旱地玉米双垄全膜覆盖“一膜用两年”免耕栽培模式研究

在推广应用旱地玉米双垄面集雨全膜覆盖沟播技术基础上,从减少投入、提高经济效益入手,进行了旱地玉米双垄全膜覆盖"一膜用两年"免耕栽培模式的试验研究.结果表明,该项技术玉米农艺性状明显优于常规覆膜栽培,玉米产量比常规栽培增产956.1 kg/hm2,增加16.31%;前期土壤含水量显著提高,玉米出苗率比双垄面集雨全膜覆盖沟播和常规覆膜栽培分别提高2.58%、14.5%;比双垄面集雨全膜覆盖沟播栽培和常规覆膜栽培分别减少投入1 350元/hm2、1 860元/hm2,纯收入分别增加703.9元/hm2、3 055.1元/hm2,经济效益显著.     

双垄全膜覆盖沟播栽培对甘肃中部坡耕地水土流失和作物产量的影响

在甘肃省榆中县黄土高原丘陵沟壑区的坡耕地,采用双垄全膜覆盖沟播(DRM)、全膜平铺覆盖(WM)、条膜(半膜)起垄覆盖(RM)、条膜(半膜)平铺覆盖(NM)、露地条播(CK)5个处理进行对比试验。结果表明,双垄全膜覆盖沟播栽培具有良好的减少坡耕地土壤水土流失的作用,土壤流失量分别较露地条播、条膜起垄、条膜平铺、全膜平铺下降了56.07%、67.24%、71.59%、82.47%;作物产量大幅度提高,玉米产量分别比半膜垄作和半膜平铺增产46.76%和58.07%,蚕豆产量分别比条膜起垄、条膜平铺和对照增产46.52%、54.99%和102.96%,马铃薯产量分别比条膜起垄、条膜平铺和对照增产95.21%、76.30%和74.89%。玉米的水分生产率分别比半膜垄作和半膜平铺提高4.77 kg/(mm.hm2)和9.47 kg/(mm.hm2),蚕豆的水分生产率比半膜垄作、半膜平铺和露地对照提高3.24、6.58 kg/(mm.hm2)和5.03 kg/(mm.hm2),马铃薯的水分生产率比半膜垄作、半膜平铺和露地对照提高47.35、42.02、41.57 kg/(mm.hm2)。黄土高原丘陵沟壑半干旱雨养农业区坡耕地采用双垄全膜覆盖沟播栽培,具有良好的减少土壤水土流失的作用,能够最大限度地集蓄天然降水,加之其明显的增温保温作用,可大幅度地提高作物产量,降水生产率显著提高。     

旱地胡麻全膜大小垄侧穴播栽培技术研究

针对甘肃中部半干旱旱作区春季降水少、土壤墒情差、胡麻保全苗难等问题探讨旱地胡麻地膜栽培模式对胡麻产量的影响。试验结果表明,旱地胡麻全膜大小垄侧穴播栽培可防止胡麻出苗板结,有效提高胡麻出苗率,明显减少土壤水分的无效蒸发,增加土壤水分含量,胡麻生长的前期地温明显提高,胡麻的经济性状明显改善,增产效果明显,经济效益显著;旱地胡麻全膜大小垄侧穴播栽培水分生产率,比全膜平铺覆土穴播栽培、旱地胡麻半膜膜侧穴播和露地穴播栽培分别提高28.28%、40.33%和116.17%;比全膜平铺覆土穴播栽培、旱地胡麻半膜膜侧穴播和露地穴播栽培分别增产22.04%、28.74%和53.74%,是目前旱地胡麻增产稳产高产的最佳的栽培模式。     

