高等植物核型雄性不育的分子机理研究进展

近10年来,雄性不育在杂交育种中得到了广泛运用,它为利用杂种优势对农作物进行轮回选择和群体改良提供了重要工具.同时在生命科学研究中,雄性不育也为花粉发育、细胞质遗传和核质互作的研究提供了重要材料.以前对植物雄性不育的研究多定位于描述性和细胞水平的研究,对其分子机制了解较少.近年来,随着在模式植物中克隆到的与雄性育性有关的突变基因的数量不断增多,对雄性不育的分子机理的研究也逐步深入.迄今已知,在雄配子体及其营养组织的发育、花粉与雌性器官的识别以及随后的双受精过程中,都有相关基因在进行调控.本文针对细胞核雄性不育,按雄性生殖器官发育的顺序,结合分子生物学、细胞学和遗传学研究结果,对高等植物核型雄性不育分子机理的研究进展进行综述.     

刺近隅蛛雄蛛可通过蛛网识别雌蛛的生殖状态

化学通讯被认为是结网类蜘蛛两性间交流的主要方式,但对结漏斗网蜘蛛两性间的交流方式却少有研究.在了解刺近隅蛛Aterigena aculeata的求偶和交配过程的基础上,验证了处女雌蛛蛛网可以触发雄蛛的求偶行为,表明处女雌蛛蛛网上存在着某种化学物质,即性信息素.继而,将雄蛛置于不同生殖状态的雌蛛蛛网上,发现雄蛛面对处女雌蛛蛛网时的求偶延迟时间最短;已交配雌蛛蛛网也可以引起求偶,但延迟时间较长;而亚成体雌蛛和雄蛛的蛛网均不能触发求偶反应.表明雄性刺近隅蛛可以通过蛛网判断出它靠近的这头蜘蛛是否适合自己进行交配.漏斗蛛和其他结网类蜘蛛类似,化学通讯在两性交流过程中起着非常重要的作用.     

大乌圆龙眼开花特性观察

从单穗、单株和植株群体3个方面调查分析大乌圆龙眼雌雄花开花特性,结果表明,大乌圆龙眼雌雄花交替开放的顺序是雄-雌-雄,植株群体雌雄花开放相遇时间比单穗和单株长;雌花在开花后5~14d为落花高峰期,雄花在开花后8~18d、19~26d分别出现两个落花高峰。因此,生产上大乌圆龙眼园种植株数要在10株以上,以增加雌雄花花期相遇天数,促进授粉受精,实现丰产。     

小麦雄性不育系周13S-1的育性与形态特征初步研究

通过分期播种试验对新育成的小麦雄性不育系周13S-1的育性进行研究,同时观察了其花器形态。结果表明:在湛江,10月25日播期,周13S-1表现彻底不育;10月15日、11月5日和11月15日播期,均表现高度不育;其余播期,表现部分不育。根据湛江气象资料分析认为,温度是引起周13S-1雄性育性变化的主要原因,高温使其雄性败育程度加重。周13S-1雄性败育呈现多种类型:花药有大量可育花粉但不开裂、花药雌性化和花药部分雌性化。未雌性化和部分雌性化的花药里存在部分可以被K I-I染色的花粉。该不育系的育成有望在生产上得到广泛应用。     

褐飞虱雄虫鸣声特征分析及其生物学意义

 系统地研究了褐飞虱雄虫2种鸣声信号的声学特征,并进一步探讨了它们的生物学意义。结果表明,雄虫2种鸣声的时域特征个体间差异较大;求偶鸣声中间片段m频域特征比较稳定,脉冲重复频率平均为81.9Hz,且在整个m片段上脉冲重复频率呈下降趋势,下降幅度平均为4.0Hz;第二种鸣声频谱范围较宽;对褐飞虱雌、雄虫回放褐飞虱3种鸣声,观察试虫行为反应,雄虫求偶鸣声除了用于求偶,还能激起同性之间的竞争;雄虫第2种鸣声不仅仅是雄虫间的竞争信号,还有聚集雄虫的作用,并能刺激雌虫性兴奋,但不用于异性间求偶交流。     

