适应形势积极开展种植业结构调整

一、目前河南省种植业面临的形势 经过20多年来的改革和发展,我省和全国一样,农产品供给由过去长期短缺变为总量基本平衡,丰年有余;农业的发展由过去受资源约束转为主要受市场约束;农业生产由过去解决温饱转向向小康迈进;人们对农产品的品种和质量有了新的标准和要求,开始向高品质,多样化的方向发展.     

The anatomy of the fruit in relation to the propensity of citrus species to split

The anatomy of the fruit has been compared in three prone-to-split mandarin hybrids (Nova, Ellendale and Murcott), several cultivars of clementine mandarin (Fino, Clementina de Nules and Orogrande), and in Owari satsuma mandarin. The fruit of the hybrids is oblate to subglobose and usually presents an open stylar end disrupted by a navel formed by the floral meristem, which is conserved near the apex of the fruit. In the non-prone-to-split clementines as well as in Owari satsuma, the floral axis protrudes inside the style, and the flower meristem is lost through abscission shortly after petal fall. The abaxial side of the carpels fuses with the flower axis forming at the stylar end of the fruit a solid tissue which externally has a small scar at the place of style abscission. Most of the fruits in these cultivars have no navel. In addition, the fruit of clementine is slightly oblate or globose. The relevance of these anatomical characteristics as regards to splitting is supported by the differences between the split and non-split fruits in Nova, the split fruit being more oblate in shape and having a bigger navel than non-split fruit. However, the effect of applied growth regulators on fruit splitting could not be correlated with their effect on the anatomy of the fruit. Additional factors not contemplated in the study also influence fruit splitting.     

提高中国将农产品从农田转移到消费者的能力

提高从农田到消费者的传输能力生产高级产品仅完成了工作的一半。另一半是将产品传送到国内外消费者手中。尽管有些地方的力量还不能达到这样的要求,但当地政府可以采取一定的措施来提高传输能力。改善地方交通状况“千里之行始于足下。”一种新生产的农产品不应该仅因为当地政府没有提供第一步的运输而贬值或者完全报废。公路、铁路和河运运输系统是将产品从农田传输到消费者手中的基本要素。●乡镇村各级通过改善与国道和省级公路连接的地方路面体系将受益匪浅●当地劳动力可以用来修筑公路、高架桥、水上交通和排水系统●地方官员还可以…     

Preventive effects of aminophylline on the pulmonary hypertension rebound reaction to exposure to NO in the hypoxic pigs

AIM: To evaluate the prophylactic effect of aminophylline on the pulmonary hypertension rebound reaction to exposure to NO in the hypoxic pigs. METHODS: The 10 pigs undergone Swan-Ganz catheter, the mPAP was measured with a Physio-recording instrument and PaO₂ was measured with a blood gas analyzer, when breathing NO for 30 minutes and suddenly stopping breathing NO, administing aminophylline 0.25 g, followed by 30 minutes with room air. The respiratory rate and heart rate were also monitorried with a Hewlett-Packard portable monitor. RESULTS: The mPAP of the acute hypoxic pig was induced significantly after breathing 10^-5 NO. When suddenly stopping breathing NO, the induced mPAP became more and more high, the level of the mPAP in 5 minutes was similar to the values before absorbing NO, the mPAP in 10 minutes was higher than values before absorbing NO, while the level of PaO₂ was lower than the values before absorbing NO; but suddenly stopping breathing NO, administing aminophylline, although the induced mPAP became high, the speed was slower than the controls, the level of the mPAP in 30 minutes still was lower than the values before absorbing NO. CONCLUSION: Aminophylline has preventive effects on the pulmonary hypertension rebound reaction to exposure to NO in the hypoxic pigs.     

Learning from the past to predict the future: using archaeological findings and GPS data to quantify reindeer sensitivity to anthropogenic disturbance in Norway

Norwegian wild reindeer Rangifer tarandus tarandus are divided into 23 virtually isolated populations, primarily due to the abandonment of traditional migration and movement corridors caused by the development of infrastructures. By conducting a nation-wide, interdisciplinary pre-post study on a temporal scale spanning centuries, we modelled current reindeer movements with respect to archaeological findings to quantify long-term changes in area use related to anthropogenic disturbance. The location of 3,113 pitfall traps and hunting blinds, built 600–2000 years ago and used until 350–400 years ago, testified the location of traditional movement corridors. Current movement routes were delineated using Brownian Bridge Movement Models based on 147 reindeer GPS-monitored during 10 years. Using Path Analysis we quantified direct, indirect and total effects of different infrastructures within multiple scales (1, 5, and 10 km-radius buffers) on the current probability of use of ancient movement corridors. Tourist cabins and roads had the strongest long-term direct effects at most scales: 1 tourist cabin and 1 km road within a 1 km-radius buffer would lead, respectively, to complete area abandonment, and to a 46 % decrease in the probability of use. Power lines and private cabins had significant indirect effects on area use through their effect on roads, while hiking trails and, in particular, hydroelectric dams had highly variable effects, not significant at a nation-wide scale. Finally, we provide a flexible tool to estimate the potential long-term direct and cumulative effects of different types of infrastructures at the desired spatial scale to be used for the development of future sustainable land management plans.     

Testing the accuracy of resistance drilling to assess tree growth rate and the relationship to past climatic conditions

Assessing tree growth trends over time is a central but challenging aspect of urban forest management. The potential damage caused by invasive devices used in dendrochronological analysis is a common concern among urban foresters. Thus, the development of a less-invasive method for assessing tree growth rate faster that provides reliable results is clearly beneficial. In this study, resistance drilling (RD) profiles were compared with stem core assessments (Core) to estimate the growth rate of 78 trees of three species (Quercus robur, Ulmus procera, and Platanus x acerofolia). All studied trees were core-sampled in 2013 and then resistance drilled in 2015 at a stem height of 1–1.3 m in both north (N) and west axes (W). The dependency and accuracy of paired annual ring series (CORE measurements and Resi reading) were tested using ANOVA and regression analysis. In addition, point and event year tests were determined to confirm the accuracy of the RD to assess growth trends at both population and tree level. Growth series from both methods were cross-dated to test the reliability of RD to relate historical tree growth to past climatic conditions. ANOVA analysis confirmed that average ring width values and age of 70 out of 78 trees were statistically similar for both methods and similar for both sampled stem axes. Within each tree, regression analysis indicated significant correlation between cored ring datasets and paired resistance drilled ring datasets (R² = 0.78–0.95, p < 0.05) across species. RD reliably detected pointer years at population level for Q. robur only. For all species, RD could not adequately detect event years at tree level. Regardless of species and drill axes, RD was less accurate in measuring ring width below 1 mm. For all species, RD yielded lower intercorrelation indices and greater number of “A” flagged segments as compared to CORE. Overall, RD can successfully estimate mean annual ring values to a comparable standard as conventional CORE analysis. However, the RD device used in this study did not detect the inter-annual growth pattern to the same standard as stem CORE analysis, RD should not be used to replace dendrochronology in climate-tree growth studies.     

Issues related to the detection of boundaries

Ecotones are inherent features of landscapes, transitional zones, and play more than one functional role in ecosystem dynamics. The delineation of ecotones and environmental boundaries is therefore an important step in land-use management planning. The delineation of ecotones depends on the phenomenon of interest and the statistical methods used as well as the associated spatial and temporal resolution of the data available. In the context of delineating wetland and riparian ecosystems, various data types (field data, remotely sensed data) can be used to delineate ecotones. Methodological issues related to their detection need to be addressed, however, so that their management and monitoring can yield useful information about their dynamics and functional roles in ecosystems. The aim of this paper is to review boundary detection methods. Because the most appropriate methods to detect and characterize boundaries depend of the spatial resolution and the measurement type of the data, a wide range of approaches are presented: GIS, remote sensing and statistical ones.     

Response of the chrysanthemum to soil heating

Chrysanthemum plants were exposed to 16°C day-temperature, 11°C night-temperature, 13°C soil-temperature, to be indicated as 16/11/13°C, or to 16/11/25°C, 20/16/18°C, or 20/16/25°C, first long day, then short day, (long day = 12-h light period with 3-h night break; short day = 12-h light period) from planting to harvest in controlled environments to study the effects of soil heating on growth and flowering. There were significant, but not substantial, effects of soil heating on leaf area, percent soluble carbohydrate, flower bud diameter, days to visible bud and some other parameters. Two winter cultivars responded similarly, while 2 summer cultivars differed in flowering-response to soil heating. An experiment was also conducted using 16/11/25°C day/night/soil temperatures during long days, short days or throughout the complete growth cycle, with 16/11/13°C day/night/soil temperatures at other times. Soil heating during long days resulted in the highest quality flowers. Soil heating during short days or throughout the growth period resulted in most rapid flowering but decreased flower quality.     

A method to calculate the number of wheat seedlings in the 1st to the 3rd leaf growth stages

Background

The number of cultivated wheat seedlings per unit area allows calculation of plant density. Wheat seedling density provides emergence data and this is useful for improving crop management. The number of wheat seedlings is typically determined by visual counts but this is time-consuming and laborious.

Results

We obtained field digital images of 1st to 3rd leaf stage wheat seedlings. The seedlings were extracted using an image analysis technique that calculated the coverage degree of the seedlings and the number of angular points of overlapping leaves. The wheat seedling quantity estimation model was constructed using multivariate regression analysis. The model parameters included coverage degree, number of angular points, variety coefficient, and leaf age. Introduction of the number of angular points increased the accuracy of the single coverage degree model. The R² value was consistently?>?0.95 when the model was applied to different varieties, indicating that the model was adaptable for different varieties. As the leaf stage or density increased, the accuracy of the model declined, but the minimum R² remained?>?0.87, indicating good adaptability of the model to seedlings with different leaf ages and densities.

Conclusions

This method is an effective means for counting wheat seedlings in the 1st to the 3rd leaf stages.

     

桃果实白肉/黄肉性状的RAPD标记向SCAR标记的转化研究

以桃品种京玉和美味的正反交69株F1群体为试材,利用RAPD技术扩增出了与桃果实白肉/黄肉性状连锁的899bp的多态性片段,经克隆、测序后,根据获得的序列重新设计了一对引物进行SCAR转化。利用引物对BFP15/60成功将RAPD标记转化成了SCAR标记,并命名为SCU03-900。该标记仅在果肉为白肉的个体和重组型个体中出现,与白肉/黄肉性状的连锁距离为21cM,且扩增稳定,为桃果实白肉/黄肉性状育种的分子标记辅助选择奠定了基础。     

葡萄品种黑痘病抗性的调查研究

采用田间自然鉴定方法,研究了３７个栽培品种（欧亚种及其杂种）对黑痘病的抗性。结果表明,欧亚种葡萄及其杂种对黑痘病抗性存在很大差异。欧亚种葡萄品种间对黑痘病的抗性存在抗病和感病两种类型。欧美杂种葡萄品种间对黑痘病的抗性存在抗病程度的差异。     

中国野生葡萄抗霜霉病基因RAPD标记的筛选

以抗病的中国野生华东葡萄(Vitis pseudoreticulata)白河-35-1(Baihe-35-1)与感病的欧洲葡萄佳利酿(Carignane)杂交F2代为试材,从520条随机引物中筛选出21条可以扩增多态性DNA片断的随机引物,从中获得了6个抗霜霉病基因的RAPD标记,对这些标记回收、克隆、测序后,将得到的6个标记分别记录为:S294-369,S202-527,S382-615,S221-677,S416-1224和S390-725。通过分析这6个RAPD标记在F2代植株中的表现,证明这些标记都与霜霉病抗性的基因有连锁关系。这将为葡萄抗霜霉病育种的分子标记辅助选择提供分子依据。     