玉米双垄全膜模式土壤水分与降水的灰色关联分析及水分利用率研究

对玉米双垄全膜覆盖沟播栽培技术条件下的降水利用、土壤蓄水、保水和供水特征进行了研究,结果表明:在15 d测定时段,双垄全膜覆盖栽培模式的0～60 cm土层平均储水量分别比全膜平铺覆盖、半膜覆盖和露地多14.7 mm、17.9 mm,29.6 mm;4种模式土壤储水量与降水量的灰色关联序为露地(0.727)＞双垄全膜覆盖(0.645)＞全膜平铺覆盖(0.641)＞半膜覆盖(0.635),说明玉米双垄全膜覆盖集雨沟播栽培模式接纳降水的能力仅次于露地;在双垄面全膜覆盖栽培模式下,玉米的耗水系数分别比露地、半膜覆盖和全膜平铺覆盖减少35.9%、10.5%和17.1%,水分利用效率分别提高10.41、3.34和4.95 kg/(mm·hm2).由此得出,玉米双垄面全膜沟播栽培技术可使旱作雨养农业区有限的水资源得到高效利用.     

甘肃省旱地全膜双垄沟播技术研究与应用进展

系统分析了旱地全膜双垄沟播技术体系的研究阶段、技术创新、应用状况、技术评价和发展前景.结果表明,旱地全膜双垄沟播及其配套技术集覆膜抑蒸、垄面集流、雨水富集于一体,极显著地提高了农田降水保蓄率、利用率和作物水分利用效率,使秋季全覆膜和顶凌全覆膜1 m土壤贮水分别较常规播前半膜平铺增加50.2 mm和31.7 mm;降水利用率最高达到75.2%,平均达到70.0%;玉米水分利用效率最高达到37.8 kg/(mm·hm2),平均达到33 kg/(mm·hm2).从而有效解决了黄土高原旱作农业区玉米等大秋作物因春旱无法播种、出苗的瓶颈,大幅度提高了作物产量,使玉米产量平均达到8 374.5 kg/hm2,增产37.1%.     

旱地组合型微垄全膜不同覆盖时期对土壤水分及胡麻生长的影响

春夏干旱是榆中县旱作区胡麻产量的主要限制因素。进一步减少旱地冬春季土壤水分的无效蒸发、提高土壤含水量,为胡麻前期生长创造良好的土壤条件是实现该区胡麻高产稳产的必须步骤。2011—2012年连续两年在地处甘肃省中部半干旱雨养农业区的榆中县石头沟旱作农业示范点进行了组合型微垄全膜覆盖不同覆膜时期对旱地胡麻生长影响的试验。本试验设组合型微垄全膜秋覆盖垄侧栽培、组合型微垄全膜播种前覆盖垄侧栽培和露地穴播三个处理,分别对其土壤水分、经济性状、生育期、产量结果进行分析。结果表明,旱地胡麻组合型微垄全膜秋覆盖垄侧栽培可明显减少冬春季土壤水分的无效蒸发,增加土壤水分含量,0~60 cm的土壤平均含水量,分别比旱地胡麻微垄全膜播种前覆盖垄侧栽培和旱地胡麻露地穴播栽培高31.9 g·kg-1和45.3 g·kg-1;胡麻的经济性状明显改善,株高分别比旱地胡麻微垄全膜播种前覆盖垄侧栽培和旱地胡麻露地穴播栽培高3.8 cm和14.7 cm、单株蒴果数分别增加8.5个和11.5个、蒴果粒数分别增加0.6个和1.65个、千粒重分别提高0.05 g和0.31g。旱地胡麻组合型微垄全膜秋季覆盖垄侧栽培比胡麻露地栽培增产1 471.2 kg·hm-2,增幅129.54%,比旱地胡麻微垄全膜播种前覆盖垄侧栽培增产378.22 kg·hm-2,增幅17.41%,增产效果十分明显。     

