by 2.0 and 3.5% and organic matter by 3.0 and 3.3%. The decrease in fat digestibility coefficients was observed in both cases, by 12.4% and 9.9%. Prior to infection the content of total digestible nutrients was 712 g and 682 g, after infection 731 g and 707 g.     

Effects of histamine antagonists, an anticholinergic agent and antacid on gizzard erosions in broiler chicks

The effects of histamine antagonists, an anticholinergic agent and antacid on gizzard erosion (GE) induced by heated casein-histidine mixture (h-CH), histamine or starvation were examined. Diphenhydramine, an H1-antagonist, had no effect on the GE formation caused by h-CH, but reduced the severity of the lesions induced by histamine and starvation. Cimetidine, an H2-antagonist, blocked completely the formation of the lesions induced by h-CH or histamine but did not prevent starvation-induced GE. Gastric antacid decreased the severity of GE caused by h-CH and histamine. The formation of GE by starvation was blocked by the administration of propantheline bromide or inert solids. The results suggest that the stimulated gastric secretion caused by the H2-activity of h-CH or histamine is largely responsible for the formation of GE. In starvation-induced GE, however, alteration of gastric secretion had no effect on the formation of the lesion as it was caused by the emptiness of the gizzard.