现场围隔及其在水域生态学研究中的应用

现场围隔通过围隔水体建立一个相对封闭的生态系,与周围水体没有交换。使用现场围隔始于20世纪60年代,经过几十年的发展,其结构和功能得到了不同程度的改进和完善,已成为研究水域生态的有效工具,主要用于污染生态学、养殖生态学方面的研究。现场围隔主体结构包括围隔幔、固定支架和围隔幔支架等,附属设备包括防雨罩、电动机、浮力装置和...     

水域生态学研究一种新兴方法——现场受控围隔实验法

用现场受控围隔实验(Controlled enclosure experiment in situ)的方法研究水域生态学,目前正受到国内外海洋生态学家的青睐。该方法既能克服在天然水域中试验其生态条件差异较大的困难,又能解决在实验室条件下某些生态因子不能解决的问题,使实验逼近实际,具有代表性,是水域生态学研究方法上的一大发展。笔者根据国外在海洋应用     

滤食性鱼类鲢放养量对淀山湖水质影响的围隔试验

为研究非经典生物操纵技术控制淀山湖水体富营养化时最佳的鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)放养量,于2009年夏季在淀山湖开展原位围隔试验。鲢放养密度设0、40、80、120 g/m3四个水平,每组设2个重复。每隔10天采样一次,分析水质。实验结果表明:(1)鲢密度为40 g/m3时可一定程度降低淀山湖围隔水体中有机物质(以高锰酸盐指数为代表);80 g/m3时对总氮的降低以及水体透明度的提高最有效;各放养密度对总磷的影响均不明显。(2)对于淀山湖水体而言,鲢的放养可以净化水体,提高生态系统稳定性;当放养密度为80 g/m3时,效果最好。     

鲢和奥尼罗非鱼对池塘蓝藻水华及水质的影响

2004～2005年在广州市一个富营养化浅水池塘中开展原位围隔试验,研究放养鲢鱼和奥尼罗非鱼对蓝藻水华的控制效果及对水质的影响.结果表明,鲢鱼和奥尼罗非鱼可以有效控制蓝藻水华,使围隔水体中的浮游植物优势种由蓝藻渐变为裸藻、绿藻和硅藻.鲢鱼、奥尼罗非鱼围隔水体中总悬浮物浓度较池塘水体分别下降29.7%和18.6%;叶绿素a浓度分别下降26.6%和15.9%.同时,围隔水体透明度显著提高.但鱼类放养对水体中的总氮、总磷浓度没有显著影响,并会造成水体中悬浮颗粒物的粒径分布范围变宽,使水体中新增加了直径大于500 μm的悬浮颗粒物.     

鲢鳙放养对水体微生物碳源利用影响的围隔试验

利用Biolog技术就滆湖原位围隔内鲢鳙放养密度和比例对水体微生物碳源利用的影响进行了研究。结果显示,在试验阶段后期不同围隔内水体微生物对碳源总量的利用相对于试验中期有较明显的变化。未放养鲢鳙的对照组(A0)在试验后期对于碳源总量的利用低于各实验组(A_1:鱼密度40 g/m~3、鲢鳙比7∶3;A_2∶40 g/m~3、3∶7、A_3∶80 g/m~3、7∶3和A_4∶80 g/m~3、3∶7)。试验中期和后期,利用比例较高的碳源类型均为聚合物。主成分分析表明,试验后期不同围隔水体微生物群落碳代谢方式具有显著差异。其中,与主成分1显著相关的碳源主要有16种,分别属于聚合物、糖类、羧酸、氨基酸。实验中期和后期围隔水体微生物碳代谢多样性指数Shannon物种多样性指数、丰富度指数和Pielou均匀度指数均存在显著差异,代谢多样性指数最高的是实验组A1,实验组A4碳代谢多样性指数相对较低。根据鳙的绝对生物量、多样性指标以及对碳源的总量利用,可以得出以鲢鳙主导的微型生态系统中,鳙的绝对生物量对于水体微生物影响更加显著。     

运用非经典生物操纵技术治理水华

针对水体“水华”的蓝藻过度繁殖及死亡腐败,运用非经典生物操纵技术,在清除凶猛鱼的基础上,对该区域实施网围养殖式围隔,每年投放大规格鲢鳙鱼种(鲢鳙比约1.5∶1)50万kg以上,计1 000万尾,使网围养殖区水域的存鱼量达到8.5 g/m3,同时对网围养殖实施禁渔。经3年试验,至今水华已不再出现,初步实现了千岛湖水域生态环境良性循环。     

鲢和奥尼罗非鱼对池塘蓝藻水华及水质的影响

２００４～２００５年在广州市一个富营养化浅水池塘中开展原位围隔试验,研究放养鲢鱼和奥尼罗非鱼对蓝藻水华的控制效果及对水质的影响。结果表明,鲢鱼和奥尼罗非鱼可以有效控制蓝藻水华,使围隔水体中的浮游植物优势种由蓝藻渐变为裸藻、绿藻和硅藻。鲢鱼、奥尼罗非鱼围隔水体中总悬浮物浓度较池塘水体分别下降２９.７％和１８．６％;叶绿素ａ浓度分别下降２６．６％和１５．９％。同时,围隔水体透明度显著提高。但鱼类放养对水体中的总氮、总磷浓度没有显著影响,并会造成水体中悬浮颗粒物的粒径分布范围变宽,使水体中新增加了直径 大于５００μｍ的悬浮颗粒物。     

