我国成为转基因作物种植大国

中国政府十分重视生物技术的研究,正在研究的转基因生物有130多种,涉及的基因种类超过100种。特别是在转基因抗虫棉、转基因水稻、基因工程疫苗等领域的研究成果已居世界前列,2002年,我国转基因作物种植面积突破210万公顷,成为继美国、加拿大、巴西、阿根廷之后的转基因作物种植大国。从在北京举行的第七届亚太经合组织农业生物技术与生物安全研讨会上了解到。农业部科技教育司司长张凤桐代表中方致辞中说道,我国在大力发展生物技术的同时,十分重视其对生态环境和人类健康的影响。早在1993年,我国就发布了基因工程安全管理相关法规,2001年,…     

美国科技发展重点领域及战略目标──生物技术与农业生物技术

美国国家科技委员会《２１世纪生物技术、新的方向》蓝皮报告指出：生物技术研究已经进入了“第２次浪潮”。医药和健康研究在继续作为重点得到发展的同时，生物技术研究的方向将向其他４个发展迅速的领域（农业生物技术、环境生物技术、生物处理方法、海洋生物技术和水产...     

生物技术在畜牧兽医领域的应用

在当今严峻的生态环境中,各种禽畜疾病的发病率不断提升,严重制约了畜牧产业健康发展的同时,也给人们的健康生活带来极为不利的影响。生物技术的产生迅即成为社会发展的重要支柱产业,在改善生物机体环境以及自然特征等方面效果显著,利用生物技术来解决和处理畜牧兽医领域中的相关问题也是今后畜牧兽医领域一个重要的发展方向。因此,文章基于生物技术的内涵出发,就生物技术的应用展开深入分析,最后探讨了该技术的发展趋势。     

转基因动物的安全性评价——动物安全和食品安全

随着生物技术的不断发展，疾病诊断、食品安全、人类营养与健康、动物安全和环境保护等方面都有了显著的改善。生物技术在动物上的应用产生了一系列商业化的动物产品。这些产品投入市场前必须经过安全评价机构的严格测试，以保证其安全性和优越性。根据“预防性原则”，     

转基因生物技术安全管理研究

伴随着生命科学与生物技术的不断发展,人们越来越重视对生物高新科技为我们人类带来的便利,而生物高新科技的安全问题是人们最为关注的内容,其中,转基因生物技术是近些年逐渐进入我们生活的生物技术,其在防治疾病以及改善生活质量等方面使之受到人们的广泛欢迎,另外转基因生物技术对满足生育需要都有着非常明显的作用,但是其中也发生了干细胞争论以及克隆之论问题也非常突出。本文便针对转基因生物技术的安全重点在水稻安全的领域的现状进行分析,并对其中的安全管理问题提出了解决措施,为改善转基因技术的安全管理现状提供思路。     

农业生物技术被确定为未来我国生物技术重点领域

新华社消息 :未来5～10年我国生物技术发展的重点领域是基础生物学、医药生物技术、农业生物技术、环境生物技术、生物多样性和生物安全等。据了解 ,我国政府十分重视生物技术研究开发与产业化发展 ,仅在2001年和2002年就投资100多亿元。近年来 ,我国生物技术及产业发展取得重大进展。作为惟一的发展中国家成员参与了国际人类基因组计划 ,完成了1 %测序工作 ;独立完成了水稻基因组序列草图 ;在国际上首次定位和克隆了神经性高频耳聋基因等遗传病的致病基因。处于国际领先地位的两系杂交稻技术已经在全国大面积推广应用。在农业生物技术领域 …     

生物技术及其在畜牧业中应用的研究

生物技术是以生命科学理论为基础，为社会提供商品和服务的原则性技术体系。其内容包括基因工程、细胞工程、微生物工程、酶工程、生化工程及新兴生物技术等。将其应用在畜禽遗传资源的保护、畜禽育种、饲料资源的开发、动物疫病诊断等各研究领域。生物技术必将成为畜牧业发展的强劲动力，是未来畜牧业发展的重要保障。     

农业动物生物技术研究现状与发展趋势

动物科学和动物医学与生物技术的结合,已成为21世纪我国畜牧兽医事业创新的先导和现代农业动物生产技术的生长点.农业动物生产和疫病防制领域已成为现代生物技术应用最广阔、最活跃、最富有挑战性的领域之一,生物技术在畜牧业中的应用将会使畜牧业产生新的学科基础、新的内涵、新的产业化目标.作者重点介绍了国际上动物生物技术的研究现状,讨论了该领域的发展趋势,提出了未来10年我国农业动物生物技术发展的优先领域及重点研究内容.     

现代科技在我国主要动物疫病防控工作中的应用

目的分析现代科技对动物疫病防控工作的作用。方法综述了现代高新科技在生物技术与信息技术等多方面的进展,及其在主要动物疫病防控领域的最新应用。探讨了加强重大动物疫病防控的可能途径,以促进畜牧业经济快速、稳定、健康发展。结论随着现代科技的日新月异,将近一步促进我国动物疫病防疫工作的发展。     

关于我国生物兽药产业的发展问题

目前,在我国畜牧业转型升级发展新时期,进一步提高畜牧产业生产效率与经济效益,把畜牧产业做强做大势在必行。生物兽药产业大有作为,可为我国畜牧产业持续健康发展、维护动物性食品安全、公共卫生安全、生态环境安全以及保障人类健康作出贡献。生物技术制药发展很快,世界上许多国家均把生物技术制药产业作为国家经济发展新增长点之一。生物技术制药产业已成为21世纪生物科学技术研发中最为活跃和进展最快的领域,给人们展示出生物药物发展的广阔前景。本文就我国生物兽药产业的发展问题谈点个人意见,仅供同仁参考,有不妥之处,敬请指正。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -