甘蔗一个生产周期株高生长量与气象因子的关系

利用柳州市沙塘国家农业气象试验站一级站2010—2012年甘蔗生长发育观测资料与主要的气象因子,重点分析了新植蔗、第一年宿根蔗和第二年宿根蔗旬伸长量与旬降水量、旬平均温度、旬平均日照时数的关系,并对甘蔗旬伸长量与气象因子进行相关分析。结果表明：甘蔗伸长量与旬降水量有较好的对应关系,该旬降雨量大,甘蔗旬伸长量就高,与当地降水规律重合,通过相关性分析,气象中的水分因子,降水量、相对湿度、旬平均水汽压与新植蔗、第一年宿根蔗和第二年宿根蔗旬伸长量呈显著或者极显著的正相关关系;旬平均温度与新植蔗旬伸长量呈正相关关系,但是不显著,与第一年宿根蔗和第二年宿根蔗旬伸长量呈显著的正相关关系;旬平均日照时数峰值对应旬伸长量低值,通过相关性分析旬平均日照时数与新植蔗、第一年宿根蔗和第二年宿根蔗相关性不显著,说明水分因子是决定甘蔗高度的关键气象因子。     

蔗螟“凶猛”抓紧防治

<正>去冬今春天气比较温暖,且目前尚有大量甘蔗未砍收,因此越冬虫源量多于往年,再加上近期气温快速回升,有利于螟虫繁殖孵化。另外,由于榨季延长,新植蔗和宿根蔗长势不一,有的蔗苗已经出土,有的因正在种植或砍收而尚未出苗,不能统防统治统一用药,螟虫出现世代重叠危害,导致今年蔗螟发生危害为偏早偏重,局部呈大暴发趋势,蔗农一定要高度重视,否则蔗螟大暴发会造成甘蔗缺苗、变矮、变细、断尾、死尾,     

气象因子对广西新植蔗和宿根蔗茎伸长的影响

利用2000－2011年广西4个农业气象试验站的甘蔗旬茎伸长量和气象资料, 分析宿根蔗和新植蔗在气象因子影响下茎伸长的差异。结果表明, 新植蔗和宿根蔗茎生长具有明显差异, 新植蔗茎伸长期茎高明显大于宿根蔗, 进入茎生长期时的茎高本底值较小, 茎总伸长量较大但其伸长期较短。多数气象因子与新植蔗、宿根蔗旬茎伸长量极显著相关(P<0.05), 且对新植蔗的影响大于宿根蔗。对新植蔗、宿根蔗茎伸长起直接正作用的主要因子均为最低气温、相对湿度、最高气温, 起直接负作用的主要因子为平均气温、气压, 积温、降雨量则通过其他气象因子起明显的间接作用。旬茎伸长量对降雨量存在较明显的滞后性, 新植蔗滞后期多为2旬, 宿根蔗多为1旬, 新植蔗对日照时数的响应也存在滞后现象, 两者对温度类气象因子及相对湿度均无滞后。     

广西甘蔗病虫害发生动态及其趋势

<正>笔者从广西壮族自治区植保总站获悉,当前全区甘蔗生长已进入伸长期,发生的主要病虫有甘蔗螟虫、甘蔗蓟马、蔗龟等,高温高湿天气有利于病虫害发生流行,该站要求各植保部门要切实做好病虫监测预报和防控指导工作。一、甘蔗病虫发生动态及预报甘蔗螟虫:第一代甘蔗螟虫经过防治后,田间仍有一定残虫量。龙州、兴宾、博白等地新植蔗平均枯心率1.05%¹.71%,田间残虫量平均10.4头/亩1.71%,田间残虫量平均10.4头/亩⁴2头/亩,宁明、龙州、博白等地宿根蔗平均枯心率4.6%42头/亩,宁明、龙州、博白等地宿根蔗平均枯心率4.6%¹5.02%,     