如何培肥果园土壤

良好的土壤条件是果树优质丰产的基础。如何培肥果园土壤,特别是如何培肥具有盐渍、瘠薄、质地过重或过轻、缺肥等不良性状的土壤呢?1、客土:具不良性状的土壤,不但土壤养分含量低,养分不平衡,而且土壤水、气、热状况也不协调,土壤生物状况也差。要给果树特别是幼树提供一个良好的土壤条件,可选用轻质、肥沃的耕层土壤,再掺入约为土重1/3～1/2的腐熟的鸡粪、猪粪或牛粪,充分混匀,配成营养土做回填土。这样,土壤养分变得丰富,土壤的物理性状变好,土壤生物特别是土壤微生物活性提高,利于幼树成活和生长发育。为了使良好的土壤空间尽可能大些,…     

对症择优而食

蔬菜及粮食是营养物质的“绿色宝库”，是人们维持生命的主要滋养来源。对症进食，择优而食，方可充分御程蔬菜、粮食的药用价值。     

大蒜发生二次生长的影响因素分析

调查了不同品种类型、蒜种类型和栽培措施的大蒜植株的二次生长率.结果表明,早熟品种二次生长发生率最高,中早熟品种其次,中熟品种最低.早熟品种二次生长主要以外层型(Gso)为主,中早熟和中熟品种则主要以内层型(Gsi)为主;蒜种类型与二次生长的发生没有直接关系;增施微肥、农家肥、NAA 50 mg/L BA 5mg/g与对照(常规施肥)间二次生长率差异不显著,但增施微肥、农家肥有降低大蒜二次生长发生的趋势;免耕稻草覆盖栽培的大蒜二次生长发生率和死叶率比翻耕土壤覆盖栽培的明显高,死叶率高伴随二次生长率亦高.     

A cold-treatment technique to improve the germination of vegetable seeds prior to fluid drilling

A simple method capable of treating large quantities of seeds prior to germination and fluid drilling is described. After an initial imbibition period at 20°C, seeds were placed at a temperature of 1°C; high enough for continued metabolism but too low for radical emergence. This treatment reduced the spread of time of germination, increased the percentage of seeds germinating and brought forward the mean germination time of seeds when transferred back to 20°C. Treated seeds emerged earlier and more uniformily than untreated seeds following pre-germination and fluid drilling in the field.     

凯特杏引种栽培配套技术总结

近年来,随着农业结构的调整,我市自1998年以来,杏树面积不断增加,截止目前已发展到666.7公顷,其中凯特杏133.3公顷,主要定植在邹城、泗水、曲阜、嘉祥等县市区.     

适应形势要求努力实现果业提质增效

果业是我市农业和农村的重要产业,也是广大农民脱贫致富的最主要的现金收入来源.2001年,全市果树面积7.97万公顷,预计产量49.98万t,产值6亿元以上,面积居全省第三位,产量居全省第二位.     

枣树抗寒性研究进展

在对枣树抗寒特性及寒害类型、枣树抗寒性生理研究进展进行综述的基础上,总结了枣树抗寒性育种面临的困难和发展现状,最后对枣树抗寒性研究发展前景做了展望。     

怎样增加瓜农收入

在2003年3月召开的全国农村工作会议上,中央郑重宣告要把"三农"问题摆到全党工作重中之重的位置,之后又再三指出当前"三农"工作中突出的问题是农民增收困难;最近公布了"中共中央国务院关于促进农民增加收入若干政策的意见"(2003年12月31日),并作为2004年第1号文件发给各地,可见中央对农民增收问题的高度重视.因此,对于各地农业工作者来说,当务之急是千方百计帮助农民增收.