温光条件对胞质不育系V太911289a雄性育性影响的初步研究

[目的]研究温光条件对小麦胞质不育系V太911289a雄性育性的影响,探讨胞质不育系雄性育性的转换机制。[方法]于2003~2005年在湛江进行了分期播种试验和人工定温定光试验。[结果]在一定的温光条件下,胞质不育系V太911289a的雄性育性可以发生转换。温度是影响其自交种雄性育性的主要原因之一。当育性敏感期日平均温度低于19℃时,表现稳定不育;日平均温度为20~22℃时,则表现部分可育。光照时间是对其雄性育性也有一定的影响,长日照利于雄性发育。[结论]胞质不育系用于生产杂交种安全性远高于温敏不育系。     

温光条件对胞质不育系V_(太911289a)雄性育性影响的初步研究(英文)

[Objective] The study aimed to reveal the effect of photoperiod and temperature on male fertility of cytoplasmic male sterile line Vtai911289a in wheat and discuss the mechanism of male fertility alteration. [Method] The sowing-date tests and designed conditions were conducted during 2003-2005. [Result] Fertility of Vtai911289acould alter under specific photoperiod and temperature conditions. Temperature is one of the main factors influencing male fertility of the male sterile lines. Vtai911289a showed stable sterility under the condition of the mean of daily temperature at fertility sensitive stage lower than 19 ℃ and presented partial fertility when the mean of daily temperature at fertility sensitive stage lower than 20-22 ℃. Photoperiod to some extent affects the male fertility of Vtai911289a,long-day condition is helpful for the male fertility of the sterile line. [Conclusion] The application of photoperiod temperature-sensitive cytoplasmic male sterile line in production has a higher safety than that of temperature sensitive sterile line.     

Sexual dimorphism in catasetum orchids: forcible pollen emplacement and male flower competition

Orchids of the Neotropical genus Catasetum have sexually dimorphic flowers; that is, male and female flowers are distinctly different in shape and color. Male flowers forcibly attach a large pollinarium onto euglossine bees. Euglossa bees leave the male flower in response to pollinarium emplacement by Catasetum ochraceum and subsequently avoid male but not female flowers. This evidence suggests that sexual dimorphism promotes pollination. The aversion of the bee to pollinarium attachment and its avoidance of male flowers thereafter apparently reflect competition among male flowers that probably evolved concurrently with sexual dimorphism. Among Catasetum species, the extent of dimorphism is correlated with the degree of apparent aversion caused by the male flower (weight of the pollinarium). Thus, aversive pollinarium emplacement can account for widespread sexual dimorphism in Catasetum and for interspecific variations in its expression.     

Pheromone components and active spaces: what do moths smell and where do they smell it?

The pheromone-mediated flight behavior of male Oriental fruit moths was observed in the field to test the hypothesis that male activation far downwind of a female is initiated by the major, or most abundant, component of the pheromone blend. Males responded at significantly greater distances to the three-component pheromone blend produced by females than to the major component alone or to either binary mixture containing the major component and one minor component. These results support the alternative hypothesis that the active space of a multicomponent pheromone is a function of male perception of the female-released blend of components, rather than of the major component alone, and that so-called minor components have a greater impact on male behavior farther downwind of a female than previously thought.     

兴安落叶松鞘蛾成虫及交配行为的观察研究

本文通过室内饲养观察,对兴安落叶松鞘蛾(Coleophora dahurica Flkv.)成虫生物学特性及交配行为进行了研究。结果发现:其雄成虫出现的时间比雌成虫早24—36h。雌成虫羽化后24—42h为性信息分泌高峰期;羽化后30—48h的雄成虫对性信息素反应最敏感,故雄成虫提前羽化对交配有利。雌成虫无重复交配现象;雄成虫可重复交配,最多可达4次左右。雌、雄成虫在交配过程中有一定的行为反应。补充营养和交配次数对成虫寿命有一定影响。     

Male fertility and sex ratio at birth in red deer

Efforts to test sex ratio theory have focused mostly on females. However, when males possess traits that could enhance the reproductive success of sons, males would also benefit from the manipulation of the offspring sex ratio. We tested the prediction that more-fertile red deer males produce more sons. Our findings reveal that male fertility is positively related to the proportion of male offspring. We also show that there is a positive correlation between the percentage of morphologically normal spermatozoa (a main determinant of male fertility) and the proportion of male offspring. Thus, males may contribute significantly to biases in sex ratio at birth among mammals, creating the potential for conflicts of interest between males and females.     

棉花T—DNA标签雄性不育突变体的遗传分析

利用农杆菌介导T—DNA插入得到棉花雄性不育突变体,与野生型陆地棉（Gossypium hirsutum L）Coker 312杂交得到F1代。F1代植株出现了不育与可育两种性状的分离,分离比是1：1。对F1代进行形态学观察、卡那霉素和除草剂抗性鉴定、PCR扩增检测以及遗传学分析,证实雄性不育突变性状的表现与T—DNA插入共分离,从而认为突变是由T—DNA插入引起的显性杂合突变,这为利用T—DNA标签法进行雄性不育有关基因的克隆奠定了基础。     

陆地棉洞A型核雄性不育完全保持系MB的遗传机理研究

陆地棉洞Ａ型核雄自身是一个部分不育系，ＭＢ及其杂种Ｆ１的散粉性状均表现为连续性分离，且亲本型出现的频率高，表明ＭＢ可能带有一些呈数量性状遗传的的ｍｓ１４的修饰基因，ＭＢ大部分植株可观察到小孢子败育现象，败育过程基本类似于４７３Ａ，但败育时间稍晚，为单核靠边期及其以后，并且部分小孢子能正常地发育成为花粉粒而散粉，表现为部分不育。     

银杏雌雄株间多种同工酶和磷酸腺苷含量的差异

以银杏优良品种"佛手"为材料,研究了银杏雌雄株间同工酶和腺苷酸含量的差异,结果表明:银杏雄株中ATP、ADP含量高于雌株,AMP含量则低于雌株;SOD同工酶和酯酶同工酶在雌雄株间不存在差异,POD同工酶谱带有明显而稳定的差异,雌株有5条谱带,雄株有3条谱带,可作为银杏性别鉴定的指标。     

芥菜胞质雄性不育系结荚性状的筛选和细胞学鉴定

对59份不同变种芥菜材料(30份细胞质雄性不育系和29份保持系)的结荚性状进行田间调查,统计结荚畸形情况;同时,利用分子标记对30份芥菜雄性不育系材料进行了鉴定。结果显示:有23份是芥菜hau细胞质雄性不育系,7份是芥菜ogu细胞质雄性不育系。29份芥菜保持系材料、7份芥菜ogu细胞质雄性不育系和5份芥菜hau细胞质雄性不育系的荚表现均为饱满、直立,其他芥菜hau细胞质雄性不育系荚则表现出不同程度的畸形。以结荚正常的保持系材料为对照(CK),对芥菜ogu细胞质雄性不育系和芥菜hau细胞质雄性不育系的花药败育和花器官发育进行细胞学观察,发现芥菜ogu细胞质雄性不育系和芥菜hau细胞质雄性不育系(荚正常)花药败育特征为绒毡层提前降解,芥菜hau细胞质雄性不育系(荚畸形)的败育特征为形成雄蕊—雌蕊嵌合体,初步揭示了芥菜雄性不育系结荚畸形性状的细胞学形成机制。     

百日草雄性不育系的获得及其细胞学观察

 【目的】获得百日草雄性不育系,并探索其花药发育机制,为百日草杂种优势的利用提供一条新途径。【方法】采用自交F2代出现的不育材料连续回交获得的不育系再进行兄妹交、可育株自交,结合与多个自交系测交进行不育类型鉴定,并对其细胞学进行研究。【结果】获得了百日草深红色单隐性雄性不育两用系AH209AB。正常可育的花药,其药壁由4层细胞构成,即表皮、药室内壁、中层和绒毡层;花粉母细胞减数分裂过程中的胞质分裂为同时型;成熟花粉为三细胞型。雄性不育株花瓣退化或丝状,雄蕊退化成丝状,内无花粉,外观呈绒毛状;花药在造孢细胞组织形成后,没有继续分化产生药壁结构、花粉母细胞及其花粉,为完全的结构性雄性不育类型。【结论】该雄性不育系属于无花粉囊型不育系,在F1代种子生产上具有重要的利用价值。     