缓释长效多功能新药剂对甘蔗螟虫和绵蚜防控效果评价

为筛选防控甘蔗螟虫和绵蚜的缓释长效低毒低风险多功能配方新药剂及精准高效施药技术,选用10%杀虫单.噻虫嗪颗粒剂和1%Bt.噻虫胺颗粒剂根施进行田间药效试验。田间试验结果表明,10%杀虫单.噻虫嗪颗粒剂和1%Bt.噻虫胺颗粒剂对甘蔗螟虫和绵蚜均具有良好的防控效果,是防控甘蔗螟虫和绵蚜理想的缓释长效低毒低风险多功能配方新药剂,与其他药剂交替使用,可延缓害虫抗药性产生和发展。两种药剂田间使用最适宜用量均为45 kg/hm2,可在1-7月结合新植蔗下种、宿根蔗管理或大培土,按每公顷用药量45kg与每公顷施肥量1200-1800 kg混合均匀一次性撒施于蔗沟、蔗桩或蔗株基部覆土或全膜盖膜,对螟害枯心苗的防效可达79.2%以上,对甘蔗绵蚜的防效可达98.8%以上;甘蔗实测产量和糖分分别较对照增加41555 kg/hm2和6.5%以上。缓释长效强内吸性多功能新药剂与底肥追肥混匀一次性根施,施用方便,精准高效,省工省时,环境友好,值得在蔗区大面积推广应用。     

甘蔗健康苗圃宿根矮化病检测及结果分析

甘蔗宿根矮化病（Ratoon Stunting Disease,RSD）是中国蔗区的一种主要甘蔗病害,影响甘蔗产量、蔗糖分及宿根蔗年限,也是导致甘蔗品种种性退化的重要原因之一,具有较严重的经济危害性。笔者应用实验室建立的甘蔗宿根矮化病菌PCR检测技术对一级或二级健康种苗圃种苗进行甘蔗宿根矮化病监测,以明确各级种苗圃宿根矮化病发生情况,为指导生产提供科学数据。检测结果为‘粤糖00-236’和‘ROC22’新植一级和二级健康种苗圃均未检测出RSD,宿根一级健康种苗圃RSD检测率分别为20%和5%,各级健康种苗圃RSD总检出率分别为6.7%和2%,分别较其普通种茎苗RSD检出率降低86.6个百分点和68个百分点。结果表明,建立的甘蔗健康种苗圃已有效地去除了甘蔗RSD病菌。     

甘蔗新品种苗期抗螟虫性评价

为明确新甘蔗品种对甘蔗螟虫的抗性水平,以期为抗虫品种的推广应用和抗性基因发掘奠定基础,本文采用螟虫自然种群接虫方法,连续2年对10个甘蔗新品种进行了苗期螟害分析与抗螟虫性评价。结果表明,不同甘蔗新品种对螟虫抗性存在显著差异,桂糖29号、桂糖31号等较抗虫,福农39号、德蔗03-83和云蔗05-49等较感虫。部分甘蔗品种抗性会随螟虫选择压力不同而变化,云蔗03-194、云蔗05-51、云蔗06-407等在螟虫虫口密度高时表现为感虫,而在虫口密度低时表现为抗虫。     

地膜覆盖对新植及其宿根甘蔗增产的连续效应

甘蔗地膜覆盖栽培在我国各蔗区均已普遍表现增产增糖,提高经济效益。但是,地膜覆盖栽培对新植及其宿根蔗增产的连续效应研究,国内外还未见比较完整的报道。本研究试图就此为甘蔗地膜(膜厚0.015毫米)覆盖栽培提供一些理论依据。     

桃蛀螟越冬幼虫在玉米田的空间格局

应用聚集度指标检验、线形回归方程检验方法研究探讨了桃蛀螟越冬幼虫在玉米田垂直方向和水平方向的空间格局。结果表明,该害虫主要在玉米秸的穗节处越冬,在垂直方向和水平方向的空间格局均为聚集分布,这种聚集主要由环境因素引起。在回归分析检验中,3种回归模型以Talor(1961)幂法则拟合效果最好。     

甘蔗品种桂糖44号在广西河池市蔗区的表现

为分析评价甘蔗品种桂糖44号在广西河池市蔗区的表现,2018-2019年在河池市蔗区开展1年新植1年宿根的甘蔗品种对比试验。结果表明,桂糖44号表现为早熟、高糖、高产,宿根性强,抗病、抗倒能力强,新宿平均产量分别比对照桂柳05136、桂糖29号高11.38%、16.71%,11月至翌年2月平均蔗糖分分别比对照桂柳05136、桂糖29号高0.51%、1.01%（绝对值）,在产量、蔗糖分及抗性上较2个对照有明显优势,具有较大的推广潜力,可在河池市及同类型蔗区进一步推广应用。     