不同覆膜栽培方式对天水旱地冬油菜生长、产量和水分利用效率的影响

以全膜双垄沟播、全膜覆土、全膜平铺、起垄膜侧和露地栽培5种处理方式,研究了不同覆膜栽培方式对冬油菜生育期、越冬率、产量和经济性状、水分利用效率的影响。结果表明：全膜双垄沟播、全膜覆土、全膜平铺、起垄膜侧 栽培冬油菜,均能不同程度影响冬油菜单株经济性状,提高水分利用效率和越冬率,增加产量,缩短生育期;其中全膜双垄沟播栽培效果最好,水分利用效率比露地栽培（对照）提高3.4 kg·mm^-1·hm^-2,生育期缩短7 d,越冬率提高24.5%,产量达3 194.46 kg·hm^-2,增产42.8%;全膜平铺栽培增产33.9%,全膜覆土栽培增产26.0%,起垄膜侧栽培增产24.8%。     

水分和温度对冬小麦和玉米免耕作产量影响的研究

本文对宁夏彭阳县旱地冬小麦、玉米的免耕作中水分和温度对产量的影响进行了探索。试验结果表明:播种前、后,旱地免耕作膜侧种植冬小麦处理比无地膜覆盖常规耕作处理的土壤含水量高,膜侧种植冬小麦生育后期土壤水分明显高于无地膜覆盖常规耕作处理。膜侧的土壤含水量高于膜内的土壤含水量,有利于膜侧冬小麦的生长。旱地免耕作膜侧冬小麦产量达3540kg/hm2,比对照增产78.8%,纯收益比对照提高79.7%。旱地玉米免耕作秸秆覆盖处理的土壤含水量明显高于常规耕作玉米处理的土壤含水量。覆盖1/2玉米秸秆、全部玉米秸秆处理的土壤平均含水量分别比常规耕作增加11.1%和9.8%。但是常规耕作有地膜覆盖,对耕层土壤的增温效果最好,而玉米秸秆覆盖对土壤增温的效果较差。覆盖1/2玉米秸秆、全部玉米秸秆处理产量分别比常规耕作减产25.4%和11.2%。     

不同移栽深度结合一次性双层施肥对烤烟生长及产量品质的影响

从施肥技术和栽培措施两者相结合角度,通过大田试验对不同移栽深度结合一次性双层施肥对烤烟生长及产量品质的影响进行了研究.结果表明:壮苗一次性双层施肥9叶移栽能够促进烤烟生长发育,提高前期根系活力,增加根系一级侧根数目、根系干物质、烟株株高、茎围、有效叶片效、单株有效叶面积、地上部烟株干重和地上部干物质积累速率.与对照相比,壮苗一次性双层施肥9叶移栽烟叶产量增加145.5 kg/hm2,产值增加2 130元/hm2,烟叶均价增加0.46元/kg;同时,烟碱和总氮含量比对照下降了0.41%,总糖含量提高了1.57%,总糖/蛋白质和氮/碱比更趋协调.     

旱地马铃薯不同覆盖种植方式的土壤水热效应及其对产量的影响

在大田条件下,以不同沟垄覆盖种植方式为处理,通过测定土壤含水量、耕层土壤温度和产量等,计算马铃薯耗水量和水分利用效率,研究旱作条件下马铃薯不同覆盖种植方式的土壤水热效应及其对产量和水分利用效率的影响.结果表明,马铃薯采用高垄膜覆盖沟覆草垄播能有效增加马铃薯生育前期地温,苗期日均地温较传统平播(CK)增加了0.5℃～2.23℃,0～ 100 cm土壤贮水量提高52.8 mm.6月底至7月中旬的伏旱期间,高垄膜覆盖沟覆草垄播处理0～25 cm土层日均地温较全地膜覆盖处理降低3.6℃～6.9℃,较CK仅增加0.6℃～0.8℃;0～100 cm土层土壤贮水量较全膜覆盖处理增加6.2～ 8.3 mm,较CK增加27.3 mm.表明采用高垄膜覆盖沟覆草垄播种植,可改善伏旱期间的土壤水热状况,有利于马铃薯的生长发育,产量和水分利用效率较其它覆盖种植方式分别提高8.39％～58.38％和8.46％ ～67.97％.因此,高垄膜覆盖沟覆草垄播处理实现了水温对马铃薯生长的协同作用,能显著提高马铃薯对自然降水的利用效率和产量.     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.