不同施肥方法对鱼蚌综合养殖池塘浮游植物群落结构的影响

通过155 d围隔实验检验了不同施肥条件下鱼蚌综合养殖水体中的浮游植物群落结构。实验设3个处理:施鸭粪、施化肥、兼施鸭粪和化肥。放养种类为三角帆蚌、草鱼、鲫、鲢和鳙,放养量分别为每围隔20、15、5、5和5个。结果发现,围隔内浮游植物生物量平均值为(2.1~6.0)×108个/L。不同施肥方法对浮游植物种类组成和优势种、叶绿素a(Chl.a)、生物量以及蓝藻在浮游植物生物量中的比例无显著影响。浮游植物群落变化表现出较明显的季节性特点,影响围隔浮游植物群落的理化因子为TN、NH3-N和DO。研究表明,采用不同施肥方法的围隔内浮游植物群落结构未表现出显著差异,难以从浮游植物角度解释兼施鸭粪和化肥的围隔珍珠产量高于施鸭粪或施化肥的围隔的事实,也难以确定珍珠产量与浮游植物群落结构之间存在必然的联系。     

中国明对虾放流对鱼类生态位的影响

为探究中国明对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)增殖放流对水域内鱼类的影响及其表现形式,采用原位实验生态学方法,在对虾放流河道构建围隔,设置3种虾苗放流量(模拟莱州湾近岸放流5亿尾、7.5亿尾和10亿尾)和无放流处理,经过一个对虾生长季后,比较不同处理围隔中鱼类组成和生态位特征差异。结果显示,4种处理围隔中,回捕对虾数量随放流量增加而增加,但其生物量、平均个体大小和回捕率未随放流量增加而增加;回捕率在放流围隔间差异显著,以5亿尾模拟围隔的值最高;鱼的种类组成相似,可归于杂食性、浮游动物食性和鱼/虾食性。总鱼类和鱼/虾食性的鱼类产出量在围隔间差异不显著,杂食性鱼的产出量以放流围隔较高,浮游动物食性鱼的产出量随对虾放流量增加而减少。鱼种间高生态位重叠(>0.75)配对数随对虾生物量增多而减少。相似性分析显示,放流最多的和无放流围隔的鱼类生态位相异程度最高。综上认为,在实验水体中,放流对虾并不降低鱼类总量产出,但可能会影响不同食性鱼类的相对组成和生态位重叠度,且影响效应随放流量增加更为明显。     

南亚热带水库中盔形溞牧食对浮游植物群落影响的围隔试验

为了解热带-亚热带地区大型枝角类对浮游植物的控制作用,2010年3-4月在广东省流溪河水库进行了围隔试验研究.围隔尺寸4m×4m×6m,用孔径2mm的网过滤库水.设置4个试验组,包括1个对照组(C)和低、中、高密度(L、M、H)的3个梯度处理组,添加的盔形溞(Daphnia galeata)分别为0、0.3、0.6、1.0个/L;每个试验组设3个平行,持续6周.由于盔形溞以孤雌生殖为主,在无鱼条件下,盔形溞在较短的时间内快速建立了较高密度的种群,对照组与处理组之间没有显著的差异.在试验进行至21 d,所有围隔中的盔形溞种群达到最大密度,随后出现了明显下降;4个试验组的总浮游植物生物量差异不显著,所有处理中浮游植物和叶绿素a在试验初期出现快速下降.在浮游植物密度下降的同时,其群落组成结构发生了很大的变化.小环藻(Cyclotella meneghiniana)、卵囊藻(Oocystis lacustris)等细胞直径＜30 μm的浮游植物种类前期生物量降低后期稳定,而转板藻(Mougeotia)等粒径＞30μm的种类后期生物量呈增加趋势.试验结果表明,在热带-亚热带深水贫营养水库中,当盔形溞等大型枝角类种群存在时,通过对鱼类的合理调控,存在有效调控浮游植物密度与结构的可能性.     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.     

Influence of the antibacterial herbs, Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia on the survival, growth and bacterial load of Penaeus monodon post larvae

The indiscriminate use of antibiotics and chemicals in shrimp hatcheries has led to biomagnification and that in turn could lead to rejection of a whole consignment. The application of the bioencapsulation technique as a tool for curative treatment in shrimp larvae was investigated. Herbs having antibacterial properties such as Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia (methanolic extracts) were bioencapsulated in Artemia and fed to Penaeus monodon post larvae PL 1–25. The post larvae were reared in a medium inoculated with pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Vibrio sp. Post larvae reared in the non-inoculated water and fed with non-enriched Artemia exhibited 90% survival, highest specific growth rate (12.43%) and reduced bacterial load. P. monodon reared in the bacterial inoculated water and fed with the non-enriched Artemia exhibited the lowest survival (10–30%), specific growth rate (8.42–9.1%) and increased bacterial load (2.86 × 10³ to 3.76 × 10⁵ cfu/g). The methanolic extracts of the herbs helped to increase survival and specific growth rate and reduced bacterial load in the P. monodon culture system. Among the three herbal extracts, P. corylifolia enriched Artemia fed post larvae showed the tendency to higher survival (>50%), growth rate (11.5 averaged) and low bacterial load (1.12 × 10⁵ cfu/g). This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.