Genetic relationships between attributes in sugarcane clones closely related to Saccharum spontaneum

Summary Saccharum spontaneum is being used in sugarcane breeding programs in attempt to improve characteristics such as ratooning ability and stress tolerance. A population of F₁ (Saccharum officinarum or commercial variety x S. spontaneum) and F₁ x F₁ sugarcane clones was evaluated for sugar yield and a range of yield components in a plant and two ratoon crops. The aim was to determine genetic correlations between attributes in clones with a large component of S. spontaneum, that could be used to help derive appropriate selection indices in such populations.There were close associations between the same attributes measured in different crop-years and the associations between different attributes were generally similar across crop-years. Stalk number and fibre content were positively correlated, as were stalk weight and CCS. The latter two attributes (which are low in S. spontaneum but high in S. officinarum) were negatively correlated with the former two (high in S. spontaneum, low in S. officinarum). Sugar yield was more closely associated with stalk weight and CCS than with stalk number but became more closely associated with stalk number with successive ratoon crops.CCS was positively correlated (r_g=0.55) with cane yield in the plant crop but showed a small negative correlation with cane yield (r_g=–0.20) in the second ratoon crop. CCS (measured in any crop) also had a negative correlation with cane yield in the ratoon crops expressed as a percentage of plant cane yield. This suggests that CCS is negatively correlated with levels of traits contributing to ratooning ability. Intensive selection among such populations for CCS without consideration of ratooning performance may reduce the frequency of favourable specific ratooning characteristics.Abbreviations CCS commercial cane sugar     

Comparison of anther and isolated microspore cultures in barley. Effects of culture density and regeneration medium

Genetic variation in ratoon growth and cane yieldafter mechanical harvesting under wet conditions wasexamined among 26 sugarcane clones of diverse geneticbackground, including materials closely related toSaccharum spontaneum and some commercialcultivars. The clones were evaluated under a controltreatment (harvesting under dry conditions andallowing the cane to ratoon without furtherdisturbance), and a traffic treatment (sprayirrigation and then driving heavy field equipment overthe cane stubble immediately after harvesting). Averaged over all clones, the traffic treatment had alarge adverse effect on early growth and final ratoonyield. There was significant genotype × treatmentinteraction for early growth and canopy development,but not for final cane yield. There was also a highgenetic correlation between genetic performance underthe different treatments, indicating that selectionfor ratooning after dry harvesting conditions would bealso effective for improving performance after wetharvesting conditions. A sugarcane breeding programspecifically targeting better ratoon performance underwet conditions would be difficult to justify.     

氮肥减量条件下间作绿豆压青对甘蔗生长及氮代谢的影响

以甘蔗单作常规施氮量为对照（CK）,设氮化肥减量20%+间作绿豆压青（A）、氮化肥减量40%+间作绿豆压青（B）和氮化肥减量60%+间作绿豆压青（C）3个处理,通过测定甘蔗农艺性状、蔗茎产量和甘蔗叶片氮代谢相关生理生化指标,研究氮肥减量条件下间作绿豆压青对甘蔗生长及氮代谢的影响。结果表明,间作绿豆影响新植蔗分蘖,分蘖率显著低于CK,但对甘蔗有效茎数影响不显著。新植蔗产量表现为A>B>CK>C。氮化肥减量条件下间作绿豆压青对宿根蔗发株率、株高、有效茎数、甘蔗茎径有促进作用。宿根蔗蔗茎产量表现为A>B>C>CK。2年的甘蔗蔗糖分含量表现为C>B>A>CK。氮化肥减少20%条件下间作绿豆压青对提高甘蔗叶片谷氨酰胺合成酶、硝酸还原酶活性和游离氨基酸、可溶性糖含量有促进作用。综合甘蔗农艺性状、蔗茎产量、氮代谢相关指标测定结果和经济效益的表现,试验以氮化肥减量20%+间作绿豆压青的A处理最优。     