对叶榕及其传粉榕小蜂的繁殖特点研究*

 2004年在西双版纳热带地区，统计了对叶榕隐头果接受的传粉榕小蜂数量，以及所生产的种子和传粉小蜂繁殖后代数量。结果表明：对叶榕具有执行不同繁殖功能的雌果和雄果，在性别间和性别内单果接受的传粉小蜂数量都不一样，进入榕果内传粉和产卵的榕小蜂中，仅有34.71%传粉榕小蜂进入到雄果果腔内产卵繁殖；有52.06%的传粉榕小蜂进入雌果果腔内传粉，其他榕小蜂被夹死在苞片通道里。果腔内小蜂数量分布格局雌果是2.72只/果，雄果是2.08只/果。 雌果单果平均生产的种子数量1891.63粒/果，雄果内平均繁育榕小蜂的数量630.21只/果。     

Male Sterile Lines of Zinnia elegans and Their Cytological Observations

In order to find out a new pathway for utilizing heterosis of Zinnia elegans and accelerate breeding process, the mechanism of anther development of a male sterile line was explored. Backcross, sibmating, selling of fertile plants and testcross with inbred lines were analyzed and identified in the field, and cytology was observed. Recessive nucleus male sterile line AH209AB capable of being a maintainer was obtained by successive backcrosses with male sterile plants and fertile F1 plants as male parents. Cytological and anatomical studies indicated that： （1） The wall of normal anther was constituted of four layers of cells such as epidermis, powder chamber wall, middle level and tapetum cells. The process in meiosis of pollen mother cell in Zinnia elegans was normal and cytoplasm divided simultanously. Mature pollen grain was tricellular type. （2） The petal of male sterile plant degraded as a thread-like structure, the stamens were villiform in appearance and no pollens were formed. The result showed that the anther of male sterile plant no longer proceed to differentiate spore mother cell and the pollen sac after the formation of the tissue of sporogenous cells, there was no evident boundary between tapetum cell, middle lamella and inner wall of PMC, tapetal cells did not develop from the very beginning. So the abortion type was completely structural male sterility. The male sterile line belongs to non-sporange male sterile type and is of great use in F1 seeds production.     

雄性不育和可育大葱花粉细胞形态学比较研究

本研究用压片法对雄性不育和可育大葱小孢子发生和雄配子体发育进行了详细的细胞学观察,并用电镜扫描观察了雄性不育和可育大葱的花粉粒形态。结果表明:雄性不育和可育大葱的小孢子发生是基本一致的,两者均存在低频率的异常减数分裂行为。雄性可育大葱单核花粉经有丝分裂产生成熟的二细胞花粉,其花粉可育率为96.84%。雄性不育大葱小孢子在单核中期前是正常发育的,其败育始于单核中期,到单核末期有94.85%的花粉败育,其它5.15%的花粉败育于早期二细胞花粉。扫描电镜下的雄性不育和可育花粉粒形态特征有明显差异。     

中华鳑鲏空间认知能力的性别差异

选择16尾中华鳑鲏作为研究对象,对鳑鲏鱼类两性间空间认知能力的差异进行研究。试验使用T型迷宫装置,比较经过训练的雌雄个体进入目标位置所需的消耗时间、方向选择的正确率以及达到学习标准所需的训练次数。数据显示,雌性个体组训练前后的消耗时间变化及方向选择的正确率均大于雄性个体组,而达到学习标准所需的训练次数少于雄性组。试验结果表明处于生殖季节的中华鳑鲏,在经过训练后,都能够完成特定的空间认知任务,但两性间在空间认知能力上存在明显差异,生殖期的雌鱼相对雄鱼具有更好的空间学习能力。