甘蔗新品系的DTOPSIS法综合评价

以新台糖22号（ROC22）为对照,对9个甘蔗新品系进行1年新植和2年宿根比较试验,利用方差分析和DTOPSIS法进行评价。结果表明,9个参试品系中桂糖11-80、桂糖11-2142和柳糖10-21的2年宿根黑穗病发病率高于ROC22,其他品系则低于ROC22,其中桂糖10-517第1年宿根发病率为0,桂糖10-434 2年宿根发病率均为0。通过DTOPSIS法综合评价,理想解相对接近度（C_i）低于ROC22的品系有桂糖10-3006和桂糖10-517,表现出低产和低糖等特点;C_i高于ROC22的品系有桂糖10-2018、桂糖10-434、河糖11-145和桂糖10-2003,表现出高产高糖且抗逆性强等优良特性,适合在广西崇左蔗区及气候条件相似的蔗区推广种植。     

Studies on Iron Chlorosis of Sugar Cane (Saccharum officinarum L.) at Metahara, Ethiopia: Soil and Plant Characterisation and Efficiency of Different Iron Sources

In order to understand the nature and causes of chlorosis at Metahara Sugar Estate (8°53′N and 39°52′E) in Ethiopia, soil profile samples were collected from a ratoon field that exhibited chlorosis. From the same site, the first ratoon sugar cane leaf blades (+ 3) were sampled on the basis of the degree of chlorosis, and thus categorised into green, medium green, medium yellow and yellow. Soil sample analysis indicated that DTPA-extractable Fe, Mn and Cu were adequate for normal plant growth in spite of an increase in CaCO₃ content. Moreover, the chlorotic leaves contained higher iron content than the green ones. Consequently, it is concluded that iron chlorosis of sugar cane at Metahara could be due to physiological inactivation of iron in soils and the plant. A field experiment was also conducted using sugar cane variety CO-449 in order to select the most effective iron source to control iron chlorosis of the plant. The plots received the treatments of FeSO₄, EDDHA and DTPA at three different levels each as foliar sprays. The untreated plots were used as control. The chemicals were applied on the first ratoon 3 weeks after harvest, and repeated a week after the first spray. Twenty millable canes from the middle two rows were sampled at 12 months for yield and juice quality determinations. Iron sulphate spray at 15 kg ha^-1 increased cane length and commercial cane sugar by 33 and 44 % over the control, respectively. The highest cane yield was secured by spraying DTPA at 1.80 kg ha^-1 even though its recoverable sugar percentage was low. Not all sources of iron improved juice quality. Since FeSO₄ at 15 kg ha^-1 was equally effective as the 30 kg ha^-1 FeSO₄, applications, the need to consider other than the currently used rate in the Estate is timely and is very important.     

甘蔗健康种苗宿根矮化病的荧光定量PCR检测

通过对甘蔗健康种苗宿根矮化病的荧光定量PCR检测技术的研究,建立和完善检测甘蔗健康种苗体内甘蔗宿根矮化病病菌的实时PCR技术体系。选择经蔗汁检测宿根矮化病呈阳性的6株‘新台糖22号’甘蔗,经甘蔗健康种苗生产程序,获得健康种苗组培苗,利用实时荧光PCR技术检测甘蔗宿根矮化病病原菌基因在组培苗样本中的表达水平。实时荧光定量PCR检测结果为：10个不同处理的组培苗样本的PCR产物电泳检测未出现目的条带,10个样本的平均Ct值在37~39之间,甘蔗宿根矮化病病原菌基因在10个样本中不表达。10个健康种苗样本中不携带甘蔗宿根矮化病原菌,利用甘蔗健康种苗生产技术能够比较彻底地去除甘蔗宿根矮化病病原菌。     

Potassium nutrition for improving stubble bud sprouting,dry matter partitioning,nutrient uptake and winter initiated sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrid complex) ratoon yield

A field experiment was conducted for two crop cycles during 2003–2005 and 2004–2006 at Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research, Lucknow to improve bud sprouting, dry matter accumulation (DMA), nutrient uptake and ratoon yield by using potassium fertilizer. Potassium (K) fertigation in standing plant cane increased the number of buds per stubble and number of stalks in ratoon cane. K content of stubble increased by 16.7% with K fertigation. The content of reducing sugars in buds at the time of ratoon initiation improved significantly with K fertigation. It improved dry matter accumulation, number of millable canes, individual cane weight, ratoon cane and sugar yields. Thus, it could be concluded that application of 66 kg K ha^?1 with irrigation water in standing plant cane before harvest improved bud sprouting, dry matter accumulation and nutrient uptake in ratoon crop. Irrigation in standing plant cane increased ratoon cane (69.9 t ha^?1) and sugar yields (7.6 t ha^?1). This increase for ratoon cane and sugar yield was 8.7 and 5.55%, respectively over the control. Further, it increased ratoon cane yield by 15.21% (74.1 t ha^?1) and sugar yields by 13.9% (8.2 t ha^?1) with K fertigation over the control. Thus, K nutrition holds great promise for improving growth of ratoon cane and sugar yields.     

5种农药防治甘蔗螟虫田间药效评价

为研究不同杀虫剂对甘蔗螟虫的防治效果及使用技术,筛选有效防治甘蔗螟虫的理想杀虫剂,采用5种杀虫剂防治甘蔗螟虫进行田间药效试验,评价分析各种农药对甘蔗螟害株和螟害节的防治效果以及对甘蔗糖分和产量的影响。结果表明,不论新植蔗还是宿根蔗,与空白对照相比,各药剂处理对甘蔗螟虫均有不同程度的防治效果,甘蔗糖分和产量均有所增加;其中5%异丙特丁硫磷颗粒剂75 kg/hm²对螟虫的防治效果最好,螟害株防治效果和螟害节防治效果分别为76.59%和87.83%,处理后甘蔗糖分和实测产量也均为最高,分别达15.72%和101382.15 kg/hm²,较对照增加0.64%和7832.40 kg/hm²;3.6%杀虫双颗粒剂90 kg/hm²次之,螟害株防治效果、螟害节防治效果、甘蔗糖分和产量分别为72.34%、84.26%、15.66%和100234.35 kg/hm²,甘蔗糖分和产量分别较对照增加0.58%和6684.60 kg/hm²。因此,在甘蔗大培土期,使用5%异丙特丁硫磷颗粒剂75 kg/hm²或3.6%杀虫双颗粒剂90 kg/hm²可有效防治甘蔗螟虫,增产增糖效果明显。     

绿豆/黑豆压青还田下减量施肥对宿根甘蔗产量和主要农艺性状的影响

为探讨绿豆/黑豆还田和减施化肥条件下,间作绿肥压青还田对宿根甘蔗生长的影响及绿肥还田和有机肥施用对化肥的替代作用。试验设计了常规施肥（CK）、化肥减施25%+12%营养元素当量绿豆绿肥还田+13%营养元素当量有机肥（H-LY）、化肥减施25%+全量绿豆还田（H-LQ）、化肥减施25%+25%营养元素当量有机肥（H-Y）、化肥减施25%+25%营养元素当量黑豆绿肥还田（H-HD）和化肥减施25%+全量黑豆还田（H-HQ）6个处理。结果表明,与CK处理相比,宿根蔗间作绿豆和黑豆压青还田对甘蔗株高、有效茎数和单茎重没有显著影响,所有处理的蔗茎产量与CK处理无显著差异,说明宿根蔗间作绿豆和黑豆绿肥压青还田、当量有机肥施用均可以替代25%的甘蔗化肥。     

湛江农垦蔗区甘蔗宿根矮化病调查研究

甘蔗宿根矮化病(Ratoon Stunting Disease,RSD)是一种世界性的重要甘蔗病害，对甘蔗生产为害较重。为了明确湛江农垦蔗区甘蔗RSD的发生情况，为健康种苗生产提供科学依据。本文应用斑点杂交酶链免疫法(Dot Blot Enzyme linked Immuno Assay，DB-EIA)，对随机采于湛江农垦丰收、华海及广前三个主要蔗区的1935个蔗茎样品进行检测。结果表明，1935个样品中，RSD检出率为62.84%；广前公司蔗区、华海公司蔗区及丰收公司蔗区RSD发生率分别为95.3%、80.9%及41.0%；主要栽培品种新台糖22号、新台糖25号、粤糖89-113、粤糖79-177的RSD检出率分别为55.0%、54.2%、84.3%及94.8%；新植蔗发生率64.2%，宿根蔗发生率61.3%；调查的12个品种和84个甘蔗生产队均可检测出RSD。RSD在湛江农垦蔗区已普遍发生且发生率较高，主要栽培品种感病严重。